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16 pages, 3756 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of New Experimental Dental Enamel Resin Infiltrants—Synthesis and Characterization

by Doina Prodan, Marioara Moldovan, Andrea Maria Chisnoiu, Codruța Saroși, Stanca Cuc, Miuța Filip, Georgiana Florentina Gheorghe, Radu Marcel Chisnoiu, Gabriel Furtos, Ileana Cojocaru, Ada Gabriela Delean and Sanda Ileana Cimpean

Materials 2022, 15(3), 803; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15030803 - 21 Jan 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1642

Abstract

The aim of the present study was to obtain experimental infiltration materials, intended for the treatment of dental white spots, and to investigate them. Two series of infiltrants (P1–P6)/(P1F–P6F) were obtained, based on different monomer mixtures, without/with glass filler (with fluoride release ability). [...] Read more.

The aim of the present study was to obtain experimental infiltration materials, intended for the treatment of dental white spots, and to investigate them. Two series of infiltrants (P1–P6)/(P1F–P6F) were obtained, based on different monomer mixtures, without/with glass filler (with fluoride release ability). Each infiltrant from the second series contained the same amount of glass powder, and each infiltrant from the (P–PF) group contained the same resin composition. The characteristics of the experimental infiltrants were investigated by degree of conversion (DC), mechanical strength, water sorption (WS), and fluoride release, in addition to residual monomer for (P1F–P6F) infiltrants. The results were compared with those obtained for commercial Icon infiltrant. For the experimental infiltrants, without/with filler, the recorded DC was in the range of 58.27–89.70%/60.62–89.99%, compared with Icon (46.94%) 24 h after polymerization. The release of fluoride depends on the permeability of the polymer matrix, with respect to the water sorption, which may help to diffuse ions in the storage medium but which can also influence the release of residual monomers. The highest flexural strengths were recorded for the (TEGDMA/HEMA/Bis-GMA) infiltrants (133.94 ± 16.389 MPa/146.31 ± 7.032 MPa). The best experimental infiltrants were P2 and P2F (Bis-GMA/HEMA/TEGDMA). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Dental Composite Materials and Biomaterials)

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13 pages, 4650 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Sandblasting and Chemical Etching on Titanium 99.2–Dental Porcelain Bond Strength

by Malgorzata Lubas, Jaroslaw Jan Jasinski, Anna Zawada and Iwona Przerada

Materials 2022, 15(1), 116; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15010116 - 24 Dec 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2103

Abstract

The metal–ceramic interface requires proper surface preparation of both metal and ceramic substrates. This process is complicated by the differences in chemical bonds and physicochemical properties that characterise the two materials. However, adequate bond strength at the interface and phase composition of the [...] Read more.

The metal–ceramic interface requires proper surface preparation of both metal and ceramic substrates. This process is complicated by the differences in chemical bonds and physicochemical properties that characterise the two materials. However, adequate bond strength at the interface and phase composition of the titanium-bioceramics system is essential for the durability of dental implants and improving the substrates’ functional properties. In this paper, the authors present the results of a study determining the effect of mechanical and chemical surface treatment (sandblasting and etching) on the strength and quality of the titanium-low-fusing dental porcelain bond. To evaluate the strength of the metal-ceramic interface, the authors performed mechanical tests (three-point bending) according to EN ISO 9693 standard, microscopic observations (SEM-EDS), and Raman spectroscopy studies. The results showed that depending on the chemical etching medium used, different bond strength values and failure mechanisms of the metal-ceramic system were observed. The analyzed samples met the requirements of EN ISO 9693 for metal-ceramic systems and received strength values above 25 MPa. Higher joint strength was obtained for the samples after sandblasting and chemical etching compared to the samples subjected only to sandblasting. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Dental Composite Materials and Biomaterials)

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14 pages, 8078 KiB

Open AccessArticle

New and Recovered Temporary Anchorage Devices, In Vitro Assessment of Structural and Surface Properties

by Paula Argentina Jiman, Doina Prodan, Marioara Moldovan, Alexandrina Muntean, Codruta Sarosi, Viorica Tarmure, Grigore Baciut, Catalin Popa and Andreea Simona Pop

Materials 2021, 14(21), 6271; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14216271 - 21 Oct 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1613

Abstract

The orthodontic miniscrew (TADs) is a device that is fixed into bone in the short term for the purpose of enhancing orthodontic anchorage. The aim of our study was to investigate the structural and surface properties of recovered TADs after orthodontic treatment, and [...] Read more.

The orthodontic miniscrew (TADs) is a device that is fixed into bone in the short term for the purpose of enhancing orthodontic anchorage. The aim of our study was to investigate the structural and surface properties of recovered TADs after orthodontic treatment, and compare them to new TADs. TADs (n = 15) from the same manufacturer (Absoanchor; Dentos, Daegu, Korea) were assessed; n = 10 were recovered from patients after orthodontic treatment and n = 5 were new. We performed electrochemical investigations, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and microbiological analysis. Qualitative analysis on general electrochemical polarization revealed that the TADs retrieved from the patients provided much lower current densities in the passivity zone, and the oxidative processes taking place on their surface were of lower intensity. The surface morphologies of the tips of the retrieved mini-implants showed less sharp tips and smooth surfaces. Defects in the form of pores or cracks could be identified in both evaluated TAD groups. All retrieved TADs showed signs of biological materials (SEM analysis) and contamination on their surfaces. In conclusion, these results can assist orthodontists in comprehending the complexities of TAD behavior with respect to their design and structure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Dental Composite Materials and Biomaterials)

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14 pages, 12184 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cytotoxic Effects on Gingival Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and Root Surface Modifications Induced by Some Local Antimicrobial Products Used in Periodontitis Treatment

by Irina Lupșe, Emoke Pall, Lucian Barbu Tudoran, Adriana Elena Bulboacă, Andreea Ciurea, Iulia Cristina Micu, Alexandra Roman, Ada Gabriela Delean, Alexandrina Muntean and Andrada Soancă

Materials 2021, 14(17), 5049; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14175049 - 03 Sep 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1864

Abstract

(1) Background: this study aims to test the cytotoxicity of three antimicrobial products used in periodontitis treatment on gingival mesenchymal stem cells (gMSCs) and their influence on root surfaces and gMSC adhesion. We tested the null hypothesis that the effects of the antimicrobials [...] Read more.

(1) Background: this study aims to test the cytotoxicity of three antimicrobial products used in periodontitis treatment on gingival mesenchymal stem cells (gMSCs) and their influence on root surfaces and gMSC adhesion. We tested the null hypothesis that the effects of the antimicrobials did not differ. (2) Methods: the commercial products based on sulphonic/sulphuric acids, sodium hypochlorite and silver nanoparticles, in five different concentrations, were added to culture medium for growing gMSCs. Cell proliferation capacity was tested using the Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK8) and their viability was determined by succinate dehydrogenase activity (MTT) assay. Scanning electron microscopy evaluated the adhesion of gMSCs on root samples treated mechanically and with commercial products. (3) Results: the products induced a dose-dependent cytotoxicity in terms of reduced proliferation and viability of gMSCs, as well as cell shape modifications. Significant differences in CCK8 values between the different commercial products were observed. Based on proliferation tests, the null hypothesis was rejected. When MTT values of the three products were compared with each other, no significant differences were observed for any of the five concentrations (p = 0.065, p = 0.067, p = 0.172, p = 0.256, p = 0.060). (4) Conclusions: the three antimicrobials had a certain degree of cytotoxicity on gMSCs. gMSCs repopulated treated root surfaces. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Dental Composite Materials and Biomaterials)

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11 pages, 1191 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In Vitro Study on the Adhesive Performance of Some Resin-Based Materials Used to Restore Class II Cavities

by Andreea Ciurea, Ada Gabriela Delean, Andreea Didilescu, Monica Monea, Alexandra Roman, Marius Boariu, Ștefan Ioan Stratul, Camelia-Manuela Mîrza, Iulia Cristina Micu, Petra Șurlin and Andrada Soancă

Materials 2021, 14(15), 4299; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14154299 - 31 Jul 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1714

Abstract

The study aimed to evaluate the adhesive performances of two ormocer materials and two micro-hybrid composites placed to restore class II cavities. We tested the null hypothesis, which considered that the adhesive behaviors of tested materials did not differ. On each extracted tooth, [...] Read more.

The study aimed to evaluate the adhesive performances of two ormocer materials and two micro-hybrid composites placed to restore class II cavities. We tested the null hypothesis, which considered that the adhesive behaviors of tested materials did not differ. On each extracted tooth, two class II cavities were prepared having an enamel located cervical margin and a cementum located cervical margin, respectively, and were restored using two different restoration techniques. The teeth followed a tooth impregnating protocol and were sectioned and evaluated by optical microscopy to highlight the marginal microleakage around restorations. Cervical and occlusal microleakage as well as microleakage ratios were calculated. The microleakage test showed that all tested materials exhibited some degree of dentinal microleakage both on cervical and occlusal areas irrespective of the restoration technique. Some significant differences were recorded in adhesion performance of the materials. The cervical microleakage ratio was significantly increased for one of the micro-hybrid resin composites in comparison with one of the ormocer materials (p = 0.0159). Significantly differences were observed in occlusal microleakage ratios when the two micro-hybrid composites were compared (p = 0.047). The results failed to reject the null hypothesis. The present study could not demonstrate the superiority of ormocer-materials relative to conventional composites. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Dental Composite Materials and Biomaterials)

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14 pages, 10375 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Self-Healable Biocomposites Crosslinked with a Combination of Silica and Quercetin

by Olga Olejnik, Anna Masek and Małgorzata Iwona Szynkowska-Jóźwik

Materials 2021, 14(14), 4028; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14144028 - 19 Jul 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1986

Abstract

In this publication, novel bio-based composites made of epoxidized natural rubber with 50 mol% of epoxidation (ENR-50) are presented. The obtained materials, partially cured with a totally environmentally friendly crosslinking system consisting of natural ingredients, including quercetin and silica, exhibit a self-healing ability [...] Read more.

In this publication, novel bio-based composites made of epoxidized natural rubber with 50 mol% of epoxidation (ENR-50) are presented. The obtained materials, partially cured with a totally environmentally friendly crosslinking system consisting of natural ingredients, including quercetin and silica, exhibit a self-healing ability resulting from the self-adhesion of ENR-50 and reversible physical forces between the curing agent and the matrix. The impact of natural components on the crosslinking effect in uncured ENR-50 matrix was analyzed based on rheometric measurements, mechanical tests and crosslinking density. The partially crosslinked samples were next cut into two separate pieces, which were instantly contacted together under a small manual press, left at room temperature for a few days for the healing process to occur and finally retested. The healing efficiency was estimated by measuring mechanical properties before and after the healing process and was also confirmed by photos taken using optical and scanning electron microscope (SEM). According to the results, a combination of silica and quercetin is a totally safe, natural and effective crosslinking system dedicated to epoxidized natural rubber. The novel composites containing ingredients safe for human beings exhibit promising self-healing properties with a healing efficiency of up to 45% without any external stimuli and stand a chance of becoming innovative biomedical materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Dental Composite Materials and Biomaterials)

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12 pages, 13085 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Surface Characteristics, Fluoride Release and Bond Strength Evaluation of Four Orthodontic Adhesives

by Mihaela Pastrav, Andrea Maria Chisnoiu, Ovidiu Pastrav, Codruta Sarosi, Doina Pordan, Ioan Petean, Alexandrina Muntean, Marioara Moldovan and Radu Marcel Chisnoiu

Materials 2021, 14(13), 3578; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14133578 - 26 Jun 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1648

Abstract

Orthodontic adhesives have similar properties in terms of fluoride release, roughness, shear bond strength or cement debris for specific clinical conditions. Three commercial consecrated orthodontic adhesives (Opal Seal^®, Blugloo^®, Light Bond^®) were compared with an experimental orthodontic [...] Read more.

Orthodontic adhesives have similar properties in terms of fluoride release, roughness, shear bond strength or cement debris for specific clinical conditions. Three commercial consecrated orthodontic adhesives (Opal Seal^®, Blugloo^®, Light Bond^®) were compared with an experimental orthodontic material (C1). Brackets were bonded to enamel using a self-etch technique followed by adhesive application and then de-bonded 60 days later. Share bond strength evaluation, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy and fluoride release analysis were performed. The highest amount of daily and cumulative fluoride release was obtained for the experimental material, while the lowest value was observed for Opal Seal^®. The materials evaluated in the current study presented adequate shear bond strength, with the experimental material having a mean value higher than Opal Seal and Blugloo. The atomic force microscopy measurements indicated that the smoothest initial sample is Opal Seal^® followed by Light Bond^®. Scanning electron microscopy evaluation indicated different aspects of cement debris on the enamel and/or bracket surface, according to the type of adhesive. The experimental material C1 presented adequate properties in terms of shear bond strength, fluoride release, roughness and enamel characteristics after de-bonding, compared to the commercial materials. Under these circumstances, it can be considered for clinical testing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Dental Composite Materials and Biomaterials)

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17 pages, 6368 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multilayered Porous Titanium-Based 3rd Generation Biomaterial Designed for Endosseous Implants

by George Calin Dindelegan, Alexandra Caziuc, Ioana Brie, Olga Soritau, Maximilian George Dindelegan, Vasile Bintintan, Violeta Pascalau, Carmen Mihu and Catalin Popa

Materials 2021, 14(7), 1727; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14071727 - 31 Mar 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1912

Abstract

This work proposes a novel complex multi-layered material consisting of porous titanium as a substrate and a complex coating consisting of a chitosan film engulfing microsphere loaded with growth factors such as BMP2 (bone morphogenic protein 2) and IGF1 (insulin-like growth factor-1). The [...] Read more.

This work proposes a novel complex multi-layered material consisting of porous titanium as a substrate and a complex coating consisting of a chitosan film engulfing microsphere loaded with growth factors such as BMP2 (bone morphogenic protein 2) and IGF1 (insulin-like growth factor-1). The microspheres were obtained through deposition of dual layers of calcium cross linked pectin–chitosan/pectin polyelectrolyte onto a BSA (bovine serum albumin) gel core. The multilayer was conceived to behave like a 3rd generation biomaterial, by slow delivery of viable growth factors around implants, and to assist the healing of implantation wound and the development of new vital bone. The biologic effect of the delivery of growth factors was studied in vitro, on MSC-CD1 mesenchymal stem cells, and in vivo, on CD1 mice. Proliferation and differentiation of cells were accelerated by growth factors, especially IGF1 for proliferation and BMP2 for differentiation. In vivo tests analyzed histologically and by MicroCT show a more structured tissue around BMP2 samples. The present concept will give the best clinical results if both growth factors are delivered together by a coating film that contains a double population of microcarriers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Dental Composite Materials and Biomaterials)

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15 pages, 1913 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dental Sealant Composition-Retention Assessment in Young Permanent Molars

by Alexandrina Muntean, Codruta Sarosi, Sorina Sava, Marioara Moldovan, Andrei Ilie Condurache and Ada Gabriela Delean

Materials 2021, 14(7), 1646; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14071646 - 27 Mar 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2567

Abstract

Tooth decay in children and adolescents remains a public health problem, despite prophylaxis and preventive measures being largely available. The aim of our study was to evaluate the clinical behavior of four dental sealants, related to first permanent molar topography and patient age [...] Read more.

Tooth decay in children and adolescents remains a public health problem, despite prophylaxis and preventive measures being largely available. The aim of our study was to evaluate the clinical behavior of four dental sealants, related to first permanent molar topography and patient age (when sealant was applied for the first time). We assessed, by means of visual inspection and palpation with a dental probe, a group of 200 children, enrolled corresponding to school age-grade (mean age of 7 years at baseline) and randomly divided according to the material used as dental sealant (Admira seal©, Embrace Wet Bond©, Fotoseal©, GC Fuji Triaje©) in 4 groups (n = 50). Sealant clinical evaluation was made at 6-, 12-, 18-month intervals for dental material retention assessment. At 6 months, the sealant detached the most from 3.6 molars, and the material used was Fotoseal© (27.6%). At 12 months, Fotoseal© (48.3%) and GC Fuji Triaje© (41.4%) from 3.6 molars express detachment. At 18 months, 4.6. molars sealed with Admira Seal© (25.7%) and Embrace Wet Bond© (28.6%) lost the sealant. We noticed less detachment in maxillary molars and if sealant was applied around 7 years of age. In conclusion, sealant application on first permanent molars must be encouraged and practitioners can choose between various materials available. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Dental Composite Materials and Biomaterials)

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10 pages, 3481 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electrospun Membranes Based on Polycaprolactone, Nano-Hydroxyapatite and Metronidazole

by Ioana-Codruţa Mirică, Gabriel Furtos, Ondine Lucaciu, Petru Pascuta, Mihaela Vlassa, Mărioara Moldovan and Radu-Septimiu Campian

Materials 2021, 14(4), 931; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14040931 - 16 Feb 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2280

Abstract

The aim of this research was to develop new electrospun membranes (EMs) based on polycaprolactone (PCL) with or without metronidazole (MET)/nano-hydroxyapatite (nHAP) content. New nHAP with a mean diameter of 34 nm in length was synthesized. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and attenuated total reflectance [...] Read more.

The aim of this research was to develop new electrospun membranes (EMs) based on polycaprolactone (PCL) with or without metronidazole (MET)/nano-hydroxyapatite (nHAP) content. New nHAP with a mean diameter of 34 nm in length was synthesized. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR) were used for structural characterization of precursors and EMs. The highest mechanical properties (the force at maximum load, Young’s modulus and tensile strength) were found for the PCL membranes, and these properties decreased for the other samples in the following order: 95% PCL + 5% nHAP > 80% PCL + 20% MET > 75% PCL + 5% nHAP + 20% MET. The stiffness increased with the addition of 5 wt.% nHAP. The SEM images of EMs showed randomly oriented bead-free fibers that generated a porous structure with interconnected macropores. The fiber diameter showed values between 2 and 16 µm. The fiber diameter increased with the addition of nHAP filler and decreased when MET was added. New EMs with nHAP and MET could be promising materials for guided bone regeneration or tissue engineering. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Dental Composite Materials and Biomaterials)

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11 pages, 3418 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Zr-Doped Bi₂O₃ Radiopacifier by Spray Pyrolysis on Mineral Trioxide Aggregate

by Tzu-Yu Peng, May-Show Chen, Ya-Yi Chen, Yao-Jui Chen, Chin-Yi Chen, Alex Fang, Bo-Jiun Shao, Min-Hua Chen and Chung-Kwei Lin

Materials 2021, 14(2), 453; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14020453 - 19 Jan 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2223

Abstract

Mineral trioxide aggregates (MTA) have been developed as a dental root repair material for a range of endodontics procedures. They contain a small amount of bismuth oxide (Bi₂O₃) as a radiopacifier to differentiate adjacent bone tissue on radiographs for [...] Read more.

Mineral trioxide aggregates (MTA) have been developed as a dental root repair material for a range of endodontics procedures. They contain a small amount of bismuth oxide (Bi₂O₃) as a radiopacifier to differentiate adjacent bone tissue on radiographs for endodontic surgery. However, the addition of Bi₂O₃ to MTA will increase porosity and lead to the deterioration of MTA’s mechanical properties. Besides, Bi₂O₃ can also increase the setting time of MTA. To improve upon the undesirable effects caused by Bi₂O₃ additives, we used zirconium ions (Zr) to substitute the bismuth ions (Bi) in the Bi₂O₃ compound. Here we demonstrate a new composition of Zr-doped Bi₂O₃ using spray pyrolysis, a technique for producing fine solid particles. The results showed that Zr ions were doped into the Bi₂O₃ compound, resulting in the phase of Bi_7.38Zr_0.62O_12.31. The results of materials analysis showed Bi₂O₃ with 15 mol % of Zr doping increased its radiopacity (5.16 ± 0.2 mm Al) and mechanical strength, compared to Bi₂O₃ and other ratios of Zr-doped Bi₂O₃. To our knowledge, this is the first study of fabrication and analysis of Zr-doped Bi₂O₃ radiopacifiers through the spray pyrolysis procedure. The study reveals that spray pyrolysis can be a new technique for preparing Zr-doped Bi₂O₃ radiopacifiers for future dental applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Dental Composite Materials and Biomaterials)

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35 pages, 496 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

Biomechanical Modelling for Tooth Survival Studies: Mechanical Properties, Loads and Boundary Conditions—A Narrative Review

by Saúl Dorado, Ana Arias and Jesus R. Jimenez-Octavio

Materials 2022, 15(21), 7852; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15217852 - 07 Nov 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2835

Abstract

Recent biomechanical studies have focused on studying the response of teeth before and after different treatments under functional and parafunctional loads. These studies often involve experimental and/or finite element analysis (FEA). Current loading and boundary conditions may not entirely represent the real condition [...] Read more.

Recent biomechanical studies have focused on studying the response of teeth before and after different treatments under functional and parafunctional loads. These studies often involve experimental and/or finite element analysis (FEA). Current loading and boundary conditions may not entirely represent the real condition of the tooth in clinical situations. The importance of homogenizing both sample characterization and boundary conditions definition for future dental biomechanical studies is highlighted. The mechanical properties of dental structural tissues are presented, along with the effect of functional and parafunctional loads and other environmental and biological parameters that may influence tooth survival. A range of values for Young’s modulus, Poisson ratio, compressive strength, threshold stress intensity factor and fracture toughness are provided for enamel and dentin; as well as Young’s modulus and Poisson ratio for the PDL, trabecular and cortical bone. Angles, loading magnitude and frequency are provided for functional and parafunctional loads. The environmental and physiological conditions (age, gender, tooth, humidity, etc.), that may influence tooth survival are also discussed. Oversimplifications of biomechanical models could end up in results that divert from the natural behavior of teeth. Experimental validation models with close-to-reality boundary conditions should be developed to compare the validity of simplified models. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Dental Composite Materials and Biomaterials)

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