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Research about Friction and Wear Modeling for Materials

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A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Materials Physics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (10 April 2023) | Viewed by 18552

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Prof. Dr. Izhak Etsion

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Guest Editor

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
Interests: hydrodynamic and hydrostatic lubrication; fluid film bearings and seals; contact adhesion and friction of rough surfaces; laser surface texturing; micro/nanotribology

Dr. Haibo Zhang

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Guest Editor

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
Interests: contact mechanics; wear and friction modeling; coatings; thermal contact; magneto-electro-elastic composite
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Dear Colleagues,

Friction and wear are two essential issues in tribology. The classic laws of sliding friction had already been discovered back in 1493 by Leonardo da Vinci before they were rediscovered and published by Guillaume Amontons in 1699, and the Archard wear equation was published in 1953. Nevertheless, in spite of accumulating experimental and theoretical evidence that these classical simple laws represent only limiting cases, they are still widely used on a daily basis in classrooms and in practice. Accurate modeling of friction and wear still remain unsolved due to their formidable complexity, involving several areas of surface science such as physics, chemistry, materials, mechanics, etc., which have to be considered to realistically model these issues.

Numerical techniques such as the finite-element method, boundary-element method, atomistic simulations, etc. have allowed advances in our understanding and more realistic simulations of friction and wear mechanisms. However, some simplifying assumptions are still being used to overcome complex issues such as realistic contact interface conditions, material failure criteria, long sliding distance, various multiphysics effects, etc. that are needed for a more accurate modeling.

This Special Issue forms a collection of ongoing research in friction and wear. Contributions are solicited from researchers working in advancing the current modeling and their experimental validation.

Prof. Dr. Izhak Etsion
Dr. Haibo Zhang
Guest Editors

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Keywords

friction
wear
surface science
material behavior
modeling techniques
experimental validation

Published Papers (10 papers)

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Research

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20 pages, 5916 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Evaluation of the Tribological Properties of Polymer Materials with Similar Shore Hardness Working in Metal–Polymer Friction Systems

by Daniel Pieniak, Radosław Jedut, Leszek Gil, Włodzimierz Kupicz, Anna Borucka, Jarosław Selech, Grzegorz Bartnik, Krzysztof Przystupa and Zbigniew Krzysiak

Materials 2023, 16(2), 573; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16020573 - 06 Jan 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1291

Abstract

This article presents comparative tests of contact strength and tribological wear resistance of polymer sliding materials of the polyamide group. The aim of this work was to study Shore hardness, indentation hardness, modulus, creep, relaxation, Martens hardness and sliding wear resistance of two commercial materials. One of these materials was produced with the recycling process in mind. Abrasion tests were performed against a stainless-steel ball (100CRr6) on a normal load of 5 N for 23,830 friction cycles. The samples were tested under dry friction conditions and taking into account the hydrothermal factor, the presence of which was assumed in the anticipated operating conditions. It was distilled water at a temperature of 50 °C. The volumetric wear of the samples under various environmental conditions was assessed and related to the mechanical properties, in particular, Shore hardness. This mechanical size, which characterizes the surface, was considered the most frequently used by engineers selecting polymeric materials for tribological applications in industry. The Shore hardness of both materials was similar, which may indicate similar tribological performance properties. However, research and analysis indicate the need to use measures that directly correspond to tribological wear. The friction and wear of both materials varied. The coefficient of friction in hydrothermal conditions was lower and the wear was higher than in the dry friction test. It seems that it was not hardness that determined the suitability in the anticipated operating conditions, but the ability to form a sliding layer on the friction surface. The properties of the material that has been envisaged as a replacement may be appropriate for the intended uses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research about Friction and Wear Modeling for Materials)

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15 pages, 2095 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Tribological Properties Study of Solid Lubrication with TiO₂ Powder Particles

by Filip Ilie, George Ipate and Florentina Cristina Manaila

Materials 2022, 15(20), 7145; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15207145 - 13 Oct 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1210

Abstract

Titanium dioxide (TiO₂), by its tribological behavior, is known as a solid lubricant. TiO₂ as a solid lubricant, together with tungsten disulfide (WS₂) and molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂) decreases friction and excessive wear. By compacting TiO₂ powder, pellets are formed. Studies and research on the solid lubricant coatings were conducted with success on a tribometer with the possibility of making two simultaneous contacts, pellet/disk, and slider pad/disk. On the disk of a tribometer, we studied the lubrication characteristics of the TiO₂ powder particles as the third body by intentionally transferring. Results show that the TiO₂ pellet behaved like an effective oil-free lubricant by self-repairing and self-replenishing. In experiments, a TiO₂ pellet is intentionally sheared against the surface of the disk, while the slider pad slips loaded on the lubricated surface until the deposited powder film is exhausted. A theoretical model control volume fractional coverage (CVFC) was used to estimate both the wear rate for the lubricated pellet/disk sliding contact and the friction coefficient at the pad/disk separation surface. According to materials properties, disk velocity, pellet and slider pad load, the pellet wear rate, and slider pad friction coefficient, using the CVFC model, can establish the pellet wear rate, and slider pad friction coefficient. The fractional coverage represents a parameter of the CVFC model that varies with time, and it is useful for estimating the film amount from the third body that covers the disk asperities. Model results well enough describe the tribological behavior of the sliding contacts in experiments, both qualitatively and quantitatively. In addition, the theoretical results obtained by modeling and the experimental those obtained in the process of friction, are compared. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research about Friction and Wear Modeling for Materials)

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11 pages, 3323 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Liquid Superlubricity Enabled by the Synergy Effect of Graphene Oxide and Lithium Salts

by Xiangyu Ge, Zhiyuan Chai, Qiuyu Shi, Yanfei Liu, Jiawei Tang and Wenzhong Wang

Materials 2022, 15(10), 3546; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15103546 - 16 May 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1334

Abstract

In this study, graphene oxide (GO) nanoflakes and lithium salt (LiPF₆) were utilized as lubrication additives in ether bond−containing dihydric alcohol aqueous solutions (DA(aq)) to improve lubrication performances. The apparent friction reduction and superlubricity were realized at the Si₃N₄/sapphire interface. The conditions and laws for superlubricity realization have been concluded. The underlying mechanism was the synergy effect of GO and LiPF₆. It was proven that a GO adsorption layer was formed at the interface, which caused the shearing interface to transfer from solid asperities to GO interlayers (weak interlayer interactions), resulting in friction reduction and superlubricity realization. In addition to the GO adsorption layer, a boundary layer containing phosphates and fluorides was formed by tribochemical reactions of LiPF₆ and was conducive to low friction. Additionally, a fluid layer contributed to friction reduction as well. This work proved that GO−family materials are promising for friction reduction, and provided new insights into realizing liquid superlubricity at macroscale by combining GO with other materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research about Friction and Wear Modeling for Materials)

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17 pages, 9543 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study of Wear Phenomenon of a Dental Milling Cutter by Statistical–Mathematical Modeling Based on the Experimental Results

by Filip Ilie, Ioan Alexandru Saracin and Gheorghe Voicu

Materials 2022, 15(5), 1903; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15051903 - 03 Mar 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1172

Abstract

The wear phenomenon of a dental milling cutter is studied based on experimental results and data and validated by statistical–mathematical modeling. The results of the statistical–mathematical modeling by the interpolation of the experimental results (data) regarding the wear of the dental milling cutter analyzed and obtained in the work process are presented in this paper. These results (data) are important because they lead to polynomial functions which by interpolation approximate very well the dependent parameter, specifically the wear process (mass lost due to dental milling cutter wear, m_w), considered in the experimental program. The polynomial interpolation functions are valid, only during the experimental testing range of the dental milling cutter, to describe the wear phenomenon; the extrapolations do not lead to satisfactory results. However, by using a controlled interpolation function with an exponential component, the extrapolation of the results is possible. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is the statistical–mathematical modeling by the interpolation of the experimental results of the mass lost due to dental milling cutter wear, m_w, using the deterministic differential model for the work process of it. Thus, interesting conclusions can be drawn relating to the phenomenon. In support of these statements come the results of the statistical–mathematical modeling by the interpolation of the experimental data obtained in the work process of the dental milling cutters, leading to practical applications, such as the extension of the life of dental milling cutter, useful even for its operation optimization; determination of possible criteria for replacing the worn dental milling cutters; the extension of the life of the materials from which dental milling cutters are built; or the provision of ideas for constructive solutions. Based on the modeling results by interpolation, it was found that the dental milling cutter during the milling operation works with high efficiency (mass loss due to wear is very reduced) in the first 11 h of operation, i.e., about a 10% increase in lifetime. After 11 h of operation, mass loss due to wear of the dental milling cutter increases relatively exponentially; thus, it is recommended that, in the normal way, the dental milling cutter be replaced with a new one to ensure high standards of materials processing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research about Friction and Wear Modeling for Materials)

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10 pages, 2761 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nucleation of Frank Dislocation during the Squeeze-Out Process in Boundary Lubrication: A Molecular Dynamics Study

by Rong-Guang Xu, Yuan Xiang, Gunan Zhang, Qi Rao and Yongsheng Leng

Materials 2022, 15(3), 997; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15030997 - 27 Jan 2022

Viewed by 2167

Abstract

Liquid–vapor molecular dynamics (LVMD) simulations are performed to reinvestigate the phase transition and solvation force oscillation behavior of a simple argon liquid film confined between two solid surfaces. Our simulations present a novel scenario in which the n → n − 1 layering transitions are accompanied by the formation, climb, and annihilation of Frank partial dislocations during the squeeze-out process under compression. This is indicated by the splitting of the repulsive peaks in the solvation force profile. The detailed analysis reveals that the formation–climb–annihilation mechanism of Frank dislocation occurs during approach and disappears during receding, which would result in force hysteresis. In combination with our recent works, this study provides new insights into the physical property of nanoconfined lubricant films in boundary lubrication. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research about Friction and Wear Modeling for Materials)

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12 pages, 8205 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Solidification and Hot Rolling Processes on Wear Performance of TiC-Reinforced Wear-Resistant Steel

by Xiangtao Deng, Qi Wang, Long Huang, Yi Cao and Zhaodong Wang

Materials 2022, 15(3), 729; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15030729 - 19 Jan 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1216

Abstract

As a commonly reinforcing phase in wear-resistant materials, TiC is often added into wear-resistant materials to improve the wear resistance. The independently developed stepped molds with variable thicknesses were used to prepare the TiC-reinforced steels with the same composition though melt solidification processing to study the effect of the solidification rate on the particle size and wear performance. The effect of the hot rolling compression ratio on the particle size and wear performance was also studied. The length and aspect ratios of the particles in heat-treated TiC-reinforced steels with different billet thicknesses and rolling compression ratios were measured. With the increasing in the billet thickness and the decreasing in the rolling compression ratio, the length and aspect ratio of the particles increased in heat-treated TiC-reinforced steels, and the hardness decreased slightly. The three-body abrasive wear behavior of the TiC-reinforced steels was conducted using a standard dry sand rubber wheel wear testing procedure, and the modeling of the wear mechanism was established. The particle size is the main factor affecting wear resistance when the hardness of TiC-reinforced steels is similar. When the particles size is moderate, about 2–6 μm, the particle can break the sand tip and hinder the sand tip from sliding on the surface. In this manner, the mass loss decreased and the wear resistance improved. The large particles will be broken easily by the abrasive, and the small particles are removed easily by the abrasive in the wear process. So, the large and small particles cannot effectively prevent the damage of the abrasive to the matrix, and they have less of an effect on improving wear resistance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research about Friction and Wear Modeling for Materials)

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14 pages, 3287 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Semi Salix Leaf Textured Gas Mechanical Face Seal with Enhanced Opening Performance

by Linqing Bai, Pengcheng Zhang and Zulfiqar Ahmad Khan

Materials 2021, 14(24), 7522; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14247522 - 08 Dec 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1525

Abstract

Seal performance of a novel gas mechanical face seal with semi salix leaf textures was introduced and theoretically investigated with the purpose of enhancing hydrostatic and hydrodynamic opening performance. First, a theoretical model of a laser surface textured gas mechanical face seal with semi salix leaf textures was developed. Second, the impact of operating and texturing parameters on open force, leakage, and friction torque was numerically investigated and has been discussed based on gas lubrication theory. Numerical results demonstrate that the semi salix leaf textured gas face seal has larger hydrostatic and hydrodynamic effects than the semi ellipse textured seal because of the effect of the inlet groove. All semi salix leaf textured surfaces had better open performance than the semi ellipse textured surface, which means that the inlet groove plays an important role in improving open performance and consequently decreasing contact friction during the start-up stage. Texturing parameters also influenced the seal performance of thee semi salix leaf textured gas face seal. When the inclination angle was 50°, the radial proportion of the inlet groove was 0.8, the dimple number was 9, and the open force resulted in the maximum value. This research has demonstrated the positive effects of the applications of a semi salix leaf textured gas mechanical face seal that combines the excellent hydrostatic and hydrodynamic effects of groove texture and the excellent wear resistance of microporous textures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research about Friction and Wear Modeling for Materials)

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11 pages, 3236 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Tribology and Anti-Ablation Properties of SiC-VN-MoS₂/Ta Composite Coatings on Carbon/Carbon Composites from 25 to 800 °C

by Jun Cao, Jianbin Chen, Xinbo Wang and Jingbo Wen

Materials 2021, 14(22), 6772; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14226772 - 10 Nov 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1224

Abstract

To improve the self-lubrication and anti-ablation performances of C/C (carbon/carbon) composites from 25 to 800 °C, we engineered three layers of composite coatings consisting of SiC–VN–MoS₂/Ta to deposit on the surface of the C/C composites. The tribology and anti-ablation properties of the composite coatings were experimented under dry sliding wear. The equivalent stress and deformation of the composite coatings are studied. The results show that the CoFs (coefficients of friction) of the C/C composites are decreased by 156% at 800 °C due to the new generated self-lubricating compounds from the MoS₂/Ta and VN coating. The anti-ablation of the C/C composites are improved by 25,300% due to the silicon glass, and the generated compounds from V, Mo and Si. The deformation of the C/C substrate under the protection of these coatings looks like a quadrangular star. The cack of the C/C composites is easily generated without the protection from coatings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research about Friction and Wear Modeling for Materials)

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18 pages, 4222 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Evaluating Elastic-Plastic Wavy and Spherical Asperity-Based Statistical and Multi-Scale Rough Surface Contact Models with Deterministic Results

by Nolan Ryan Chu, Robert L. Jackson, Xianzhang Wang, Arup Gangopadhyay and Hamed Ghaednia

Materials 2021, 14(14), 3864; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14143864 - 10 Jul 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2447

Abstract

The solution to an elastic-plastic rough surface contact problem can be applied to phenomena such as friction and contact resistance. Many different types of models have therefore been developed to solve rough surface contact. A deterministic approach may accurately describe the entire surface, but the computing time is too long for practical use. Thus, mathematically abbreviated models have been developed to describe rough surface contact. Many popular models employ a statistical methodology to solve the contact problem, and they borrow the solution for spherical or parabolic contact to represent individual asperities. However, it is believed that a sinusoidal geometry may be a more realistic asperity representation. This has been applied to a newer version of the stacked multiscale model and statistical models. While no single model can accurately describe every contact problem better than any other, this work aims to help establish guidelines that determine the best model to solve a rough surface contact problem by applying mathematical and deterministic models to two reference surfaces in contact with a rigid flat. The discrepancies and similarities form the basis of those guidelines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research about Friction and Wear Modeling for Materials)

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Review

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16 pages, 3334 KiB

Open AccessReview

Modeling Adhesive Wear in Asperity and Rough Surface Contacts: A Review

by Haibo Zhang, Roman Goltsberg and Izhak Etsion

Materials 2022, 15(19), 6855; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15196855 - 02 Oct 2022

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2350

Abstract

Wear is one of the most fundamental topics in tribology and adhesive wear is argued as the least avoidable wear type. Numerical techniques have allowed advances in more realistic simulations of adhesive wear mechanisms and promoted our understanding of it. This paper reviews the classic work on wear modeling by Archard and Rabinowicz, followed by a comprehensive summary of the adhesive wear numerical models and techniques based on physical parameters. The studies on wear mechanisms at the asperity level and rough surfaces are separately presented. Different models and their key findings are presented according to the method type. The advantages and deficiencies of these models are stated and future work, such as considering more realistic geometries and material properties for adhesive wear modeling, is suggested. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research about Friction and Wear Modeling for Materials)

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