Submit to Materials Review for Materials Propose a Special Issue

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

► Journal Browser

Advanced Eco-friendly Wood-Based Composites

Special Issue Editors
Special Issue Information
Keywords
Published Papers

A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Advanced Composites".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 May 2022) | Viewed by 38069

Printed Edition Available!
A printed edition of this Special Issue is available here.

Special issue Advanced Eco-friendly Wood-Based Composites book cover image

Share This Special Issue

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Roman Reh

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

Faculty of Wood Sciences and Technology, Technical University in Zvolen, T. G. Masaryka 24, SK-960 01 Zvolen, Slovakia
Interests: wood-based composites; wood adhesives; wood sciences; wood physics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Ľuboš Krišťák

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

Faculty of Wood Sciences and Technology, Technical University in Zvolen, T. G. Masaryka 24, SK-960 01 Zvolen, Slovakia
Interests: physics; materials; thermal properties; wood sciences; wood physics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Petar Antov

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

Department of Mechanical Wood Technology, Faculty of Forest Industry, University of Forestry, 1797 Sofia, Bulgaria
Interests: wood and wood-based composites; eco-friendly wood-based composites; lignocellulosic composites; wood technology; wood sciences; bio-based adhesives; advanced formaldehyde-based wood adhesives; formaldehyde emission; formaldehyde scavengers; recyclable materials; sustainability; bioeconomy
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Traditional wood-based composites are produced with synthetic, formaldehyde-based wood adhesives, commonly made from petroleum-derived constituents, such as urea, phenol, melamine, etc. Along with their numerous advantages, these adhesives are characterized by certain problems, connected with the emission of hazardous volatile organic compounds (VOCs), including free formaldehyde emission from the finished wood-based composites, which is related to a number of serious environmental problems and adverse human-health effects, such as skin and eye irritation, respiratory problems, and cancer. The transition to circular, low-carbon bioeconomy, the growing environmental concerns and the strict legislation related to the emission of harmful VOCs, e.g. free formaldehyde, from wood-based composites, have posed new requirements related to the development of sustainable, eco-friendly wood-based composites, optimization of the available lignocellulosic resources, and use of alternative raw materials. The harmful formaldehyde release from wood-based composites can be reduced by adding various inorganic, organic, and mineral compounds as formaldehyde scavengers to conventional adhesive systems, such as phosphates, salts, urea, nanoparticles, bark, lignin, tannins, etc., by surface treatment of finished wood-based panels, or by using eco-friendly, formaldehyde-free wood adhesive formulations.

This Special Issue, “Advanced Eco-friendly Wood-Based Composites” is focused on high-quality original research and review articles on topics including but not limited to the latest approaches in the development of novel environmentally friendly wood-based composites; sustainable, bio-based wood adhesives; approaches to reduce formaldehyde emission from wood-based composites; binderless wood-based panels; wood plastic composites (WPC); natural matrix/non-wood natural fiber composites; innovative approaches and processes for recycling wood-based composites; thermal and chemical technologies for enhanced protection of wood and wood-based composites; application of nanomaterials to wood-based composites; valorisation of bark for value-added chemicals and production of wood composites; non-wood lignocellulosic composites; advanced functionalities and application of wood-based panels.

We strongly encourage contributions from wood scientists and experts from all related fields in the form of original research works or review articles.

With kind regards,

Prof. Dr. Roman Reh
Dr. Lubos Kristak
Dr. Petar Antov
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Materials is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

eco-friendly wood-based panels
bio-based wood adhesives
advanced formaldehyde-based wood adhesives
formaldehyde scavengers
biopolymer composites
lignocellulosic composites
reinforced composite structures
wood plastic composites
wood modification
nanotechnology and nanomaterials
mechanical properties

Published Papers (12 papers)

Download All Papers

Order results

Result details

Show export options Show export options

Select all

Export citation of selected articles as:

Editorial

Jump to: Research, Review

5 pages, 227 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Advanced Eco-Friendly Wood-Based Composites

by Roman Reh, Lubos Kristak and Petar Antov

Materials 2022, 15(23), 8651; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15238651 - 05 Dec 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2804

Abstract

In collaboration with the MDPI publishing house, we are pleased to introduce the reader to our new project, the Special Issue entitled “Advanced Eco-friendly Wood-Based Composites” [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Eco-friendly Wood-Based Composites)

Research

Jump to: Editorial, Review

14 pages, 3217 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Dust Separation Efficiency of Filter Bags Used in the Wood-Based Panels Furniture Factory

by Czesław Dembiński, Zbigniew Potok, Martin Kučerka, Richard Kminiak, Alena Očkajová and Tomasz Rogoziński

Materials 2022, 15(9), 3232; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15093232 - 29 Apr 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1907

Abstract

The relationship between the conditions of the use of filter bags made of non-woven fabric and the separation efficiency of wood dust generated in a furniture factory was experimentally determined in the conditions of pulse-jet filtration using a pilot-scale baghouse as waste during the processing of wood composites. The experiments were carried out, and we describe the results of the experiment as consisting in assembling one type of filter bag in two dust extraction installations operating under different operating conditions in the same furniture factory. The filter bags working in the assumed time intervals were then tested for their separation efficiency using a stand for testing filtration processes on a pilot scale. The test results are presented in the form of graphs and tables describing both the characteristics of the dust extraction installations and the filter fabric used, as well as the separation efficiency of bags used at different times in different industrial operating conditions for each of them. The conducted research allowed us to recognize the phenomenon of filtration in relation to a very important value, which is the separating efficiency of dust extraction in various operating conditions of dust extraction installations in a furniture factory during the long-term use of filter fabrics. The obtained results allowed us to determine the separation efficiency for the tested bags at a level of over 99.99% and to state that this separation efficiency increased with the working time of the bag. The structure of the outlet dust from filters in the wood composites processing factory constitutes an element of the working environment if the purified air is returned in a recirculation circuit to the interior of the working area. Thanks to this, it is possible to predict the separation efficiency in the long-term use of filter dust collectors for wood dust in furniture factories. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Eco-friendly Wood-Based Composites)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 1644 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Physical and Mechanical Properties of Particleboard Produced with Addition of Walnut (Juglans regia L.) Wood Residues

by Marta Pędzik, Radosław Auriga, Lubos Kristak, Petar Antov and Tomasz Rogoziński

Materials 2022, 15(4), 1280; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15041280 - 09 Feb 2022

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 2661

Abstract

The depletion of natural resources and increased demand for wood and wood-based materials have directed researchers and the industry towards alternative raw materials for composite manufacturing, such as agricultural waste and wood residues as substitutes of traditional wood. The potential of reusing walnut (Juglans regia L.) wood residues as an alternative raw material in particleboard manufacturing is investigated in this work. Three-layer particleboard was manufactured in the laboratory with a thickness of 16 mm, target density of 650 kg∙m⁻³ and three different levels (0%, 25% and 50%) of walnut wood particles, bonded with urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin. The physical properties (thickness swelling after 24 h) and mechanical properties (bending strength, modulus of elasticity and internal bond strength) were evaluated in accordance with the European standards. The effect of UF resin content and nominal applied pressure on the properties of the particleboard was also investigated. Markedly, the laboratory panels, manufactured with 50% walnut wood residues, exhibited flexural properties and internal bond strength, fulfilling the European standard requirements to particleboards used in load-bearing applications. However, none of the boards met the technical standard requirements for thickness swelling (24 h). Conclusively, walnut wood residues as a waste or by-product of the wood-processing industry can be efficiently utilized in the production of particleboard in terms of enhancing its mechanical properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Eco-friendly Wood-Based Composites)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 2907 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Characterisation of Wood Particles Used in the Particleboard Production as a Function of Their Moisture Content

by Dorota Dukarska, Tomasz Rogoziński, Petar Antov, Lubos Kristak and Jakub Kmieciak

Materials 2022, 15(1), 48; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15010048 - 22 Dec 2021

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3885

Abstract

The properties of particleboards and the course of their manufacturing process depend on the characteristics of wood particles, their degree of fineness, geometry, and moisture content. This research work aims to investigate the physical properties of wood particles used in the particleboard production in dependence on their moisture content. Two types of particles currently used in the production of three-layer particleboards, i.e., microparticles (MP) for the outer layers of particleboards and particles for the core layers (PCL), were used in the study. The particles with a moisture content of 0.55%, 3.5%, 7%, 10%, 15%, and 20% were tested for their poured bulk density (

ρ_{p}

), tapped bulk density (

ρ_{t}

), compression ratio (k), angle of repose (

α_{R}

), and slippery angle of repose (

α_{s}

). It was found that irrespective of the fineness of the particles, an increase in their moisture content caused an increase in the angle of repose and slippery angle of repose and an increase in poured and tapped bulk density, while for PCL, the biggest changes in bulk density occurred in the range up to 15% of moisture content, and for MP in the range above 7% of moisture content, respectively. An increase in the moisture content of PCL in the range studied results in a significant increase in the compression ratio from 47.1% to 66.7%. The compression ratio of MP increases only up to 15% of their moisture content—a change of value from 47.1% to 58.7%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Eco-friendly Wood-Based Composites)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 53429 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Upcycling and Recycling Potential of Selected Lignocellulosic Waste Biomass

by Anita Wronka, Eduardo Robles and Grzegorz Kowaluk

Materials 2021, 14(24), 7772; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14247772 - 16 Dec 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2185

Abstract

This research aimed to confirm the ability to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by novel composite production using plantation waste on the example of lignocellulosic particles of black chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Elliott) and raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.). Furthermore, to characterize the particles produced by re-milled particleboards made of the above-mentioned alternative raw materials in the light of further recycling. As part of the research, particleboards from wooden black chokeberry and raspberry were produced in laboratory conditions, and select mechanical and physical properties were examined. In addition, the characterization of raw materials (particles) on the different processing stages was determined, and the fraction share and shape of particles after re-milling of the produced panels was provided. The tests confirmed the possibility of producing particleboards from the raw materials used; however, in the case of boards with raspberry lignocellulose particles, their share cannot exceed 50% so as to comply with the European standards regarding bending strength criterion. In addition, the further utilization of chips made of re-milled panels can be limited due to the significantly different shape and fraction share of achieved particles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Eco-friendly Wood-Based Composites)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 4917 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Ramie Fiber via Impregnation by Lignin-Based Polyurethane Resin

by Sucia Okta Handika, Muhammad Adly Rahandi Lubis, Rita Kartika Sari, Raden Permana Budi Laksana, Petar Antov, Viktor Savov, Milada Gajtanska and Apri Heri Iswanto

Materials 2021, 14(22), 6850; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14226850 - 13 Nov 2021

Cited by 34 | Viewed by 2677

Abstract

In this study, lignin isolated and fractionated from black liquor was used as a pre-polymer to prepare bio-polyurethane (Bio-PU) resin, and the resin was impregnated into ramie fiber (Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaudich) to improve its thermal and mechanical properties. The isolated lignin was fractionated by one-step fractionation using two different solvents, i.e., methanol (MeOH) and acetone (Ac). Each fractionated lignin was dissolved in NaOH and then reacted with a polymeric 4,4-methane diphenyl diisocyanate (pMDI) polymer at an NCO/OH mole ratio of 0.3. The resulting Bio-PU was then used in the impregnation of ramie fiber. The characterization of lignin, Bio-PU, and ramie fiber was carried out using several techniques, i.e., Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), pyrolysis-gas-chromatography-mass-spectroscopy (Py-GCMS), Micro Confocal Raman spectroscopy, and an evaluation of fiber mechanical properties (modulus of elasticity and tensile strength). Impregnation of Bio-PU into ramie fiber resulted in weight gain ranging from 6% to 15%, and the values increased when extending the impregnation time. The reaction between the NCO group on Bio-PU and the OH group on ramie fiber forms a C=O group of urethane as confirmed by FTIR and Micro Confocal Raman spectroscopies at a wavenumber of 1600 cm⁻¹. Based on the TGA analysis, ramie fiber with lignin-based Bio-PU had better thermal properties than ramie fiber before impregnation with a greater weight residue of 21.7%. The mechanical properties of ramie fiber also increased after impregnation with lignin-based Bio-PU, resulting in a modulus of elasticity of 31 GPa for ramie-L-isolated and a tensile strength of 577 MPa for ramie-L-Ac. The enhanced thermal and mechanical properties of impregnated ramie fiber with lignin-based Bio-PU resins could increase the added value of ramie fiber and enhance its more comprehensive industrial application as a functional material. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Eco-friendly Wood-Based Composites)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 6992 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prediction of Mechanical Properties of Artificially Weathered Wood by Color Change and Machine Learning

by Vahid Nasir, Hamidreza Fathi, Arezoo Fallah, Siavash Kazemirad, Farrokh Sassani and Petar Antov

Materials 2021, 14(21), 6314; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14216314 - 22 Oct 2021

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 2481

Abstract

Color parameters were used in this study to develop a machine learning model for predicting the mechanical properties of artificially weathered fir, alder, oak, and poplar wood. A CIELAB color measuring system was employed to study the color changes in wood samples. The color parameters were fed into a decision tree model for predicting the MOE and MOR values of the wood samples. The results indicated a reduction in the mechanical properties of the samples, where fir and alder were the most and least degraded wood under weathering conditions, respectively. The mechanical degradation was correlated with the color change, where the most resistant wood to color change exhibited less reduction in the mechanical properties. The predictive machine learning model estimated the MOE and MOR values with a maximum R² of 0.87 and 0.88, respectively. Thus, variations in the color parameters of wood can be considered informative features linked to the mechanical properties of small-sized and clear wood. Further research could study the effectiveness of the model when analyzing large-sized timber. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Eco-friendly Wood-Based Composites)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 2071 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of the Structure of Lattice Beams on Their Strength Properties

by Radosław Mirski, Łukasz Matwiej, Dorota Dziurka, Monika Chuda-Kowalska, Maciej Marecki, Bartosz Pałubicki and Tomasz Rogoziński

Materials 2021, 14(19), 5765; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14195765 - 02 Oct 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2566

Abstract

This paper presents the strength properties of wooden trusses. The proposed solutions may constitute an alternative to currently produced trusses, in cases when posts and cross braces are joined with flanges using punched metal plate fasteners. Glued carpentry joints, although requiring a more complicated manufacturing process, on the one hand promote a more rational utilisation of available structural timber resources, while on the other hand they restrict the use of metal fasteners. The results of the conducted analyses show that the proposed solutions at the current stage of research are characterised by an approx. 30% lower static bending strength compared to trusses manufactured using punched metal plate fasteners. However, these solutions make it possible to produce trusses with load-bearing capacities comparable to that of structural timber of grade C24 and stiffness slightly higher than that of lattice beams manufactured using punched metal plate fasteners. The strength of wooden trusses manufactured in the laboratory ranged from nearly 20 N/mm² to over 32 N/mm². Thus, satisfactory primary values for further work were obtained. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Eco-friendly Wood-Based Composites)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 3833 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Structural Application of Lightweight Panels Made of Waste Cardboard and Beech Veneer

by Vassil Jivkov, Ralitsa Simeonova, Petar Antov, Assia Marinova, Boryana Petrova and Lubos Kristak

Materials 2021, 14(17), 5064; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14175064 - 04 Sep 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3178

Abstract

In recent years, the furniture design trends include ensuring ergonomic standards, development of new environmentally friendly materials, optimised use of natural resources, and sustainably increased conversion of waste into value-added products. The circular economy principles require the reuse, recycling or upcycling of materials. The potential of reusing waste corrugated cardboard to produce new lightweight boards suitable for furniture and interior applications was investigated in this work. Two types of multi-layered panels were manufactured in the laboratory from corrugated cardboard and beech veneer, bonded with urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin. Seven types of end corner joints of the created lightweight furniture panels and three conventional honeycomb panels were tested. Bending moments and stiffness coefficients in the compression test were evaluated. The bending strength values of the joints made of waste cardboard and beech veneer exhibited the required strength for application in furniture constructions or as interior elements. The joints made of multi-layer panels with a thickness of 51 mm, joined by dowels, demonstrated the highest bending strength and stiffness values (33.22 N∙m). The joints made of 21 mm thick multi-layer panels and connected with Confirmat had satisfactory bending strength values (10.53 N∙m) and Minifix had the lowest strength values (6.15 N∙m). The highest stiffness values (327 N∙m/rad) were determined for the 50 mm thick cardboard honeycomb panels connected by plastic corner connector and special screw Varianta, and the lowest values for the joints made of 21 mm thick multi-layer panels connected by Confirmat (40 N∙m/rad) and Minifix (43 N∙m/rad), respectively. The application of waste corrugated cardboard as a structural material for furniture and interiors can be improved by further investigations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Eco-friendly Wood-Based Composites)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 4414 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Properties of Eco-Friendly Particleboards Bonded with Lignosulfonate-Urea-Formaldehyde Adhesives and pMDI as a Crosslinker

by Pavlo Bekhta, Gregory Noshchenko, Roman Réh, Lubos Kristak, Ján Sedliačik, Petar Antov, Radosław Mirski and Viktor Savov

Materials 2021, 14(17), 4875; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14174875 - 27 Aug 2021

Cited by 52 | Viewed by 4097

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of using magnesium and sodium lignosulfonates (LS) in the production of particleboards, used pure and in mixtures with urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin. Polymeric 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (pMDI) was used as a crosslinker. In order to evaluate the effect of gradual replacement of UF by magnesium lignosulfonate (MgLS) or sodium lignosulfonate (NaLS) on the physical and mechanical properties, boards were manufactured in the laboratory with LS content varying from 0% to 100%. The effect of LS on the pH of lignosulfonate-urea-formaldehyde (LS-UF) adhesive compositions was also investigated. It was found that LS can be effectively used to adjust the pH of uncured and cured LS-UF formulations. Particleboards bonded with LS-UF adhesive formulations, comprising up to 30% LS, exhibited similar properties when compared to boards bonded with UF adhesive. The replacement of UF by both LS types substantially deteriorated the water absorption and thickness swelling of boards. In general, NaLS-UF-bonded boards had a lower formaldehyde content (FC) than MgLS-UF and UF-bonded boards as control. It was observed that in the process of manufacturing boards using LS adhesives, increasing the proportion of pMDI in the adhesive composition can significantly improve the mechanical properties of the boards. Overall, the boards fabricated using pure UF adhesives exhibited much better mechanical properties than boards bonded with LS adhesives. Markedly, the boards based on LS adhesives were characterised by a much lower FC than the UF-bonded boards. In the LS-bonded boards, the FC is lower by 91.1% and 56.9%, respectively, compared to the UF-bonded boards. The boards bonded with LS and pMDI had a close-to-zero FC and reached the super E0 emission class (≤1.5 mg/100 g) that allows for defining the laboratory-manufactured particleboards as eco-friendly composites. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Eco-friendly Wood-Based Composites)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 4672 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Waste Wood Particles from Primary Wood Processing as a Filler of Insulation PUR Foams

by Radosław Mirski, Dorota Dukarska, Joanna Walkiewicz and Adam Derkowski

Materials 2021, 14(17), 4781; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14174781 - 24 Aug 2021

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2235

Abstract

A significant part of the work carried out so far in the field of production of biocomposite polyurethane foams (PUR) with the use of various types of lignocellulosic fillers mainly concerns rigid PUR foams with a closed-cell structure. In this work, the possibility of using waste wood particles (WP) from primary wood processing as a filler for PUR foams with open-cell structure was investigated. For this purpose, a wood particle fraction of 0.315–1.25 mm was added to the foam in concentrations of 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20%. The foaming course of the modified PUR foams (PUR-WP) was characterized on the basis of the duration of the process’ successive stages at the maximum foaming temperature. In order to explain the observed phenomena, a cellular structure was characterized using microscopic analysis such as SEM and light microscope. Computed tomography was also applied to determine the distribution of wood particles in PUR-WP materials. It was observed that the addition of WP to the open-cell PUR foam influences the kinetics of the foaming process of the PUR-WP composition and their morphology, density, compressive strength and thermal properties. The performed tests showed that the addition of WP at an the amount of 10% leads to the increase in the PUR foam’s compressive strength by 30% (parallel to foam’s growth direction) and reduce the thermal conductivity coefficient by 10%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Eco-friendly Wood-Based Composites)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Review

Jump to: Editorial, Research

24 pages, 2093 KiB

Open AccessReview

Hemp and Its Derivatives as a Universal Industrial Raw Material (with Particular Emphasis on the Polymer Industry)—A Review

by Karol Tutek and Anna Masek

Materials 2022, 15(7), 2565; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15072565 - 31 Mar 2022

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 5453

Abstract

This review article provides basic information about cannabis, its structure, and its impact on human development at the turn of the century. It also contains a brief description of the cultivation and application of these plants in the basic branches of the economy. This overview is also a comprehensive collection of information on the chemical composition of individual cannabis derivatives. It contains the characteristics of the chemical composition as well as the physicochemical and mechanical properties of hemp fibers, oil, extracts and wax, which is unique compared to other review articles. As one of the few articles, it approaches the topic in a holistic and evolutionary way, moving through the plant’s life cycle. Its important element is examples of the use of hemp derivatives in polymer composites based on thermoplastics, elastomers and duroplasts and the influence of these additives on their properties, which cannot be found in other review articles on this subject. It indicates possible directions for further technological development, with particular emphasis on the pro-ecological aspects of these plants. It indicates the gaps and possible research directions in basic knowledge on the use of hemp in elastomers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Eco-friendly Wood-Based Composites)

► Show Figures

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Advanced Eco-friendly Wood-Based Composites

Share This Special Issue

Special Issue Editors

Special Issue Information

Keywords

Published Papers (12 papers)

Editorial

Research

Review

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI