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Metals
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Powder Metallurgy of Biodegradable Metals for Medical Applications
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Powder Metallurgy of Biodegradable Metals for Medical Applications

A special issue of Metals (ISSN 2075-4701). This special issue belongs to the section "Powder Metallurgy".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 September 2022) | Viewed by 12272

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Sandra Carolina Cifuentes Cuéllar

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Applied Mathematics, Materials Science and Engineering and Electronic Technology, ESCET, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain
Interests: bioresorbable metals and polymers; polymer/metal composites; bioactive ceramics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

There is an increasing interest in the use of biodegradable metals in various medical applications (i.e., osteosynthesis, tissue regeneration, cardiovascular, sutures, staples, etc.). The driving force of this interest is the need for biomedical devices able to be metabolized by the human body once they have fulfilled a specific task. The requirements for a metal to comply with this desired behavior are strict. For instance, the metal and its degradation products must be biocompatible and degrade at a safe rate for the patient to avoid toxicity issues. Furthermore, the corrosion in the physiological environment should be homogeneous, and the material has to work under a complex combination of mechanical loads (i.e., tension, compression, shear stress, etc.). Among the metals able to degrade under physiological conditions, magnesium, iron, and zinc attract special interest given their roles as essential nutrients in the human body. Their application as biodegradable implants has been extensively studied in recent years.

Powder metallurgy (PM) technologies are innovative for the production of biomedical implants. Conventionally, metallic implants are manufactured from casting semi-finished parts that undergo work hardening and mechanical machining to obtain a net-shaped part. PM is an attractive alternative technology that enables the production of near-net-shaped components with complex geometries from powders with little loss of material. Additionally, common ingot metallurgy problems, such as segregation, grain growth, or the need of secondary operations can be avoided with PM. In this sense, powder metallurgy might become an advantageous technology for the manufacture of biodegradable medical devices.

Powder metallurgy technology represents an excellent opportunity for the economic production of Mg, Fe, and Zn implants with complex geometries adapted to the anatomy of patients, together with the functionalization of their microstructure, roughness, and porosity. This Special Issue seeks to provide an overview regarding the powder metallurgy of Mg, Fe, and Zn biodegradable metals and alloys for the manufacture of biomedical implants. We welcome articles on powder synthesis, powder compaction, powder sintering, hot isostatic pressing, colloidal processing, spark plasma sintering, powder injection molding, and additive manufacturing techniques such as selective laser melting (SLM) or electron beam melting (EBM).

The main objective is to highlight recent advances in the state of the art of the production of biodegradable medical devices from powders. We appreciate your contributions to progressing beyond the frontiers of science.

Dr. Sandra Carolina Cifuentes Cuéllar
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Metals is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Biodegradable metals
  • Magnesium, iron, and zinc
  • Powder metallurgy of biodegradable metals
  • Powder synthesis
  • Compaction and sintering
  • Spark plasma sintering
  • Colloidal processing
  • Powder injection molding
  • Additive manufacturing: selective laser melting or electron beam melting

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

17 pages, 9212 KiB  
Article
Strategies to Control In Vitro Degradation of Mg Scaffolds Processed by Powder Metallurgy
by Sandra C. Cifuentes, Lucía Alvarez, Luis Arias, Tobias Fey and Sophia A. Tsipas
Metals 2022, 12(4), 566; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12040566 - 27 Mar 2022
Viewed by 2162
Abstract
Magnesium scaffolds are biodegradable, biocompatible, bioactive porous scaffolds, which find applications within tissue engineering. The presence of porosity increases surface area and enhances cell proliferation and tissue ingrowth. These characteristics make Mg scaffolds key materials to enhance the healing processes of tissues such [...] Read more.
Magnesium scaffolds are biodegradable, biocompatible, bioactive porous scaffolds, which find applications within tissue engineering. The presence of porosity increases surface area and enhances cell proliferation and tissue ingrowth. These characteristics make Mg scaffolds key materials to enhance the healing processes of tissues such as cartilage and bone. However, along with the increment of porosity, the corrosion of magnesium within a physiological environment occurs faster. It is, therefore, necessary to control the degradation rate of Mg scaffolds in order to maintain their mechanical properties during the healing process. Several studies have been performed to increase Mg scaffolds’ corrosion resistance. The different approaches include the modification of the Mg surface by conversion coatings or deposited coatings. The nature of the coatings varies from ceramics such as hydroxyapatite and calcium phosphates to polymers such as polycaprolactone or gelatin. In this work, we propose a novel approach to generating a protective bilayer coating on the Mg scaffold surface composed of a first layer of naturally occurring Mg corrosion products (hydroxide and phosphates) and a second layer of a homogeneous and biocompatible coating of polylactic acid. The Mg scaffolds were fabricated from Mg powder by means of powder metallurgy using ammonium bicarbonate as a space holder. The size and amount of porosity were controlled using different size distributions of space holders. We addressed the influence of scaffold pore size on the conversion and deposition processes and how the coating process influences the in vitro degradation of the scaffolds. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Powder Metallurgy of Biodegradable Metals for Medical Applications)
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16 pages, 63658 KiB  
Article
In Situ X-ray Synchrotron Radiation Analysis, Tensile- and Biodegradation Testing of Redox-Alloyed and Sintered MgCa-Alloy Parts Produced by Metal Injection Moulding
by Martin Wolff, Heike Helmholz, Monika Luczak, Daniel Strerath, Thomas Ebel and Regine Willumeit-Römer
Metals 2022, 12(2), 353; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12020353 - 17 Feb 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1487
Abstract
Binary MgCa alloys are one of the promising and well investigated biodegradable metals and therefore a good standard for the study of novel processing routes. In this investigation, novel powder metallurgical (PM) blending and sintering methods were applied for the generation of biodegradable [...] Read more.
Binary MgCa alloys are one of the promising and well investigated biodegradable metals and therefore a good standard for the study of novel processing routes. In this investigation, novel powder metallurgical (PM) blending and sintering methods were applied for the generation of biodegradable MgCa test specimens, using metal injection moulding (MIM). In addition to the classical PM-blending route using Ca-containing master-alloys, Ca-containing ceramics and hydrides, as there are CaO and CaH2, were used separately and in a stoichiometric mixture. In situ X-ray synchrotron radiation experiments were performed for a deeper understanding of alloy forming mechanisms during sintering. Mechanical and degradation performance was investigated by tensile testing and the monitoring of biodegradation under physiological conditions. Besides its sound strength of up to 144 MPa and degradation rate of 0.25 mm/a, the new redox alloying technique avoids the usage of any greenhouse active SF6 gas (global warming potential 22,800) during alloying, keeping the earth’s atmosphere safer. Therefore, it can be concluded that Ca-containing ceramics and hybrids are attractive alternatives to obtain, comparable to Mg-based materials, thus enabling safer processing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Powder Metallurgy of Biodegradable Metals for Medical Applications)
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15 pages, 2606 KiB  
Article
Effect of Magnesium Addition and High Energy Processing on the Degradation Behavior of Iron Powder in Modified Hanks’ Solution for Bioabsorbable Implant Applications
by Rafael G. Estrada, Marta Multigner, Marcela Lieblich, Santiago Fajardo and Joaquín Rams
Metals 2022, 12(1), 78; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12010078 - 04 Jan 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1503
Abstract
This paper shows the results of applying a combination of high energy processing and magnesium (Mg) as an alloying element in a strategy for enhancing the degradation rate of iron (Fe) for applications in the field of non-permanent medical implants. For this purpose, [...] Read more.
This paper shows the results of applying a combination of high energy processing and magnesium (Mg) as an alloying element in a strategy for enhancing the degradation rate of iron (Fe) for applications in the field of non-permanent medical implants. For this purpose, Fe powder was milled with 5 wt% of Mg (Fe5Mg) and its microstructure and characterized degradation behavior. As-received Fe powder was also milled in order to distinguish between the effects due to high energy processing from those due to the presence of Mg. The powders were prepared by high energy planetary ball milling for 16 h. The results show that the initial crystallite size diminishes from >150 nm to 16 nm for Fe and 46 nm for Fe5Mg. Static degradation tests of loose powder particles were performed in Hanks’ solution. Visual inspection of the immersed powders and the X-ray diffraction (XRD) phase quantification indicate that Fe5Mg exhibited the highest degradation rate followed by milled Fe and as received Fe, in this order. The analysis of degradation products of Fe5Mg showed that they consist on magnesium ferrite and pyroaurite, which are known to present good biocompatibility and low toxicity. Differences in structural features and degradation behaviors of milled Fe and milled Fe5Mg suggest the effective dissolution of Mg in the Fe lattice. Based on the obtained results, it can be said that Fe5Mg powder would be a suitable candidate for non-permanent medical implants with a higher degradation rate than Fe. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Powder Metallurgy of Biodegradable Metals for Medical Applications)
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13 pages, 29399 KiB  
Article
Ball Milling Effect on Corrosion and Biocompatibility Behavior of FeMnC Alloys Produced by Powder Metallurgy in Simulated Body Fluids Environment
by Junaidi Syarif, Yudha Pratesa, Yudi Prasetyo and Sri Harjanto
Metals 2021, 11(10), 1597; https://doi.org/10.3390/met11101597 - 09 Oct 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1781
Abstract
Carbon-containing Fe-Mn alloys have been developed for the materials for stent application. The alloys fabricated by the powder metallurgy route retain a significant amount of porosity and require a longer sintering time. In this study, the corrosion behavior and cytotoxicity of FeMnC alloy [...] Read more.
Carbon-containing Fe-Mn alloys have been developed for the materials for stent application. The alloys fabricated by the powder metallurgy route retain a significant amount of porosity and require a longer sintering time. In this study, the corrosion behavior and cytotoxicity of FeMnC alloy fabricated by powder metallurgy were investigated. The ball-milling process was applied to increase the sample density. Mn content was set to 25 or 35 wt.%, while 1 wt.% carbon was added to all samples. The austenite stability was independent of porosity and the ball-milling process, whereas hardness had a strong dependence on porosity and the ball-milling process. The corrosion resistance of FeMnC alloy depends mainly on the porosity rather than Mn content. The concentration of Fe ions was higher than that of Mn ions in all immersion times in the Ringer’s lactate solution. The released metallic ion concentration rate is also dependent on the porosity of the sample rather than Mn content. However, the ion concentration was lower than the upper intake limit. The extract of FeMnC alloy in Ringer’s lactate solution reduced cell viability. The ball-milled (BM) FeMnC alloys showed higher cell viability than the non-BM sample. However, the FeMnC alloy shows the same level of biocompatibility as SS316L. This result indicates that the FeMnC alloy has a suitable corrosion behavior and proven biocompatibility for biodegradable materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Powder Metallurgy of Biodegradable Metals for Medical Applications)
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13 pages, 3061 KiB  
Article
Effect of Build Orientation on the Microstructure, Mechanical and Corrosion Properties of a Biodegradable High Manganese Steel Processed by Laser Powder Bed Fusion
by Martin Otto, Stefan Pilz, Annett Gebert, Uta Kühn and Julia Hufenbach
Metals 2021, 11(6), 944; https://doi.org/10.3390/met11060944 - 10 Jun 2021
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3509
Abstract
In the last decade, additive manufacturing technologies like laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) have emerged strongly. However, the process characteristics involving layer-wise build-up of the part and the occurring high, directional thermal gradient result in significant changes of the microstructure and the related [...] Read more.
In the last decade, additive manufacturing technologies like laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) have emerged strongly. However, the process characteristics involving layer-wise build-up of the part and the occurring high, directional thermal gradient result in significant changes of the microstructure and the related properties compared to traditionally fabricated materials. This study presents the influence of the build direction (BD) on the microstructure and resulting properties of a novel austenitic Fe-30Mn-1C-0.02S alloy processed via LPBF. The fabricated samples display a {011} texture in BD which was detected by electron backscatter diffraction. Furthermore, isolated binding defects could be observed between the layers. Quasi-static tensile and compression tests displayed that the yield, ultimate tensile as well as the compressive yield strength are significantly higher for samples which were built with their longitudinal axis perpendicular to BD compared to their parallel counterparts. This was predominantly ascribed to the less severe effects of the sharp-edged binding defects loaded perpendicular to BD. Additionally, a change of the Young’s modulus in dependence of BD could be demonstrated, which is explained by the respective texture. Potentiodynamic polarization tests conducted in a simulated body fluid revealed only slight differences of the corrosion properties in dependence of the build design. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Powder Metallurgy of Biodegradable Metals for Medical Applications)
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