Innovative Solutions for Mitigating Coastal Flooding in a Context of Climate Change

A special issue of Land (ISSN 2073-445X). This special issue belongs to the section "Land–Climate Interactions".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (19 January 2024) | Viewed by 14544

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
School of Landscape Architecture, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand
Interests: urban and rural green infrastructure design; planning and management
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Landscape Architecture, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand
Interests: blue green infrastructure design and planning; educational sociology

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Many coastal cities internationally are caught in a pincer effect when it comes to flooding in the context of climate change. Runoff from inland areas is increasing at pace with impervious surface cover, and at the same time an increasing amount of seawater is entering urban rivers with heightened sea levels that are projected to rise between 0.3 and 1.1 m by the end of this century [1]. Conventional flood mitigation strategies that focus on discharging inland runoff into rivers as quickly as possible, and coastal defense strategies involving engineering structures with a single function (e.g., sea walls) are no longer adequate. At the same time, reinforcing those structures’ capacity is not socially and economically attractive. Many coastal cities are increasingly supplementing such strategies with those that reduce inland runoff on municipal land at source through blue green infrastructure (or LIDs/IUWMs). However, within developed and vulnerable areas of cities, these strategies often involve facility retrofits located in the wrong place and with inadequate volume to meet this threat. There is a burning need for new approaches.  

This Special Issue brings together leading research that introduces or advances innovative approaches for mitigating coastal city flooding.

We invite original research, methods, systematic reviews, and critical discussion papers on new ideas that deal with novel design, planning policy, governance or management approaches on, but not limited to, the following topics:

  • Large areas/networks of public green infrastructure at the land–water interface designed not only to protect cities from flooding, but to provide other functions, like recreation.
  • Returning large grey infrastructure areas or networks to blue green infrastructure in the inner city.
  • Restoring and expanding municipal or privately owned wetlands, riparian corridors, and floodplains through innovative development controls.
  • Evaluating the capability and suitability of large or interconnected privately-owned land parcels for flood mitigation, while providing benefits to landowners, such as the re-sale of water or green branding.
  • Innovative water governance approaches, e.g., eco-industrial or eco-agricultural complexes/parks, and public–private partnerships.
  • Strategies and policies that increase widespread water infiltration in cities (e.g., sponge or permeable city strategies).
  • Adapting cities to flooding through raising the first-floor level of flood-prone buildings, requiring floodable land uses (e.g., agricultural land), or urban open space as temporary storage.
  • Using vegetated drainage systems to slow the channel flow rate, while optimizing the retention volume through innovative design.
  • Designing for backup systems/redundancy for when flood management strategies fail.

We look forward to receiving your contributions.

Reference

[1] Oppenheimer, M., B.C. Glavovic , J. Hinkel, R. van de Wal, A.K. Magnan, A. Abd-Elgawad, R. Cai, M. Cifuentes-Jara, R.M. DeConto, T. Ghosh, J. Hay, F. Isla, B. Marzeion, B. Meyssignac, and Z. Sebesvari. Sea Level Rise and Implications for Low-Lying Islands, Coasts and Communities. In IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate; H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, M. Tignor, E. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Nicolai, A. Okem, J. Petzold, B. Rama, N.M. Weyer (eds.); Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, 2019; pp. 321-445. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157964.006.

Dr. Wendy McWilliam
Dr. Gillian Lawson
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

  • coastal city flooding
  • climate change
  • flood resilience
  • supplemental flood mitigation
  • strategic flooding
  • flood defense
  • flood adaptation
  • flood storage
  • flood infiltration
  • slowing rate of flooding
  • green infrastructure
  • blue green infrastructure
  • private land flood mitigation
  • blue green network strategies
  • eco-industrial complexes
  • eco-agricultural complexes

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

32 pages, 10957 KiB  
Article
Post-Flood Resilience Assessment of July 2021 Flood in Western Germany and Henan, China
by Bikram Manandhar, Shenghui Cui, Lihong Wang and Sabita Shrestha
Land 2023, 12(3), 625; https://doi.org/10.3390/land12030625 - 06 Mar 2023
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4550
Abstract
In July 2021, devastating floods occurred in western Germany and Henan, China, resulting in extreme loss of life and property damage. Despite the differences in context, climate change contributed to these events. Flood resilience generally means the system’s ability to recover from floods. [...] Read more.
In July 2021, devastating floods occurred in western Germany and Henan, China, resulting in extreme loss of life and property damage. Despite the differences in context, climate change contributed to these events. Flood resilience generally means the system’s ability to recover from floods. A post-flood resilience assessment seeks to determine the impact of the flood on the area, the duration it took to recover, the effectiveness of the measures taken to reduce the risk of flooding, and ways to enhance flood resilience. The post-flood review capacity method was used to assess the event and calculate the flood resilience index. Western Germany experienced a 500-year return period flood in connection with the low-pressure system, Bernd, while Zhengzhou in Henan experienced a 1000-year return period flood with the influence of Typhoon In-Fa and the Western Pacific subtropical high. More than 107,000 people were affected in Germany, with 205 deaths that account for USD 40 billion in economic losses, whereas in Henan, 14.786 million people were affected, and 398 people died, which accounts for USD 18.9 billion in losses. Germany was more impacted and took longer to restore essential services than Henan, China. The flood resilience index shows that the resilience level of both countries is low. The severe rainstorms in Zhengzhou and the Ahr River Valley exposed weaknesses in urban disaster management, particularly in urban areas, such as subway flooding and risk communication with the public. The events highlighted the need to better understand risks and their consequences, early warning systems, preparedness, and emergency response. Full article
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22 pages, 7188 KiB  
Article
Effectiveness of Strategically Located Green Stormwater Infrastructure Networks for Adaptive Flood Mitigation in a Context of Climate Change
by Suphicha Muangsri, Wendy McWilliam, Tim Davies and Gillian Lawson
Land 2022, 11(11), 2078; https://doi.org/10.3390/land11112078 - 18 Nov 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1804
Abstract
Studies indicate Green Stormwater Infrastructure (GSI) on industrial land can provide substantial adaptive flood mitigation within urban catchments under climate change. To identify a cost-effective adaptive GSI network, planners need to evaluate flood mitigation capabilities of industrial properties through time and understand key [...] Read more.
Studies indicate Green Stormwater Infrastructure (GSI) on industrial land can provide substantial adaptive flood mitigation within urban catchments under climate change. To identify a cost-effective adaptive GSI network, planners need to evaluate flood mitigation capabilities of industrial properties through time and understand key characteristics informing when, where, and how GSI should be implemented for maximum effect. We applied the Hydrology-based Land Capability Assessment and Classification (HLCA+C) methodology to a catchment in Christchurch, New Zealand, to evaluate the capabilities of industrial properties clustered into Storm Water Management (SWM) zones under different climate change scenarios. SWM zone potentials and limitations were assessed to develop the most capable adaptive flood mitigation network with climate change. We prioritised six of twenty SWM zones for inclusion in the network based on their substantial flood mitigation capabilities. To maximise their capabilities through time, we orchestrated, and implemented GSI in zones incrementally, using different implementation approaches based on key characteristics determining their capability. The results indicated that the most capable zone could mitigate climate change-induced flooding, by itself, up to the end of this century under the moderate climate change scenario. However, if its capability was combined with that of five others, together they could mitigate flooding just shy of that associated with the major climate change scenario up to the end of this century. The resulting adaptive industrial GSI network not only provides substantial flood protection for communities but allows costly investments in flood mitigation structures, such as barriers and levees, to be safely delayed until their cost-effectiveness has been confirmed under increased climate certainty. Full article
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18 pages, 4438 KiB  
Article
Evaluating Capability of Green Stormwater Infrastructure on Large Properties toward Adaptive Flood Mitigation: The HLCA+C Methodology
by Suphicha Muangsri, Wendy McWilliam, Gillian Lawson and Tim Davies
Land 2022, 11(10), 1765; https://doi.org/10.3390/land11101765 - 12 Oct 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1983
Abstract
Current flood protection capacities will become inadequate to protect many low-lying coastal cities from climate change-induced flooding in the future. Under climate change uncertainty, an adaptive strategy is required to provide supplemental flood mitigation. Green Stormwater Infrastructure (GSI) in developed areas has the [...] Read more.
Current flood protection capacities will become inadequate to protect many low-lying coastal cities from climate change-induced flooding in the future. Under climate change uncertainty, an adaptive strategy is required to provide supplemental flood mitigation. Green Stormwater Infrastructure (GSI) in developed areas has the potential to provide substantial catchment runoff reduction. However, individual properties vary in their Flood Mitigation Capability (FMC) depending on their land characteristics. An effective methodology is needed to evaluate the FMC of properties to help urban planners determine which to target for GSI and when to implement GSI in light of increased climate change impacts. We advance the Hydrology-based Land Capability Assessment and Classification (HLCA+C) methodology for evaluating the FMC of large properties over the long term (80 to 100-year). It builds on the strengths of existing methodologies and uses a land unit analysis approach for assessing FMC, considering interdependent hydrological and geographical variables. The FMC classification system groups properties with similar flood mitigation characteristics, helping urban planners to understand their potentials and limitations for flood mitigation toward the development of adaptive strategies through time. Step-by-step instructions demonstrate how to apply the methodology to any low-lying coastal city. Full article
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28 pages, 65195 KiB  
Article
Geospatial Analysis and Land Suitability for “FloodWise” Practices: Nature-Based Solutions for Flood Mitigation in Eastern, Rural North Carolina
by Madalyn Baldwin, Andrew Fox, Travis Klondike, Meredith Hovis, Theodore Shear, Lauren Joca, Megan Hester and Frederick Cubbage
Land 2022, 11(9), 1504; https://doi.org/10.3390/land11091504 - 07 Sep 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2129
Abstract
As the global climate continues to change, extreme weather events such as hurricanes and heavy rainfall are becoming more frequent. Subsequently, flooding and standing water disrupt and negatively impact many communities. The use of nature-based solutions (NBS) is an innovative and sustainable approach [...] Read more.
As the global climate continues to change, extreme weather events such as hurricanes and heavy rainfall are becoming more frequent. Subsequently, flooding and standing water disrupt and negatively impact many communities. The use of nature-based solutions (NBS) is an innovative and sustainable approach to flood mitigation. Geospatial research and applications have developed rapidly to identify and map broad regions in the world, as well as specific locations for NBS. We conducted a geospatial analysis in ArcGIS Pro to identify areas where NBS, referred to as “FloodWise” practices in this study, could be sited in the North Carolina Coastal Plain to strategically reduce flooding and provide water quality and habitat improvement. The study provides a spatially explicit application of integrated remote sensing, scientific and professional knowledge, and extant databases to screen diverse variables and identify potential specific NBS opportunities and sites. The practices modeled in this study are wetland restoration, afforestation, agroforestry, “water farming” (which uses a combination of dry dams and berms), and stream restoration. Maps of specific areas and tracts in the county for the NBS practices in Robeson County, North Carolina were developed based on the land ownership size, biophysical characteristics, current land uses, and water management opportunities. Land suitability locations revealed in these maps can be used in future resilience planning initiatives to reduce floodwaters on North Carolina’s rural landscapes. The geospatial analysis methodologies employed in this study can be followed to model NBS locations for flood reduction and water storage opportunities in other counties in Eastern North Carolina or other regions with similar topographies and land-type characteristics. Full article
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15 pages, 2336 KiB  
Article
A Framework for Cloud to Coast Adaptation: Maturity and Experiences from across the North Sea
by Paul Sayers, Berry Gersonius, Gül Özerol, Erwin Nugraha and Cor A. Schipper
Land 2022, 11(6), 950; https://doi.org/10.3390/land11060950 - 20 Jun 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2115
Abstract
The low-lying coastal areas of the countries around the North Sea are exposed to flooding and the influence of sea level rise. The countries in the North Sea Region need to continue to adapt if the associated risk is to be well-managed into [...] Read more.
The low-lying coastal areas of the countries around the North Sea are exposed to flooding and the influence of sea level rise. The countries in the North Sea Region need to continue to adapt if the associated risk is to be well-managed into the future. In addition to reducing flood risk, adaptation measures can bring development opportunities for those same places. These opportunities, however, are unlikely to be achieved through a ‘defence only’ paradigm, and instead a new approach is needed that simultaneously reduces risk and promotes liveable places, ecosystem health and social well-being. The building blocks of this new approach are promoted here and are based on an adaptation process that is collaborative and takes a whole-system, long-term perspective. The approach developed through the Interreg funded project, C5a, brings together governments, practitioners and researchers from across the North Sea to share policies, practices and the emerging science of climate change adaptation and enabling sustainable development. The new approach reflects a Cloud to Coast management paradigm and emerged through a combination of knowledge exchange and peer-to-peer learning across seven case studies. Central to the case studies was a maturity analysis of existing capabilities across the North Sea countries and their ability to adopt the new approach. This paper presents the results of this analysis, including the common challenges that emerged and the methods and examples of good practice to overcome them. Building upon these findings, the paper concludes by presenting four priority policy directions to support the uptake of the Cloud to Coast approach. Full article
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