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Metals
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Explosive Welding and Impact Mechanics of Metal and Alloys
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Explosive Welding and Impact Mechanics of Metal and Alloys

A special issue of Metals (ISSN 2075-4701). This special issue belongs to the section "Welding and Joining".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (28 February 2023) | Viewed by 10328

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Pengwan Chen

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Mechatronics Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
Interests: explosive welding and other high-rate processing technologies; dynamic behavior of materials; numerical simulations of impact and explosion
Prof. Dr. Kazuyuki Hokamoto

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Industrial Nanomaterials, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
Interests: explosive welding; joining of dissimilar materials; high-rate material processing; synthesis of new materials
Prof. Dr. Zoran Ren

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Mechanical Engineering, University of Maribor, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
Interests: advanced computational modeling and simulation; high-performance computing; impact and high velocity phenomena; material strain-rate dependency; advanced geometrical characterization and analysis; computational materials engineering of cellular and multi-functional materials
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

For the realization of multi-material components, the use of explosive welding is one of the leading candidates for the reliability of bonding strengths at the interface. The technique has a long history; developed and industrialized after WWII, the bonding mechanism is still discussed today due to some uncertain issues at extremely high rates of deformation. Based on the recent progress in high-speed imaging and numerical simulation techniques, the deformation process is being clarified in more detail. Additionally, it is now possible for microstructures to be characterized by advanced equipment which has recently been developed. This Special Issue is proposed to summarize such achievements on explosive welding and other high-rate material processing technologies. The guest editors are welcoming submissions to discuss the microstructure and/or the impact mechanics of various materials at high strain rates.

Prof. Dr. Pengwan Chen
Prof. Dr. Kazuyuki Hokamoto
Prof. Dr. Zoran Ren
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Metals is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Explosive Welding
  • Multi-Material Components
  • Impact Mechanics
  • High-Strain-Rate Deformation
  • Microstructure
  • High-Speed Imaging
  • Numerical Simulation

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

14 pages, 3620 KiB  
Article
Intermetallic Reaction of the Bonding Interface of TA2/Q235 Explosive Welding Composite
by Qiang Zhou, Honghong Lu, Yudong Zhang, Yansong Guo, Lei Zhu, Guangyan Huang and Pengwan Chen
Metals 2023, 13(3), 571; https://doi.org/10.3390/met13030571 - 12 Mar 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1297
Abstract
During the explosive welding, the bonding interface of welded materials was fast heated due to high strain rate and drastic plastic deformation. The periodical wave interface, with an amplitude of ~300 μm and a period wavelength of ~800 μm, was identifiable as a [...] Read more.
During the explosive welding, the bonding interface of welded materials was fast heated due to high strain rate and drastic plastic deformation. The periodical wave interface, with an amplitude of ~300 μm and a period wavelength of ~800 μm, was identifiable as a uniform wave interface formed in the bonding interface. The details of the formation of melting zone and mixing zone of welding materials at the interface were observed. Combined with the Ti-Fe binary phase diagram and the principle of diffusion welding, the phase composition and evolution process of the melting and mixing zone of the bonding interface were investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS). Significance of the intermetallic compound was found in the mixing zone and melting zone, which was mainly TiFe, TiFe2, TiO2, Fe2O3 and some other intermetallic oxides. Meanwhile, the phenomenon of the titanium agglomeration and oxygen precipitation was observed in the melting zone. The bonding interface could be determined as a mixing welding of mechanical mixing, melting, diffusion and solidification that occurred in the mixing zone, and melting welding and diffusion welding mainly occurred in the melting region. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Explosive Welding and Impact Mechanics of Metal and Alloys)
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18 pages, 8180 KiB  
Article
Application of Deep Learning Techniques to Predict the Mechanical Strength of Al-Steel Explosive Clads
by Somasundaram Saravanan, Kanagasabai Kumararaja and Krishnamurthy Raghukandan
Metals 2023, 13(2), 373; https://doi.org/10.3390/met13020373 - 12 Feb 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1320
Abstract
In this study, the tensile and shear strengths of aluminum 6061-differently grooved stainless steel 304 explosive clads are predicted using deep learning algorithms, namely the conventional neural network (CNN), deep neural network (DNN), and recurrent neural network (RNN). The explosive cladding process parameters, [...] Read more.
In this study, the tensile and shear strengths of aluminum 6061-differently grooved stainless steel 304 explosive clads are predicted using deep learning algorithms, namely the conventional neural network (CNN), deep neural network (DNN), and recurrent neural network (RNN). The explosive cladding process parameters, such as the loading ratio (mass of the explosive/mass of the flyer plate, R: 0.6–1.0), standoff distance, D (5–9 mm), preset angle, A (0–10°), and groove in the base plate, G (V/Dovetail), were varied in 60 explosive cladding trials. The deep learning algorithms were trained in a Python environment using the tensile and shear strengths acquired from 80% of the experiments, using trial and previous results. The remaining experimental findings are used to evaluate the developed models. The DNN model successfully predicts the tensile and shear strengths with an accuracy of 95% and less than 5% deviation from the experimental result. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Explosive Welding and Impact Mechanics of Metal and Alloys)
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15 pages, 8100 KiB  
Article
Study on High-Strain-Rate Deformation of Magnesium Alloy Using Underwater Shock Waves Generated by High-Voltage Electric Discharge of Thin Wire
by Hirofumi Iyama, Hayato Yamaguchi, Masatoshi Nishi and Yoshikazu Higa
Metals 2022, 12(11), 1939; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12111939 - 12 Nov 2022
Viewed by 1153
Abstract
Magnesium is an abundant material with high specific strength, and its use as a structural metal is increasing. However, its properties cause difficulty in its formation at room temperature. Therefore, the objective of this study was to form a magnesium alloy at room [...] Read more.
Magnesium is an abundant material with high specific strength, and its use as a structural metal is increasing. However, its properties cause difficulty in its formation at room temperature. Therefore, the objective of this study was to form a magnesium alloy at room temperature using an underwater shock wave generated by the discharge of an aluminum wire. Forming was conducted using an auxiliary plate composed of aluminum instead of magnesium alloy alone. In addition, hyperbolic and parabolic pressure vessels were employed. Numerical simulations were performed to measure the pressure values, propagation of underwater shock waves, and deformation of the magnesium alloy. Large deformation was observed when an auxiliary aluminum plate was placed on the upper surface of an AZ31 magnesium alloy plate inside the hyperbolic pressure vessel. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Explosive Welding and Impact Mechanics of Metal and Alloys)
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13 pages, 9393 KiB  
Article
Impact Joining of Pure Copper C1100 and Aluminum Alloy A6061-T6 Plates at Edges
by Minoru Yamashita, Toru Iwatsuka, Haruchika Taguchi and Makoto Nikawa
Metals 2022, 12(10), 1565; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12101565 - 21 Sep 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1414
Abstract
Joining of pure copper C1100 and aluminum alloy A6061-T6 plates of 5 mm thickness was investigated. The method was developed by one of the authors, in which the newly created surfaces of a pair of plates obtained by high-speed shear were immediately in [...] Read more.
Joining of pure copper C1100 and aluminum alloy A6061-T6 plates of 5 mm thickness was investigated. The method was developed by one of the authors, in which the newly created surfaces of a pair of plates obtained by high-speed shear were immediately in contact with a sliding motion with a small overlap length. The total processing time was just about a few milliseconds. To create the new surface, high-speed shaving was also tested. The joining was not possible for the full thickness of the plates. A sharp notch was observed at the joint boundary due to a large shear droop in the copper. Shaving decreased the shear droop, and the joint length through the plate thickness became longer. The joining performance was evaluated by a uniaxial tensile test. The joint efficiency reached 100% using the specimen cut out from the really joined boundary. The affected zone of joining was confirmed by the hardness distribution near the boundary. It was about 30% of the thickness of the plate, which was much smaller than that in welding by heat, and no softened zone was found in both materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Explosive Welding and Impact Mechanics of Metal and Alloys)
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12 pages, 8769 KiB  
Article
Mechanical Properties of Explosion-Welded Titanium/Duplex Stainless Steel under Different Energetic Conditions
by Kang Wang, Masatoshi Kuroda, Xiang Chen, Kazuyuki Hokamoto, Xiaojie Li, Xiangyu Zeng, Senlin Nie and Yuanyuan Wang
Metals 2022, 12(8), 1354; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12081354 - 15 Aug 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1224
Abstract
In this study, the energy deposited at the welding interface was controlled by changing the stand-off between the flyer and base plates. Pure titanium (TP 270C) and duplex stainless steel (SUS 821L1) were welded under 5- and 15-mm stand-offs, respectively. When the stand-off [...] Read more.
In this study, the energy deposited at the welding interface was controlled by changing the stand-off between the flyer and base plates. Pure titanium (TP 270C) and duplex stainless steel (SUS 821L1) were welded under 5- and 15-mm stand-offs, respectively. When the stand-off was 5 mm, the average wavelength and average amplitude of the welding interface were 271 and 61 μm, respectively; at 15 mm stand-off, the average wavelength and average amplitude of the welding interface were 690 and 192 μm, respectively. The differences between the two welding conditions were compared using a tensile test, fracture analysis, a 90° bending test, Vickers hardness, and nanoindentation related to the mechanical properties of materials. The experimental results indicated that the sample with a 5-mm stand-off had better mechanical properties. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Explosive Welding and Impact Mechanics of Metal and Alloys)
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14 pages, 10200 KiB  
Article
An Experimental and Numerical Simulation Study of Single Particle Impact during Detonation Spraying
by Polina A. Riabinkina, Ivan A. Bataev, Igor S. Batraev, Alexey A. Ruktuev, Vladimir Yu. Ulianitsky, Shigeru Tanaka, Yulia Yu. Emurlaeva, Tatiana S. Ogneva and Vladimir A. Bataev
Metals 2022, 12(6), 1013; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12061013 - 15 Jun 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1566
Abstract
A comparison of the numerical simulation and an experimental study of the collision of the particles and the substrate during detonation spraying is presented. The spraying regimes were chosen to provide unmelted, partially melted, and completely molten particles. The numerical simulation was performed [...] Read more.
A comparison of the numerical simulation and an experimental study of the collision of the particles and the substrate during detonation spraying is presented. The spraying regimes were chosen to provide unmelted, partially melted, and completely molten particles. The numerical simulation was performed using the smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method with velocity and temperature settings as initial conditions. Good agreement was obtained between the simulation results and the experimental data, making the SPH simulation suitable for analysis of the deformation of particles and the substrate during detonation spraying. Information about the particle’s shape evolution during the collision is presented. An increase in temperature and plastic strain is analyzed at different points of the particle and substrate. Under certain spraying regimes, it is possible to melt a solid particle due to its high-strain-rate deformation, but no melting of the substrate was observed during the simulation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Explosive Welding and Impact Mechanics of Metal and Alloys)
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11 pages, 3979 KiB  
Article
Mechanism Elucidation of High-Pressure Generation in Cellular Metal at High-Velocity Impact
by Masatoshi Nishi, Shigeru Tanaka, Akihisa Mori, Matej Vesenjak, Zoran Ren and Kazuyuki Hokamoto
Metals 2022, 12(1), 128; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12010128 - 09 Jan 2022
Viewed by 1261
Abstract
Cellular metals exhibit diverse properties, depending on their geometries and base materials. This study investigated the mechanism of high-pressure generation during the high-velocity impact of unidirectional cellular (UniPore) materials. Cubic UniPore copper samples were mounted on a projectile and subjected to impact loading [...] Read more.
Cellular metals exhibit diverse properties, depending on their geometries and base materials. This study investigated the mechanism of high-pressure generation during the high-velocity impact of unidirectional cellular (UniPore) materials. Cubic UniPore copper samples were mounted on a projectile and subjected to impact loading using a powder gun to induce direct impact of samples. The specimens exhibited a unique phenomenon of high-pressure generation near the pores during compression. We elucidate the mechanism of the high-pressure phenomenon and discuss the pore geometries that contribute to the generation of high pressures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Explosive Welding and Impact Mechanics of Metal and Alloys)
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