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Microorganisms
Special Issues
Pathogens and Aquaculture
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Pathogens and Aquaculture

A special issue of Microorganisms (ISSN 2076-2607). This special issue belongs to the section "Veterinary Microbiology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 July 2024 | Viewed by 5258

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Godoy Marcos

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Laboratorio de Biotecnología Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Sede de la Patagonia, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile
Interests: fish; salmon; diseases; pathology; histopathology; virology; molecular epidemiolog
Prof. Dr. Juan Pablo Pontigo

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Laboratorio de Biotecnología Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Sede de la Patagonia, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile
Interests: immunology fish; molecular biology; aquaculture; cellular biology; salmon; Piscirickettsia salmonis; immune response

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Aquaculture, the cultivation of aquatic organisms, plays a vital role in meeting the growing demand for seafood worldwide. However, the intensification and expansion of aquaculture systems have raised concerns about the emergence and spread of diseases among cultured species. Diseases in aquaculture are often caused by various pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and parasites, which can lead to significant economic losses and environmental impacts. Therefore, ensuring the sustainability of aquaculture practices requires effective prevention and control measures.

To maintain a healthy and resilient aquaculture industry, proactive disease prevention strategies are essential. These strategies encompass several key components, such as strict biosecurity measures, regular health monitoring, and the use of vaccines or antimicrobial agents when necessary. Biosecurity measures aim to prevent the introduction and spread of pathogens through careful management of water quality, strict quarantine protocols for new stocks, and minimizing interactions with wild populations.

Microorganisms, including beneficial bacteria and probiotics, can also be employed as biocontrol agents to maintain a balanced microbial community and enhance the overall health of cultured organisms. Furthermore, sustainable aquaculture practices emphasize the responsible use of resources, including feed, water, and energy, to minimize the ecological footprint of the industry.

In conclusion, sustaining a healthy and productive aquaculture sector necessitates the implementation of effective disease prevention and control strategies. By employing robust biosecurity measures, monitoring for early detection of diseases, and embracing sustainable practices, aquaculture can continue to meet the increasing demand for seafood while minimizing the risks associated with diseases and promoting environmental stewardship.

Dr. Godoy Marcos
Prof. Dr. Juan Pablo Pontigo
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Microorganisms is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • fish
  • salmon
  • diseases
  • pathology
  • histopathology
  • virology
  • molecular epidemiology

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

16 pages, 2587 KiB  
Article
A Novel Transposon Tn7709 Harbors Multidrug Resistance Genes in a Pathogenic Aeromonas media Strain QST31
by Baodi Shang, Xiaoyi Li, Xiaoping Zhang, Meiyan Zhang, Jie Kong, Jinle Wang, Aiping Tan, Feng Zhao and Defeng Zhang
Microorganisms 2024, 12(3), 572; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12030572 - 13 Mar 2024
Viewed by 603
Abstract
Pathogenic Aeromonas spp. are the etiological agents of Motile Aeromonas Septicemia (MAS). This study aimed to identify the pathogen of diseased tadpoles (Quasipaa spinosa) and the antibiotic-resistance characteristics of this bacterium. A Gram-negative bacterium, named strain QST31, was isolated from the [...] Read more.
Pathogenic Aeromonas spp. are the etiological agents of Motile Aeromonas Septicemia (MAS). This study aimed to identify the pathogen of diseased tadpoles (Quasipaa spinosa) and the antibiotic-resistance characteristics of this bacterium. A Gram-negative bacterium, named strain QST31, was isolated from the ascites of diseased tadpoles and was identified as Aeromonas media based on physiological and biochemical tests, as well as molecular identification. Artificial infection experiments showed that strain QST31 was highly virulent to tadpoles, with an LC50 of 2.56 × 107 CFU/mL. The antimicrobial susceptibility of strain QST31 was evaluated using the disk diffusion method, and the results indicated that strain QST31 was resistant to 28 antibacterial agents. In addition, the whole genome of strain QST31 was sequenced, and the presence of antimicrobial resistance genes, integron, and transposon was investigated. Genes involved in adherence, hemolysis, type II secretion system (T2SS), T6SS, iron uptake system, and quorum sensing were identified in the genome of strain QST31. More than 12 antimicrobial resistance genes were predicted in the genome of strain QST31. Interestingly, a novel Tn7709 transposon harboring sul1, aadA16, catB3, blaOXA-21, aac(6′)-IIa, and tet(A) genes was identified. In conclusion, this is the first report on the isolation and identification of pathogenic A. media with multidrug resistance genes from diseased tadpoles. The results revealed that preventing and controlling aquatic animal diseases caused by multidrug resistance A. media will be a huge challenge in the future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathogens and Aquaculture)
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19 pages, 3391 KiB  
Article
Genomics of Re-Emergent Aeromonas salmonicida in Atlantic Salmon Outbreaks
by Marcos Godoy, Marco Montes de Oca, Rudy Suarez, Alexis Martinez, Juan Pablo Pontigo, Diego Caro, Karina Kusch, Yoandy Coca, Harry Bohle, Sion Bayliss, Molly Kibenge and Frederick Kibenge
Microorganisms 2024, 12(1), 64; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12010064 - 29 Dec 2023
Viewed by 1580
Abstract
Furunculosis, caused by Aeromonas salmonicida, poses a significant threat to both salmonid and non-salmonid fish in diverse aquatic environments. This study explores the genomic intricacies of re-emergent A. salmonicida outbreaks in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Previous clinical cases have exhibited [...] Read more.
Furunculosis, caused by Aeromonas salmonicida, poses a significant threat to both salmonid and non-salmonid fish in diverse aquatic environments. This study explores the genomic intricacies of re-emergent A. salmonicida outbreaks in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Previous clinical cases have exhibited pathological characteristics, such as periorbital hemorrhages and gastrointestinal abnormalities. Genomic sequencing of three Chilean isolates (ASA04, ASA05, and CIBA_5017) and 25 previously described genomes determined the pan-genome, phylogenomics, insertion sequences, and restriction-modification systems. Unique gene families have contributed to an improved understanding of the psychrophilic and mesophilic clades, while phylogenomic analysis has been used to identify mesophilic and psychrophilic strains, thereby further differentiating between typical and atypical psychrophilic isolates. Diverse insertion sequences and restriction-modification patterns have highlighted genomic structural differences, and virulence factor predictions can emphasize exotoxin disparities, especially between psychrophilic and mesophilic strains. Thus, a novel plasmid was characterized which emphasized the role of plasmids in virulence and antibiotic resistance. The analysis of antibiotic resistance factors revealed resistance against various drug classes in Chilean strains. Overall, this study elucidates the genomic dynamics of re-emergent A. salmonicida and provides novel insights into their virulence, antibiotic resistance, and population structure. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathogens and Aquaculture)
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11 pages, 2412 KiB  
Article
An Atypical Course of Cardiomyopathy Syndrome (CMS) in Farmed Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Fed a Clinical Nutrition Diet
by Johan Rennemo, Kjetil Berge, Muhammad Naveed Yousaf, Tommy Berger Eriksen, Eirik Welde, Camilla Robertsen, Bjarne Johansen, Charles McGurk, Espen Rimstad, Erling Olaf Koppang and Håvard Bjørgen
Microorganisms 2024, 12(1), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12010026 - 22 Dec 2023
Viewed by 1238
Abstract
Cardiomyopathy syndrome (CMS) poses a significant threat to farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), leading to high mortality rates during the seawater phase. Given that controlled experimental challenge trials with PMCV do not reproduce the mortality observed in severe field outbreaks of [...] Read more.
Cardiomyopathy syndrome (CMS) poses a significant threat to farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), leading to high mortality rates during the seawater phase. Given that controlled experimental challenge trials with PMCV do not reproduce the mortality observed in severe field outbreaks of CMS, field trials on natural CMS outbreaks are warranted. This field study explored the impact of a clinical nutrition intervention, specifically a diet enriched with eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), on a severe CMS outbreak in a commercial sea farm. CMS was diagnosed in a single sea cage with high mortality rates. Histopathological analysis, RT-qPCR in situ hybridization for virus detection, and fatty acid composition analysis were used to monitor the impact of disease and the inclusion of EPA and DHA in heart tissue. Following the implementation of clinical nutrition, a decline in mortality rates, regression of CMS-associated changes, and a significant reduction in piscine myocarditis virus (PMCV) RNA load were observed within the salmon population. Fatty acid composition analysis of heart samples demonstrated increased levels of EPA and DHA, reinforcing the association between dietary factors, viral load dynamics, and overall fish health. Although further validation is needed in future studies, as field trials may not be sufficient to establish causation, our results indicate that optimizing the EPA + DHA levels may prove beneficial in severe CMS outbreaks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathogens and Aquaculture)
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15 pages, 8028 KiB  
Article
Comparative Genomic Analysis of Shrimp-Pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus LC and Intraspecific Strains with Emphasis on Virulent Factors of Mobile Genetic Elements
by Ming Xue, Qi Gao, Rui Yan, Lingping Liu, Ling Wang, Binyu Wen and Chongqing Wen
Microorganisms 2023, 11(11), 2752; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11112752 - 11 Nov 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 975
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus exhibits severe pathogenicity in humans and animals worldwide. In this study, genome sequencing and comparative analyses were conducted for in-depth characterization of the virulence factor (VF) repertoire of V. parahaemolyticus strain LC, which presented significant virulence to shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. [...] Read more.
Vibrio parahaemolyticus exhibits severe pathogenicity in humans and animals worldwide. In this study, genome sequencing and comparative analyses were conducted for in-depth characterization of the virulence factor (VF) repertoire of V. parahaemolyticus strain LC, which presented significant virulence to shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Strain LC, harboring two circular chromosomes and three linear plasmids, demonstrated ≥98.14% average nucleotide identities with 31 publicly available V. parahaemolyticus genomes, including 13, 11, and 7 shrimp-, human-, and non-pathogenic strains, respectively. Phylogeny analysis based on dispensable genes of pan-genome clustered 11 out of 14 shrimp-pathogenic strains and 7 out of 11 clinical strains into two distinct clades, indicating the close association between host-specific pathogenicity and accessory genes. The VFDB database revealed that 150 VFs of LC were mainly associated with the secretion system, adherence, antiphagocytosis, chemotaxis, motility, and iron uptake, whereas no homologs of the typical pathogenic genes pirA, pirB, tdh, and trh were detected. Four genes, mshB, wbfT, wbfU, and wbtI, were identified in both types of pathogenic strains but were absent in non-pathogens. Notably, a unique cluster similar to Yen-Tc, which encodes an insecticidal toxin complex, and diverse toxin–antitoxin (TA) systems, were identified on the mobile genetic elements (MGEs) of LC. Conclusively, in addition to the common VFs, various unique MGE-borne VFs, including the Yen-Tc cluster, TA components, and multiple chromosome-encoded chitinase genes, may contribute to the full spectrum of LC virulence. Moreover, V. parahaemolyticus demonstrates host-specific virulence, which potentially drives the origin and spread of pathogenic factors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathogens and Aquaculture)
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