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Microorganisms
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Epidemiology and Control Strategies for Brucellosis
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Epidemiology and Control Strategies for Brucellosis

A special issue of Microorganisms (ISSN 2076-2607). This special issue belongs to the section "Veterinary Microbiology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 15 May 2024 | Viewed by 11226

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Fabrizio De Massis

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
National/OIE Reference Laboratory for Brucellosis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", 64100 Teramo, Italy
Interests: brucella
Dr. Giuliano Garofolo

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
National/OIE Reference Laboratory for Brucellosis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", 64100 Teramo, Italy
Interests: brucellosis

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Over 170 years after the disease was first described in Malta, bovine and caprine Brucellosis are still of major public health concern, both in endemic and non-endemic countries, all over the world. The impact on animal and human health is still enormous, and control and eradication of this zoonotic disease remains a global and interdisciplinary challenge. A ‘One Health' approach, with a dynamic and mutually complementary collaboration between all the interested partners is required: animal health, human health, livestock owners, the food industry and the regulatory bodies. Control of brucellosis in humans depends on the control and the eradication of the disease in susceptible animal species. This can be reached through accurate surveillance and control programs, including animal vaccination, as well as through efficient strategies for prevention the infection among workers at risk of exposure. The backbone of an efficient surveilance system should be a sound epidemiological assessment of risk factors for brucellosis spreading and mantaining in affected areas, as well as of reintroduction in free areas. For this Special Issue of Microorganisms, we invite you to submit research articles, review articles, short notes, as well as communications related to Brucellosis Epidemiology and Control Strategies, including epidemiological assessments, molecular epidemiology, strategies and actions for brucellosis surveillance, control, and eradication. We look forward to your relevant contribution.

Dr. Fabrizio De Massis
Dr. Giuliano Garofolo
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Microorganisms is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • brucellosis
  • surveillance
  • control
  • eradication
  • vaccination

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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16 pages, 2004 KiB  
Article
Evidence of a Viable but Nonculturable (VBNC) Phase in B. abortus S19 under Oxidative Stress (H2O2, -Fe2+, Bleach) and under Non-Oxidative Inhibitory Conditions (Isopropanol, Erythritol, Selenite)
by Jens Jacob
Microorganisms 2024, 12(3), 491; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12030491 - 28 Feb 2024
Viewed by 603
Abstract
The effect of oxidative stress on the survival of various Brucella species has not been fully investigated yet. We here conducted a study in which we investigated the effect of different types of oxidative stress (Fe2+, H2O2, [...] Read more.
The effect of oxidative stress on the survival of various Brucella species has not been fully investigated yet. We here conducted a study in which we investigated the effect of different types of oxidative stress (Fe2+, H2O2, bleach) versus non-oxidative inhibitory effects (selenite, erythritol, and isopropanol) on the survival of B. abortus S19, B. abortus S19 ∆mglA 3.14, and B. neotomae 5K33. The work focuses on the appearance of ATP–CFU quotient imbalances indicating the existence of a viable but nonculturable (VBNC) form of B. abortus S19, as has previously been shown. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Epidemiology and Control Strategies for Brucellosis)
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14 pages, 606 KiB  
Article
Risk Factors for the Spread of Brucellosis in Sheep and Goats in the Campania Region in the Years 2015–2020
by Roberta Brunetti, Maria Ottaiano, Mario Fordellone, Paolo Chiodini, Simona Signoriello, Federica Gargano, Fabrizio De Massis, Loredana Baldi and Esterina De Carlo
Microorganisms 2023, 11(11), 2623; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11112623 - 24 Oct 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 782
Abstract
Brucella is a Gram-negative facultative intracellular pathogen that causes infection in sheep and goats (B. melitensis.); B. melitensis can also infect other animals. Sheep and goat brucellosis is still present in some regions of Italy, including Campania, and causes considerable economic [...] Read more.
Brucella is a Gram-negative facultative intracellular pathogen that causes infection in sheep and goats (B. melitensis.); B. melitensis can also infect other animals. Sheep and goat brucellosis is still present in some regions of Italy, including Campania, and causes considerable economic losses and health threats. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible risk factors influencing the spread of brucellosis among sheep and goat farms in the Campania region in order to provide the local veterinary services with practical support in evaluating and planning diagnostic, preventive and control interventions. The results of official controls for brucellosis carried out from 2015 to 2020 in the sheep and goat farms of the Campania Region were analyzed. Data were extracted from the National Veterinary Information Systems and the Laboratory Management System of the Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Southern Italy. Statistical analysis was carried out through the software R version 4.1.0; the dataset consisted of 37,442 observations, and 9 qualitative and quantitative variables were evaluated on 8487 farms, 248 of which were positive. The association between covariates and the outcome (presence/absence of the disease) was evaluated (Fisher and Wilcoxon tests). A logistic regression model with mixed effects was carried out. This study confirmed that brucellosis in sheep and goats in the Campania region mostly occurs through contact with infected animals imported from other farms (OR = 3.41—IC 95% [1.82–6.41]). Farms with a greater number of animals were seen to be at the greatest risk of infection (OR = 1.04—IC 95% [1.03–1.05]); previous suspension of healthy status also proved to be a risk factor (OR = 55.8—IC 95% [26.7–117]). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Epidemiology and Control Strategies for Brucellosis)
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10 pages, 3450 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Three Serological Tests for Diagnosis of Canine Brucellosis
by Fabrizia Perletta, Chiara Di Pancrazio, Diamante Rodomonti, Tiziana Di Febo, Mirella Luciani, Ivanka Marinova Krasteva, Marta Maggetti, Francesca Profeta, Romolo Salini, Fabrizio De Massis, Flavio Sacchini and Manuela Tittarelli
Microorganisms 2023, 11(9), 2162; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11092162 - 26 Aug 2023
Viewed by 2081
Abstract
Canine brucellosis caused by Brucella canis, is an infectious disease affecting dogs and wild Canidae. Clinical diagnosis is challenging, and laboratory testing is crucial for a definitive diagnosis. Various serological methods have been described, but their accuracy is uncertain due to limited [...] Read more.
Canine brucellosis caused by Brucella canis, is an infectious disease affecting dogs and wild Canidae. Clinical diagnosis is challenging, and laboratory testing is crucial for a definitive diagnosis. Various serological methods have been described, but their accuracy is uncertain due to limited validation studies. The present study aimed to evaluate the performances of three serological tests for the diagnosis of B. canis in comparison with bacterial isolation (gold standard), in order to establish a protocol for the serological diagnosis of canine brucellosis. A panel of sera from naturally infected dogs (n = 61), from which B. canis was isolated, and uninfected dogs (n = 143), negative for B. canis isolation, were tested using microplate serum agglutination (mSAT), complement fixation performed using the Brucella ovis antigen (B. ovis-CFT), and a commercial immunofluorescence assay (IFAT). The sensitivity and specificity of the three serological methods were, respectively, the following: 96.7% (95% CI 88.8–98.7%) and 92.3 (95% CI 86.7–95.1%) for mSAT; 96.7% (95% CI 88.8–98.7%) and 96.5 (95% CI 92.1–98.2%) for B. ovis-CFT; 98.4% (95% CI 91.3–99.4%) and 99.3 (95% CI 96.2–99.8%) for IFAT. The use in of the three methods in parallel, combined with bacterial isolation and molecular methods, could improve the diagnosis of the infection in dogs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Epidemiology and Control Strategies for Brucellosis)
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14 pages, 2701 KiB  
Article
Brucella abortus Strain RB51 Administered to Prepubescent Water Buffaloes, from Vaccination to Lactation: Kinetics of Antibody Response and Vaccine Safety
by Fabrizio De Massis, Flavio Sacchini, Nicola D’Alterio, Giacomo Migliorati, Nicola Ferri, Emanuela Rossi, Daniela Averaimo, Antonio Petrini, Michele Podaliri Vulpiani, Fabrizia Perletta, Diamante Rodomonti, Mirella Luciani, Giovanni Befacchia, Marta Maggetti, Tiziana Di Febo, Chiara Di Pancrazio, Ivanka Marinova Krasteva, Romolo Salini, Giacomo Vincifori, Simona Iannetti and Manuela Tittarelliadd Show full author list remove Hide full author list
Microorganisms 2023, 11(8), 2078; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11082078 - 13 Aug 2023
Viewed by 1169
Abstract
Brucella RB51 is a live modified vaccine. Its use in water buffalo has been proposed using a vaccination protocol different to that used for cattle, but knowledge of the long-term effects of RB51 vaccination in this species remains incomplete. The aim of the [...] Read more.
Brucella RB51 is a live modified vaccine. Its use in water buffalo has been proposed using a vaccination protocol different to that used for cattle, but knowledge of the long-term effects of RB51 vaccination in this species remains incomplete. The aim of the study was to evaluate the safety and kinetics of antibody responses in water buffaloes vaccinated according to the protocol described for the bovine species in the WOAH Manual, modified with the use of a triple dose. Water buffaloes were vaccinated with the vaccine RB51. A booster vaccination was administered at 12 months of age. When turning 23–25 months old, female animals were induced to pregnancy. RB51-specific antibodies were detected and quantified using a CFT based on the RB51 antigen. Vaccinated animals showed a positive serological reaction following each vaccine injection, but titers and the duration of the antibody differed among animals. For 36 weeks after booster vaccination, the comparison of CFT values between vaccinated and control groups remained constantly significant. Afterwards, antibody titers decreased. No relevant changes in antibody response were recorded during pregnancy or lactation. In conclusion, results indicated that the vaccination schedule applied is safe and allows for vaccinated and unvaccinated controls to be discriminated between for up to 8 months after booster vaccination. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Epidemiology and Control Strategies for Brucellosis)
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12 pages, 283 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of a Lateral Flow Immunochromatography Assay (LFIA) for Diagnosis and Surveillance of Brucellosis in French Alpine Ibex (Capra ibex)
by Luca Freddi, Acacia Ferreira Vicente, Elodie Petit, Maëline Ribeiro, Yvette Game, Yann Locatelli, Isabelle Jacques, Mickaël Riou, Maryne Jay, Bruno Garin-Bastuji, Sophie Rossi, Vitomir Djokic and Claire Ponsart
Microorganisms 2023, 11(8), 1976; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11081976 - 31 Jul 2023
Viewed by 970
Abstract
France has been officially free of bovine brucellosis since 2005. Nevertheless, in 2012, as the source of two human cases, a bovine outbreak due to B. melitensis biovar 3 was confirmed in the French Alpine Bargy massif, due to a spillover from wild, [...] Read more.
France has been officially free of bovine brucellosis since 2005. Nevertheless, in 2012, as the source of two human cases, a bovine outbreak due to B. melitensis biovar 3 was confirmed in the French Alpine Bargy massif, due to a spillover from wild, protected Alpine ibex (Capra ibex). In order to reduce high Brucella prevalence in the local ibex population, successive management strategies have been implemented. Lateral flow immunochromatography assay (LFIA) was thus identified as a promising on-site screening test, allowing for a rapid diagnosis far from the laboratory. This study compared a commercial LFIA for brucellosis diagnosis with the WOAH-recommended tests for small ruminants (i.e., Rose Bengal test (RBT), Complement fixation test, (CFT) and Indirect ELISA, (iELISA)). LFIA showed the same analytical sensitivity as iELISA on successive dilutions of the International Standard anti-Brucella melitensis Serum (ISaBmS) and the EU Goat Brucella Standard Serum (EUGBSS). Selectivity was estimated at 100% when vaccinated ibex sera were analyzed. When used on samples from naturally infected ibex, LFIA showed high concordance, as well as relative sensitivity and specificity (>97.25%) in comparison with RBT and CFT. This work shows high reliability and ensures a better standardization of LFIA testing for wild ruminants. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Epidemiology and Control Strategies for Brucellosis)

Review

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25 pages, 1886 KiB  
Review
Brucellosis and One Health: Inherited and Future Challenges
by Ignacio Moriyón, José María Blasco, Jean Jacques Letesson, Fabrizio De Massis and Edgardo Moreno
Microorganisms 2023, 11(8), 2070; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11082070 - 11 Aug 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 4227
Abstract
One Health is the collaborative efforts of multiple disciplines to attain optimal health for people, animals and the environment, a concept that historically owes much to the study of brucellosis, including recent political and ethical considerations. Brucellosis One Health actors include Public Health [...] Read more.
One Health is the collaborative efforts of multiple disciplines to attain optimal health for people, animals and the environment, a concept that historically owes much to the study of brucellosis, including recent political and ethical considerations. Brucellosis One Health actors include Public Health and Veterinary Services, microbiologists, medical and veterinary practitioners and breeders. Brucellosis awareness, and the correct use of diagnostic, epidemiological and prophylactic tools is essential. In brucellosis, One Health implementation faces inherited and new challenges, some aggravated by global warming and the intensification of breeding to meet growing food demands. In endemic scenarios, disease awareness, stakeholder sensitization/engagement and the need to build breeder trust are unresolved issues, all made difficult by the protean characteristics of this zoonosis. Extended infrastructural weaknesses, often accentuated by geography and climate, are critically important. Capacity-building faces misconceptions derived from an uncritical adoption of control/eradication strategies applied in countries with suitable means, and requires additional reference laboratories in endemic areas. Challenges for One Health implementation include the lack of research in species other than cattle and small ruminants, the need for a safer small ruminant vaccine, the need to fill in the infrastructure gap, the need for realistic capacity-building, the creation of reference laboratories in critical areas, and the stepwise implementation of measures not directly transposed from the so-called developed countries. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Epidemiology and Control Strategies for Brucellosis)
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