Materials

Editorial

Jump to: Research

4 pages, 158 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Editorial for the Special Issue “Materials under High Pressure”

by Chuanting Wang, Yuanfeng Zheng, Xiaoguang Qiao, Wenhui Tang, Shuhai Zhang and Yong He

Materials 2024, 17(1), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17010017 - 20 Dec 2023

Viewed by 502

Abstract

The high-pressure-related problems of materials constitute a field at the confluence of several scientific disciplines [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials under High Pressure)

Research

Jump to: Editorial

13 pages, 18141 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Microstructures and Deformation Mechanism of Hetero-Structured Pure Ti under High Strain Rates

by Shuaizhuo Wang, Haotian Yan, Dongmei Zhang, Jiajun Hu and Yusheng Li

Materials 2023, 16(21), 7059; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16217059 - 06 Nov 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 802

Abstract

This study investigates the microstructures and deformation mechanism of hetero-structured pure Ti under different high strain rates (500 s⁻¹, 1000 s⁻¹, 2000 s⁻¹). It has been observed that, in samples subjected to deformation, the changes in texture [...] Read more.

This study investigates the microstructures and deformation mechanism of hetero-structured pure Ti under different high strain rates (500 s⁻¹, 1000 s⁻¹, 2000 s⁻¹). It has been observed that, in samples subjected to deformation, the changes in texture are minimal and the rise in temperature is relatively low. Therefore, the influence of these two factors on the deformation mechanism can be disregarded. As the strain rate increases, the dominance of dislocation slip decreases while deformation twinning becomes more prominent. Notably, at a strain rate of 2000 s⁻¹, nanoscale twin lamellae are activated within the grain with a size of 500 nm, which is a rarely observed phenomenon in pure Ti. Additionally, martensitic phase transformation has also been identified. In order to establish a correlation between the stress required for twinning and the grain size, a modified Hall–Petch model is proposed, with the obtained value of

K_{t w i n}

serving as an effective metric for this relationship. These findings greatly enhance our understanding of the mechanical responses of Ti and broaden the potential applications of Ti in dynamic deformation scenarios. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials under High Pressure)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 5784 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Surface Electroplating on Fragment Deformation Behavior When Subjected to Contact Blasts

by Yuanpei Meng, Yuan He, Chuanting Wang, Yue Ma, Lei Guo, Junjie Jiao and Yong He

Materials 2023, 16(15), 5464; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16155464 - 04 Aug 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1015

Abstract

Preformed fragments can deform or even fracture when subjected to contact blasts, which might lead to a reduction of the terminal effect. Therefore, to solve this problem, the effect of surface electroplating on the fragment deformation behavior under contact blasts was analyzed. Firstly, [...] Read more.

Preformed fragments can deform or even fracture when subjected to contact blasts, which might lead to a reduction of the terminal effect. Therefore, to solve this problem, the effect of surface electroplating on the fragment deformation behavior under contact blasts was analyzed. Firstly, blast recovery tests were carried out on uncoated and coated fragments. After the contact blast, the two samples produced different deformation behaviors: the uncoated fragments were fractured, while the coated fragments maintained integrity. The tests were simulated by finite element simulation, and the deformation behavior of the different samples matched well with the test results, which can explain the protective effect of the coating after quantification. In order to further reveal the dynamic behavior involved, detonation wave theory and shock wave transmission theory in solids were used to calculate the pressure amplitude variation at the far-exploding surface of the fragments. The theoretical results showed that the pressure amplitude of the uncoated samples instantly dropped to zero after the shock wave passed through the far-exploding surface, which resulted in the formation of a tensile zone. But the pressure amplitude of the coated samples increased, transforming the tensile zone into the compression zone, thereby preventing the fracture of the fragment near the far-exploding surface, which was consistent with the test and simulated results. The test results, finite element simulations, and theories show that the coating can change the deformation behavior of the fragment and prevent the fracture phenomenon of the fragment. It also prevents the material from missing and a molten state of the fragment in the radial direction by microscopic observation and weight statistics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials under High Pressure)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 5244 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dispersal Characteristics Dependence on Mass Ratio for Explosively Driven Dry Powder Particle

by Binfeng Sun, Chunhua Bai, Caihui Zhao, Jianping Li and Xiaoliang Jia

Materials 2023, 16(13), 4537; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16134537 - 23 Jun 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 733

Abstract

An investigation on the dispersal characteristics of the cylindrically packed material of dry powder particles driven by explosive load is presented. By establishing a controllable experimental system under laboratory conditions and combining with near-field simulation, the particle dispersal process is described. Additionally, Kelvin–Helmholtz [...] Read more.

An investigation on the dispersal characteristics of the cylindrically packed material of dry powder particles driven by explosive load is presented. By establishing a controllable experimental system under laboratory conditions and combining with near-field simulation, the particle dispersal process is described. Additionally, Kelvin–Helmholtz instability is observed during the process of jet deceleration dispersal. The characteristic parameters of radially propagated particles are explored under different mass ratio of particle-to-charge (M/C). Results indicate that, when the charge mass remains constant, an increase in M/C leads to a decrease in dispersed jet number, void radius and maximum velocity, wherein the maximum velocity correlates with calculations by the porous Gurney model. The case of the smaller M/C always has a higher outer-boundary radius and area expansion factor. Findings indicate that when particles detach from the jet upon reaching minimum acceleration and entering low-speed far-field stage from high-speed near-field stage, the outer-boundary radius is 30~36 times the initial particles’ body radius under different M/C. In addition, particle concentration distribution over time and distance is qualitatively analyzed by the grayscale image method. This research can be referential for improving the fire-extinguishing capacity of extinguishing bombs and the damage property of fuel air explosive (FAE). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials under High Pressure)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 21714 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on Axial Dispersion Characteristics of Double-Layer Prefabricated Fragments

by Yuan He, Lei Guo, Chuanting Wang, Jinyi Du, Heng Wang and Yong He

Materials 2023, 16(11), 3966; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16113966 - 25 May 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1149

Abstract

The axial distribution of initial velocity and direction angle of double-layer prefabricated fragments after an explosion were investigated via an explosion detonation test. A three-stage detonation driving model of double-layer prefabricated fragments was proposed. In the three-stage driving model, the acceleration process of [...] Read more.

The axial distribution of initial velocity and direction angle of double-layer prefabricated fragments after an explosion were investigated via an explosion detonation test. A three-stage detonation driving model of double-layer prefabricated fragments was proposed. In the three-stage driving model, the acceleration process of double-layer prefabricated fragments is divided into three stages: “detonation wave acceleration stage”, “metal–medium interaction stage” and “detonation products acceleration stage”. The initial parameters of each layer of prefabricated fragments calculated by the three-stage detonation driving model of double-layer prefabricated fragments fit well with the test results. It was shown that the energy utilization rate of detonation products acting on the inner-layer and outer-layer fragments were 69% and 56%, respectively. The deceleration effect of sparse waves on the outer layer of fragments was weaker than that on the inner layer. The maximum initial velocity of fragments was located near the center of the warhead where the sparse waves intersected, located at around 0.66 times of the full length of warhead. This model can provide theoretical support and a design scheme for the initial parameter design of double-layer prefabricated fragment warheads. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials under High Pressure)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 6338 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on the Formation Characteristics of the Shaped Charge Jet from the Shaped Charge with a Trapezoid Cross-Section

by Bin Ma, Zhengxiang Huang, Yongzhong Wu, Yuting Wang, Xin Jia and Guangyue Gao

Materials 2022, 15(23), 8663; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15238663 - 05 Dec 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1120

Abstract

The formation characteristics of the shaped charge jet (SCJ) from the shaped charge with a trapezoid cross-section is analyzed in this work. A theoretical model was developed to analyze the collapsing mechanism of the liner driven by the charge with a trapezoid cross-section. [...] Read more.

The formation characteristics of the shaped charge jet (SCJ) from the shaped charge with a trapezoid cross-section is analyzed in this work. A theoretical model was developed to analyze the collapsing mechanism of the liner driven by the charge with a trapezoid cross-section. Based on the theoretical model, the axial and radial velocities of the SCJ from different trapezoid cross-section charges. The pressure model was employed to calculate the velocity for the subcaliber shaped charge, which was verified through numerical simulation. The results show that the influence of the angle of the trapezoidal charge (acute angle) on the axial velocity of the SCJ is not distinct, whereas the variation of the radial velocity of the shaped charge jet is obvious as the change in the angle of the trapezoidal charge. In addition, the related X-ray experiments were conducted to verify the theory. The theoretical results correlate with the experimental results reasonably well. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials under High Pressure)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 6576 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Formation of Shaped Charge Projectile in Air and Water

by Zhifan Zhang, Hailong Li, Longkan Wang, Guiyong Zhang and Zhi Zong

Materials 2022, 15(21), 7848; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15217848 - 07 Nov 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1787

Abstract

With the improvement of the antiknock performance of warships, shaped charge warheads have been focused on and widely used to design underwater weapons. In order to cause efficient damage to warships, it is of great significance to study the formation of shaped charge [...] Read more.

With the improvement of the antiknock performance of warships, shaped charge warheads have been focused on and widely used to design underwater weapons. In order to cause efficient damage to warships, it is of great significance to study the formation of shaped charge projectiles in air and water. This paper uses Euler governing equations to establish numerical models of shaped charges subjected to air and underwater explosions. The formation and the movement of Explosively Formed Projectiles (EFPs) in different media for three cases: air explosion and underwater explosions with and without air cavities are discussed. First, the velocity distributions of EFPs in the formation process are discussed. Then, the empirical coefficient of the maximum head velocity of EFPs in air is obtained by simulations of air explosions of shaped charges with different types of explosives. The obtained results agree well with the practical solution, which validates the numerical model. Further, this empirical coefficient in water is deduced. After that, the evolutions of the head velocity of EFPs in different media for the above three cases are further compared and analyzed. The fitting formulas of velocity attenuation of EFPs, which form and move in different media, are gained. The obtained results can provide a theoretical basis and numerical support for the design of underwater weapons. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials under High Pressure)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 3969 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on Penetration Mechanism of Shaped-Charge Jet under Dynamic Conditions

by Yizhen Wang, Jianping Yin, Xuepeng Zhang and Jianya Yi

Materials 2022, 15(20), 7329; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15207329 - 20 Oct 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1241

Abstract

Aiming at the dynamic penetration process of a shaped-charge jet, we proposed a mathematical model for the penetration of a jet under dynamical conditions based on the theory of virtual origin and the Bernoulli equation taking into account the jet and target intensities. [...] Read more.

Aiming at the dynamic penetration process of a shaped-charge jet, we proposed a mathematical model for the penetration of a jet under dynamical conditions based on the theory of virtual origin and the Bernoulli equation taking into account the jet and target intensities. The dynamic penetration process of the jet was divided according to the penetration channel of the jet into the static target. The dynamic penetration model of the jet based on the unperturbed section and perturbed section was established. The penetration depth variation in the shaped-charge jet vertically penetrating target plates with different moving speeds (150~400 m/s) was analyzed by finite element software. The dynamic penetration model shows that with the increase in the target moving speed, the disturbed time of the jet continuously advances, and the dynamic penetration depth continuously decreases; as the velocity of the target increases, the penetration length of the unperturbed jet decreases and then becomes stable, while the penetration length of the perturbed jet decreases. The results showed that the mathematical model is consistent with the finite element simulation, and that the mathematical model can effectively characterize the penetration depth of the unperturbed and disturbed jet portions, adequately explain the dynamic response behavior of the jet penetrating a moving target, and effectively predict the dynamic penetration depth of the jet under the influence of the target movement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials under High Pressure)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 8682 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Compressive Mechanical Properties and Shock-Induced Reaction Behavior of Zr/PTFE and Ti/PTFE Reactive Materials

by Zhenwei Zhang, Yong He, Yuan He, Lei Guo, Chao Ge, Haifu Wang, Yue Ma, Hongyin Gao, Weixi Tian and Chuanting Wang

Materials 2022, 15(19), 6524; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15196524 - 20 Sep 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1262

Abstract

Existing research on PTFE-based reactive materials (RMs) mostly focuses on Al/PTFE RMs. To explore further possibilities of formulation, the reactive metal components in the RMs can be replaced. In this paper, Zr/PTFE and Ti/PTFE RMs were prepared by cold isostatic pressing and vacuum [...] Read more.

Existing research on PTFE-based reactive materials (RMs) mostly focuses on Al/PTFE RMs. To explore further possibilities of formulation, the reactive metal components in the RMs can be replaced. In this paper, Zr/PTFE and Ti/PTFE RMs were prepared by cold isostatic pressing and vacuum sintering. The static and dynamic compressive mechanical properties of Zr/PTFE and Ti/PTFE RMs were investigated at different strain rates. The results show that the introduction of zirconium powder and titanium powder can increase the strength of the material under dynamic loading. Meanwhile, a modified J-C model considering strain and strain rate coupling was proposed. The parameters of the modified J-C model of Zr/PTFE and Ti/PTFE RMs were determined, which can describe and predict plastic flow stress. To characterize the impact-induced reaction behavior of Zr/PTFE and Ti/PTFE RMs, a quasi-sealed test chamber was used to measure the over-pressure induced by the exothermic reaction. The energy release characteristics of both materials were more intense under the higher impact. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials under High Pressure)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 9055 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Mechanical and Energy Release Performance of THV-Based Reactive Materials

by Mengmeng Guo, Yanxin Wang, Haifu Wang and Jianguang Xiao

Materials 2022, 15(17), 5975; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15175975 - 29 Aug 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1285

Abstract

A polymer of tetrafluoroethylene, hexafluoropropylene, and vinylidene fluoride- (THV) based reactive materials (RMs) was designed to improve their density and energy release efficiency. The mechanical performances, fracture mechanisms, thermal behavior, energy release behavior, and reaction energy of four types of RMs (26.5% Al/73.5% [...] Read more.

A polymer of tetrafluoroethylene, hexafluoropropylene, and vinylidene fluoride- (THV) based reactive materials (RMs) was designed to improve their density and energy release efficiency. The mechanical performances, fracture mechanisms, thermal behavior, energy release behavior, and reaction energy of four types of RMs (26.5% Al/73.5% PTFE, 5.29% Al/80% W/14.71% PTFE, 62% Hf/38% THV, 88% Hf/12% THV) were systematically researched by conducting compressive tests, scanning electron microscope (SEM), differential scanning calorimeter, thermogravimetric (DSC/TG) tests and ballistic experiments. The results show that the THV-based RMs have a unique strain softening effect, whereas the PTFE-based RMs have a remarkable strain strengthening effect, which is mainly caused by the different glass transition temperatures. Thermal analysis indicates that the THV-based RMs have more than one exothermic peak because of the complex component in THV. The energy release behavior of RMs is closely related to their mechanical properties, which could dominate the fragmentation behavior of materials. The introduction of tungsten (W) particles to PTFE RMs could not only enhance the density but also elevate the reaction threshold of RMs, whereas the reaction threshold of THV-based RMs is decreased when increasing Hf particles content. As such, under current conditions, the THV-based RMs (88% Hf/12% THV) with a high density of 7.83 g/cm³ are adapted to release a lot of energy in thin, confined spaces. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials under High Pressure)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 2948 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Controlling Shock-Induced Energy Release Characteristics of PTFE/Al by Adding Oxides

by Ying Yuan, Yiqiang Cai, Dongfang Shi, Pengwan Chen, Rui Liu and Haifu Wang

Materials 2022, 15(16), 5502; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15165502 - 10 Aug 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1153

Abstract

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)/aluminum (Al)-based energetic material is a kind of energetic material with great application potential. In this research, the control of the shock-induced energy release characteristics of PTFE/Al-based energetic material by adding oxides (bismuth trioxide, copper oxide, molybdenum trioxide, and iron trioxide) was [...] Read more.

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)/aluminum (Al)-based energetic material is a kind of energetic material with great application potential. In this research, the control of the shock-induced energy release characteristics of PTFE/Al-based energetic material by adding oxides (bismuth trioxide, copper oxide, molybdenum trioxide, and iron trioxide) was studied by experimentation and theoretical analysis. Ballistic impact experiments with impact velocity of 735~1290 m/s showed that the oxides controlled the energy release characteristics by the coupling of impact velocities and oxide characteristics. In these experiments, the overpressure characteristics, including the quasi-static overpressure peak, duration, and impulse, were used to characterize the energy release characteristics. It turned out that when the nominal impact velocity was 735 m/s, the quasi-static overpressure peak of PTFE/Al/MoO₃ (0.1190 MPa) was 1.99 times higher than that of PTFE/Al (0.0598 MPa). Based on these experimental results, an analytical model was developed indicating that the apparent activation energy and impact shock pressure dominated the energy release characteristic of PTFE/Al/oxide. This controlling mechanism indicated that oxides enhanced the reaction after shock wave unloading, and the chemical and physical properties of the corresponding thermites also affected the energy release characteristics. These conclusions can guide the design of PTFE-based energetic materials, especially the application of oxides in PTFE-based reactive materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials under High Pressure)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 6499 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Theoretical Model for the Impact-Initiated Chemical Reaction of Al/PTFE Reactive Material

by Guancheng Lu, Peiyu Li, Zhenyang Liu, Jianwen Xie, Chao Ge and Haifu Wang

Materials 2022, 15(15), 5356; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15155356 - 03 Aug 2022

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 1734

Abstract

Reactive material (RM) is a special kind of energetic material that can react and release chemical energy under highly dynamic loads. However, its energy release behavior is limited by its own strength, showing unique unsustainable characteristics, which lack a theoretical description. In this [...] Read more.

Reactive material (RM) is a special kind of energetic material that can react and release chemical energy under highly dynamic loads. However, its energy release behavior is limited by its own strength, showing unique unsustainable characteristics, which lack a theoretical description. In this paper, an impact-initiated chemical reaction model is proposed to describe the ignition and energy release behavior of Al/PTFE RM. The hotspot formation mechanism of pore collapse was first introduced to describe the decomposition process of PTFE. Material fragmentation and PTFE decomposition were used as ignition criteria. Then the reaction rate of the decomposition product with aluminum was calculated according to the gas-solid chemical reaction model. Finally, the reaction states of RM calculated by the model are compared and qualitatively consistent with the experimental results. The model provides insight into the thermal-mechanical-chemical responses and references for the numerical simulation of impact ignition and energy release behavior of RM. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials under High Pressure)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 7476 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mechanical Properties, Constitutive Behaviors and Failure Criteria of Al-PTFE-W Reactive Materials with Broad Density

by Tao Sun, Aoxin Liu, Chao Ge, Ying Yuan and Haifu Wang

Materials 2022, 15(15), 5167; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15155167 - 26 Jul 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1288

Abstract

Quasi-static tension tests, quasi-static compression tests and dynamic compression tests were conducted to investigate the mechanical properties, constitutive behaviors and failure criteria of aluminum-polytetrafluoroethylene-tungsten (Al-PTFE-W) reactive materials with W content from 20% to 80%. The analysis of the quasi-static test results indicated that [...] Read more.

Quasi-static tension tests, quasi-static compression tests and dynamic compression tests were conducted to investigate the mechanical properties, constitutive behaviors and failure criteria of aluminum-polytetrafluoroethylene-tungsten (Al-PTFE-W) reactive materials with W content from 20% to 80%. The analysis of the quasi-static test results indicated that the strength of the materials may be independent of the stress state and W content. However, the compression plasticity of the materials is significantly superior to its tension plasticity. W content has no obvious influence on the compression plasticity, while tension plasticity is extremely sensitive to W content. Dynamic compression test results demonstrated the strain rate strengthening effect and the thermal softening effect of the materials, yet the dynamic compression strengths and the strain rate sensitivities of the materials with different W content show no obvious difference. Based on the experimental results and numerical iteration, the Johnson–Cook constitutive (A, B, n, C and m) and failure parameters (D₁~D₅) were well determined. The research results will be useful for the numerical studies, design and application of reactive materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials under High Pressure)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 16607 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Failure Mechanism of the Fire Control Computer CPU Board inside the Tank under Transient Shock: Finite Element Simulations and Experimental Studies

by Xiangrong Li, Guohui Wang, Yongkang Chen, Bo Zhao and Jianguang Xiao

Materials 2022, 15(14), 5070; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15145070 - 21 Jul 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1382

Abstract

The electronic components inside a main battle tank (MBT) are the key components for the tank to exert its combat effectiveness. However, breakdown of the inner electronic components can easily occur inside the MBT due to the strong transient shock and large vibration [...] Read more.

The electronic components inside a main battle tank (MBT) are the key components for the tank to exert its combat effectiveness. However, breakdown of the inner electronic components can easily occur inside the MBT due to the strong transient shock and large vibration during artillery fire. As a typical key electronic component inside an MBT, the fault mechanism and fault patterns of the CPU board of the fire control computer (FCC) are discussed through numerical simulation and experimental research. An explicit nonlinear dynamic analysis is performed to study the vibration features and fault mechanism under instantaneous shock load. By using finite element modal analysis, the first six nature frequencies of the CPU board are calculated. Meanwhile, curves of stress–frequency and strain–frequency of the CPU board under different harmonic loads are obtained, which are applied to further identify the peak response of the structure. Validation of the finite element model and simulation results are performed by comparing those obtained from the modal with experiments. Based on the dynamic simulation and experimental analysis, fault patterns of CPU board are discussed, and some optimization suggestions were proposed. The results shown in this work can provide a potential technical basis and reference for the optimization design of the electronic components that are commonly used in the modern weapon equipment and wartime support. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials under High Pressure)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 3211 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Simulation and an Experimental Study of Space Harpoon Low-Velocity Impact, Anchored Debris

by Wei Zhao, Zhaojun Pang, Zhen Zhao, Zhonghua Du and Weiliang Zhu

Materials 2022, 15(14), 5041; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15145041 - 20 Jul 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1340

Abstract

The space harpoon is a rigid-flexible, coupled debris capture method with a simple, reliable structure and a high adaptability to the target. For the process of impacting and embedding the harpoon into the target plate, the effect of friction at a low-velocity impact [...] Read more.

The space harpoon is a rigid-flexible, coupled debris capture method with a simple, reliable structure and a high adaptability to the target. For the process of impacting and embedding the harpoon into the target plate, the effect of friction at a low-velocity impact is studied, and the criteria for effective embedding of the harpoon and the corresponding launch velocity are determined. A simulation model of the dynamics of the harpoon and the target plate considering tangential friction is established, and the reliability of the numerical simulation model is verified by comparing the impact test, focusing on the kinetic energy change and embedding length during the impact of the harpoon. The results show that the frictional effect in the low-velocity impact is more obvious for the kinetic energy consumption of the harpoon itself, and the effective embedding of the harpoon into the anchored target ranges from 50~90 mm, corresponding to a theoretical launch initial velocity between 88.4~92.5 m/s. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials under High Pressure)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Materials under High Pressure

Share This Special Issue

Special Issue Editors

Special Issue Information

Keywords

Published Papers (15 papers)

Editorial

Research

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI