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Proton-Conducting Oxides for Electrochemical Application: Progress and Prospects
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Proton-Conducting Oxides for Electrochemical Application: Progress and Prospects

A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 November 2020) | Viewed by 20717

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Lei Bi

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Guest Editor
Institute of Materials for Energy and Environment, and College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
Interests: proton-conducting oxides; solid oxide fuel cells; density functional theory; Ionic–electronic mixed conductors
Dr. Dmitry Medvedev

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of High-Temperature Electrochemistry, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 620066 Ekaterinburg, Russia
Interests: electrochemistry; energy conversion technology; hydrogen production; electrochemical analysis; solid state chemistry and electrochemistry; solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs); solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs); protonic ceramic fuel cells (PCFCs); protonic ceramic electrolysis cells (PCECs); reversible solid oxide cells (rSOCs); sensors; energy conversion; steam electrolysis; proton transportation; chemical engineering, synthesis and characterization of solid oxide materials with different nature of conductivity (ionic, electronic, mixed) for energy conversion technologies; design and fabrication of solid oxide electrochemical cells (fuel cells, electrolysis cells, sensors, pumps, converters, membrane reactors)
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Irina Animitsa

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin, Yekaterinburg, Russia
Interests: materials science; transport phenomena in solids; solid-state electrochemistry; solid electrolytes
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Solid oxide electrolytes with pronounced proton transport constitute serious competitors to conventional oxygen-conducting electrolytes from the applied point of view. The higher mobility of protons and their low migration barrier allow to reach excellent ionic conductivity over a wide temperature range (300–700 °C). This feature, coupled with a rational selection of conjunct materials and technological innovations, enables the design of electrochemical devices with very high performance, promising efficiency and wide functionality, such as energy conversion (protonic ceramic fuel and electrolysis cells, reversible solid oxide cells), chemical conversion (membrane reactors), analytical detection (sensors), hydrogen separation and compression (electrochemical pumps). Although many promising results have been reached in the past few years, the development of new materials and the search for new “structure–properties–performance” relationships remain the focus of undiminished interest in scientists.

The Special Issue “Proton-Conducting Oxides for Electrochemical Application: Progress and Prospects” aims at discussing recent research on these unique materials, their functional properties, and electrochemical applications. Scientists working in these fundamental and applied fields are invited to contribute to this Special Issue.

Prof. Lei Bi
Dr. Dmitry Medvedev
Prof. Irina Animitsa
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Materials is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • PCFCs
  • PCECs
  • reversible solid oxide cells
  • energy and chemical conversion
  • proton transport
  • renewable energy
  • sensors and pumps
  • separation membranes
  • theoretical simulations

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

19 pages, 7394 KiB  
Article
Comparative Study of Electrophoretic Deposition of Doped BaCeO3-Based Films on La2NiO4+δ and La1.7Ba0.3NiO4+δ Cathode Substrates
by Elena Kalinina, Elena Pikalova, Alexandr Kolchugin, Nadezhda Pikalova and Andrey Farlenkov
Materials 2019, 12(16), 2545; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12162545 - 09 Aug 2019
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 2679
Abstract
This paper presents the results of a comparative study of methods to prevent the loss of barium during the formation of thin-film proton-conducting electrolyte BaCe0.89Gd0.1Cu0.01O3−δ (BCGCuO) on La2NiO4+δ-based (LNO) cathode substrates by [...] Read more.
This paper presents the results of a comparative study of methods to prevent the loss of barium during the formation of thin-film proton-conducting electrolyte BaCe0.89Gd0.1Cu0.01O3−δ (BCGCuO) on La2NiO4+δ-based (LNO) cathode substrates by electrophoretic deposition (EPD). Three different methods of the BCGCuO film coating were considered: the formation of the BCGCuO electrolyte film without (1) and with a protective BaCeO3 (BCO) film (2) on the LNO electrode substrate and the formation of the BCGCuO electrolyte film on a modified La1.7Ba0.3NiO4+δ (LBNO) cathode substrate (3). After the cyclic EPD in six stages, the resulting BCGCuO film (6 μm) (1) on the LNO substrate was completely dense, but the scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis revealed the absence of barium in the film caused by its intensive diffusion into the substrate and evaporation during the sintering. The BCO layer prevented the barium loss in the BCGCuO film (2); however, the protective film possessed a porous island structure, which resulted in the deterioration of the film’s conductivity. The use of the modified LBNO cathode also effectively prevented the loss of barium in the BCGCuO film (3). A BCGCuO film whose conductivity behavior most closely resembled that of the compacts was obtained by using this method which has strong potential for practical applications in solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) technology. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Proton-Conducting Oxides for Electrochemical Application: Progress and Prospects)
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27 pages, 4397 KiB  
Article
Evolution of Oxygen–Ion and Proton Conductivity in Ca-Doped Ln2Zr2O7 (Ln = Sm, Gd), Located Near Pyrochlore–Fluorite Phase Boundary
by A.V. Shlyakhtina, J.C.C. Abrantes, E. Gomes, N.V. Lyskov, E.Yu. Konysheva, S.A. Chernyak, E.P. Kharitonova, O.K. Karyagina, I.V. Kolbanev and L.G. Shcherbakova
Materials 2019, 12(15), 2452; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12152452 - 01 Aug 2019
Cited by 25 | Viewed by 3432
Abstract
Sm2−xCaxZr2O7−x/2 (x = 0, 0.05, 0.1) and Gd2−xCaxZr2O7−x/2 (x = 0.05, 0.1) mixed oxides in a pyrochlore–fluorite morphotropic phase region were prepared via the mechanical activation of oxide mixtures, [...] Read more.
Sm2−xCaxZr2O7−x/2 (x = 0, 0.05, 0.1) and Gd2−xCaxZr2O7−x/2 (x = 0.05, 0.1) mixed oxides in a pyrochlore–fluorite morphotropic phase region were prepared via the mechanical activation of oxide mixtures, followed by annealing at 1600 °C. The structure of the solid solutions was studied by X-ray diffraction and refined by the Rietveld method, water content was determined by thermogravimetry (TG), their bulk and grain-boundary conductivity was determined by impedance spectroscopy in dry and wet air (100–900 °C), and their total conductivity was measured as a function of oxygen partial pressure in the temperature range: 700–950 °C. The Sm2−xCaxZr2O7−x/2 (x = 0.05, 0.1) pyrochlore solid solutions, lying near the morphotropic phase boundary, have proton conductivity contribution both in the grain bulk and on grain boundaries below 600 °C, and pure oxygen–ion conductivity above 700 °C. The 500 °C proton conductivity contribution of Sm2−xCaxZr2O7−x/2 (x = 0.05, 0.1) is ~ 1 × 10−4 S/cm. The fluorite-like Gd2−xCaxZr2O7−x/2 (x = 0.1) solid solution has oxygen-ion bulk conductivity in entire temperature range studied, whereas proton transport contributes to its grain-boundary conductivity below 700 °C. As a result, of the morphotropic phase transition from pyrochlore Sm2−xCaxZr2O7−x/2 (x = 0.05, 0.1) to fluorite-like Gd2−xCaxZr2O7−x/2 (x = 0.05, 0.1), the bulk proton conductivity disappears and oxygen-ion conductivity decreases. The loss of bulk proton conductivity of Gd2−xCaxZr2O7−x/2 (x = 0.05, 0.1) can be associated with the fluorite structure formation. It is important to note that the degree of Ca substitution in such solid solutions (Ln2−xCax)Zr2O7−δ (Ln = Sm, Gd) is low, x < 0.1. In both series, grain-boundary conductivity usually exceeds bulk conductivity. The high grain-boundary proton conductivity of Ln2−xCaxZr2O7−x/2 (Ln = Sm, Gd; x = 0.1) is attributable to the formation of an intergranular CaZrO3-based cubic perovskite phase doped with Sm or Gd in Zr sublattice. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Proton-Conducting Oxides for Electrochemical Application: Progress and Prospects)
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13 pages, 3267 KiB  
Article
Water Uptake and Transport Properties of La1−xCaxScO3−α Proton-Conducting Oxides
by Alyona Lesnichyova, Anna Stroeva, Semyon Belyakov, Andrey Farlenkov, Nikita Shevyrev, Maksim Plekhanov, Igor Khromushin, Tatyana Aksenova, Maxim Ananyev and Anton Kuzmin
Materials 2019, 12(14), 2219; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12142219 - 10 Jul 2019
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2716
Abstract
In this study, oxide materials La1−xCaxScO3−α (x = 0.03, 0.05 and 0.10) were synthesized by the citric-nitrate combustion method. Single-phase solid solutions were obtained in the case of calcium content x = 0.03 and 0.05, whereas a calcium-enriched [...] Read more.
In this study, oxide materials La1−xCaxScO3−α (x = 0.03, 0.05 and 0.10) were synthesized by the citric-nitrate combustion method. Single-phase solid solutions were obtained in the case of calcium content x = 0.03 and 0.05, whereas a calcium-enriched impurity phase was found at x = 0.10. Water uptake and release were studied by means of thermogravimetric analysis, thermodesorption spectroscopy and dilatometry. It was shown that lower calcium content in the main phase leads to a decrease in the water uptake. Conductivity was measured by four-probe direct current (DC) and two-probe ascension current (AC) methods at different temperatures, pO2 and pH2O. The effects of phase composition, microstructure and defect structure on electrical conductivity, as well as correlation between conductivity and water uptake experiments, were discussed. The contribution of ionic conductivity of La1−xCaxScO3−α rises with decreasing temperature and increasing humidity. The domination of proton conductivity at temperatures below 500 °C under oxidizing and reducing atmospheres is exhibited. Water uptake and release as well as transport properties of La1−xCaxScO3−α are compared with the properties of similar proton electrolytes, La1−xSrxScO3−α, and the possible reasons for their differences were discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Proton-Conducting Oxides for Electrochemical Application: Progress and Prospects)
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14 pages, 5266 KiB  
Article
Incorporation and Conduction of Protons in Ca, Sr, Ba-Doped BaLaInO4 with Ruddlesden-Popper Structure
by Nataliia Tarasova, Irina Animitsa, Anzhelika Galisheva and Daniil Korona
Materials 2019, 12(10), 1668; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12101668 - 22 May 2019
Cited by 40 | Viewed by 2827
Abstract
The new phases BaLa0.9M0.1InO3.95 (M = Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+) with a Ruddlesden-Popper structure were obtained. It was established that all investigated samples were capable for the water uptake from the gas phase. [...] Read more.
The new phases BaLa0.9M0.1InO3.95 (M = Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+) with a Ruddlesden-Popper structure were obtained. It was established that all investigated samples were capable for the water uptake from the gas phase. The ability of water incorporation was due to not only by the presence of oxygen vacancies, but also due to the presence of La-O blocks in the structure. The degree of hydration of the samples was much higher than the concentration of oxygen vacancies and the composition of the samples appear to be BaLaInO3.42(OH)1.16, BaLa0.9Ca0.1InO3.25(OH)1.4, BaLa0.9Sr0.1InO3.03(OH)1.84, BaLa0.9Ba0.1InO2.9(OH)2.1. The degree of hydration increased with an increase in the size of the dopant, i.e., with an increase in the size of the salt blocks. It was proven that doping led to the increase in the oxygen ionic conductivity. The conductivities for doped samples BaLa0.9M0.1InO3.95 were higher than for undoped composition BaLaInO4 at ~1.5 order of magnitude. The increase in the conductivity was mainly attributed to the increase of the carrier concentration as a result of the formation of oxygen vacancies during doping. The proton conductivities of doped samples increased in the order Ca2+–Sr2+–Ba2+ due to an increase in the concentration of protons. It was established that all doped samples demonstrated the dominant proton transport below 450 °C. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Proton-Conducting Oxides for Electrochemical Application: Progress and Prospects)
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14 pages, 3022 KiB  
Article
Effect of A-Site Nonstoichiometry on Defect Chemistry and Electrical Conductivity of Undoped and Y-Doped SrZrO3
by Liliya Dunyushkina, Adelya Khaliullina, Anastasia Meshcherskikh, Alexander Pankratov and Denis Osinkin
Materials 2019, 12(8), 1258; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12081258 - 17 Apr 2019
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2697
Abstract
The effect of Sr-nonstoichiometry on phase composition, microstructure, defect chemistry and electrical conductivity of SrxZrO3−δ and SrxZr0.95Y0.05O3−δ ceramics (SZx and SZYx, respectively; x = 0.94–1.02) was investigated via X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, [...] Read more.
The effect of Sr-nonstoichiometry on phase composition, microstructure, defect chemistry and electrical conductivity of SrxZrO3−δ and SrxZr0.95Y0.05O3−δ ceramics (SZx and SZYx, respectively; x = 0.94–1.02) was investigated via X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and impedance spectroscopy followed by distribution of relaxation times analysis of impedance data. It was shown that at low Sr deficiency (x > 0.96 and 0.98 for SZx and SZYx, respectively) a solid solution of strontium vacancies in strontium zirconate crystal structure forms, whereas at higher Sr deficiency the secondary phase, zirconium oxide or yttrium zirconium oxide, is precipitated. Yttrium solubility limit in strontium zirconate was found to be close to 2 mol%. Y-doped strontium zirconates possess up to two orders of magnitude higher total conductivity than SZx samples. A-site nonstoichiometry was shown to have a significant effect on the electrical conductivity of SZx and SZYx. The highest total and bulk conductivity were observed at x = 0.98 for both systems. Increasing the conductivity with a rise in humidity indicates that proton conduction appears in the oxides in wet conditions. A defect model based on consideration of different types of point defects, such as strontium vacancies, substitutional defects and oxygen vacancies, and assumption of Y ions partitioning over Zr and Sr sites was elaborated. The proposed model consistently describes the obtained data on conductivity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Proton-Conducting Oxides for Electrochemical Application: Progress and Prospects)
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21 pages, 7343 KiB  
Article
A Reversible Protonic Ceramic Cell with Symmetrically Designed Pr2NiO4+δ-Based Electrodes: Fabrication and Electrochemical Features
by Artem Tarutin, Julia Lyagaeva, Andrey Farlenkov, Sergey Plaksin, Gennady Vdovin, Anatoly Demin and Dmitry Medvedev
Materials 2019, 12(1), 118; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12010118 - 31 Dec 2018
Cited by 41 | Viewed by 5566
Abstract
Reversible protonic ceramic cells (rPCCs) combine two different operation regimes, fuel cell and electrolysis cell modes, which allow reversible chemical-to-electrical energy conversion at reduced temperatures with high efficiency and performance. Here we present novel technological and materials science approaches, enabling a rPCC with [...] Read more.
Reversible protonic ceramic cells (rPCCs) combine two different operation regimes, fuel cell and electrolysis cell modes, which allow reversible chemical-to-electrical energy conversion at reduced temperatures with high efficiency and performance. Here we present novel technological and materials science approaches, enabling a rPCC with symmetrical functional electrodes to be prepared using a single sintering step. The response of the cell fabricated on the basis of P–N–BCZD|BCZD|PBN–BCZD (where BCZD = BaCe0.5Zr0.3Dy0.2O3−δ, PBN = Pr1.9Ba0.1NiO4+δ, P = Pr2O3, N = Ni) is studied at different temperatures and water vapor partial pressures (pH2O) by means of volt-ampere measurements, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and distribution of relaxation times analyses. The obtained results demonstrate that symmetrical electrodes exhibit classical mixed-ionic/electronic conducting behavior with no hydration capability at 750 °C; therefore, increasing the pH2O values in both reducing and oxidizing atmospheres leads to some deterioration of their electrochemical activity. At the same time, the electrolytic properties of the BCZD membrane are improved, positively affecting the rPCC’s efficiency. The electrolysis cell mode of the rPCC is found to be more appropriate than the fuel cell mode under highly humidified atmospheres, since its improved performance is determined by the ohmic resistance, which decreases with pH2O increasing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Proton-Conducting Oxides for Electrochemical Application: Progress and Prospects)
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