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Offshore and Onshore Wave Energy Converters: Engineering and Environmental Features
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Offshore and Onshore Wave Energy Converters: Engineering and Environmental Features

A special issue of Journal of Marine Science and Engineering (ISSN 2077-1312). This special issue belongs to the section "Coastal Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 September 2021) | Viewed by 28845

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Luca Cavallaro

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Civil and Architecture, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
Interests: coastal engineering; ocean engineering; coastal risk; physical modelling; wave energy converters; wave–structure interaction; computational fluid dynamic
Dr. Diego Vicinanza

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Engineering, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Aversa, Italy
Interests: coastal engineering; maritime structures; coastal morphodynamic; coastal defences; wave energy converters
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In the last decade, extensive research has been carried out with the aim of designing new prototype devices that allow for the extraction of electricity from renewable energy sources, in order to contribute to a reduction of the use of non-renewable resources, and thereby to mitigate climate change impacts. Among the various renewable energy resources, energy extracted from sea waves is widely available, although it is currently poorly exploited. Furthermore, several technologies are being developed, but none of them seem to be very promising.

The purpose of this Special Issue is to publish the most exciting research with respect to the above subjects, and to provide a rapid turn-around time regarding reviewing and publishing, and to disseminate the articles freely for research, teaching, and reference purposes.

More specifically, high-quality papers regarding wave energy converter technologies related to the following topics are highy encouraged:

  • Hydrodynamic numerical modelling;
  • Experimental modelling and testing;
  • Design optimization;
  • Mooring modelling and design;
  • Power take-off modelling and design;
  • Levelized cost of energy analysis;
  • Resource assessment;
  • Environmental impacts;
  • Policy, legislation, and socio-economic impacts;
  • Case studies.

Dr. Luca Cavallaro
Prof. Diego Vicinanza
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Wave power
  • Ocean engineering
  • Wave energy conversion
  • Nonlinear hydrodynamics
  • Power takeoff
  • Moorings
  • Environmental impact

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Editorial

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3 pages, 157 KiB  
Editorial
Offshore and Onshore Wave Energy Converters: Engineering and Environmental Features
by Luca Cavallaro and Diego Vicinanza
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2021, 9(11), 1265; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9111265 - 12 Nov 2021
Viewed by 1233
Abstract
In the last decade, extensive research has been carried out with the aim of designing new prototype devices that allow for the extraction of electricity from renewable energy sources, in order to contribute to a reduction in the use of nonrenewable resources, and [...] Read more.
In the last decade, extensive research has been carried out with the aim of designing new prototype devices that allow for the extraction of electricity from renewable energy sources, in order to contribute to a reduction in the use of nonrenewable resources, and thereby mitigate climate change impacts [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Offshore and Onshore Wave Energy Converters: Engineering and Environmental Features)

Research

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17 pages, 2216 KiB  
Article
Life Cycle Assessment of an Oscillating Wave Surge Energy Converter
by Maria Apolonia and Teresa Simas
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2021, 9(2), 206; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9020206 - 17 Feb 2021
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3215
Abstract
So far, very few studies have focused on the quantification of the environmental impacts of a wave energy converter. The current study presents a preliminary Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of the MegaRoller wave energy converter, aiming to contribute to decision making regarding the [...] Read more.
So far, very few studies have focused on the quantification of the environmental impacts of a wave energy converter. The current study presents a preliminary Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of the MegaRoller wave energy converter, aiming to contribute to decision making regarding the least carbon- and energy-intensive design choices. The LCA encompasses all life cycle stages from “cradle-to-grave” for the wave energy converter, including the panel, foundation, PTO and mooring system, considering its deployment in Peniche, Portugal. Background data was mainly sourced from the manufacturer whereas foreground data was sourced from the Ecoinvent database (v.3.4). The resulting impact assessment of the MegaRoller is aligned with all previous studies in concluding that the main environmental impacts are due to materials use and manufacture, and mainly due to high amounts of material used, particularly steel. The scenario analysis showed that a reduction of the environmental impacts in the final design of the MegaRoller wave energy converter could potentially lie in reducing the quantity of steel by studying alternatives for its replacement. Results are generally comparable with earlier studies for ocean technologies and are very low when compared with other power generating technologies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Offshore and Onshore Wave Energy Converters: Engineering and Environmental Features)
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20 pages, 3387 KiB  
Article
A Simple Model to Assess the Performance of an Overtopping Wave Energy Converter Embedded in a Port Breakwater
by Luca Cavallaro, Claudio Iuppa, Federico Castiglione, Rosaria Ester Musumeci and Enrico Foti
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2020, 8(11), 858; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse8110858 - 30 Oct 2020
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2104
Abstract
A numerical model for the optimization of the performance of an innovative overtopping breakwater for wave energy conversion is proposed. The model is based on the stochastic description of the overtopping phenomenon based on the results of extensive laboratory tests, and it is [...] Read more.
A numerical model for the optimization of the performance of an innovative overtopping breakwater for wave energy conversion is proposed. The model is based on the stochastic description of the overtopping phenomenon based on the results of extensive laboratory tests, and it is able to simulate the behavior of the device operating under any assigned sequence of sea states, thus allowing to easily obtain results that would otherwise require time consuming and costly physical model tests. The model is used here to identify the main geometrical parameters affecting the performance of the device and to optimize such parameters in order to maximize the average yearly output power. An application to a device embedded in the breakwater of Pantelleria Port (Sicily, Italy) is presented. The model is also proved to be useful to verify the possibility of further increasing the output power through the implementation of specific control strategies concerning the operation of the turbines. The work provides a better understanding of the influence that such a system could have on the energy system of small Mediterranean islands, for example in terms of contribution to the CO2 emission reduction. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Offshore and Onshore Wave Energy Converters: Engineering and Environmental Features)
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20 pages, 10812 KiB  
Article
MPPT Control of Hydraulic Power Take-Off for Wave Energy Converter on Artificial Breakwater
by Jianan Xu, Yansong Yang, Yantao Hu, Tao Xu and Yong Zhan
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2020, 8(5), 304; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse8050304 - 26 Apr 2020
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 2861
Abstract
Wave energy is a renewable energy source that is green, clean and has huge reserves. In order to develop wave energy resources, an oscillating buoy Wave Energy Converter (WEC) device based on the artificial breakwater is presented in this paper. In order to [...] Read more.
Wave energy is a renewable energy source that is green, clean and has huge reserves. In order to develop wave energy resources, an oscillating buoy Wave Energy Converter (WEC) device based on the artificial breakwater is presented in this paper. In order to effectively vent the gas in the hydraulic PTO and to improve the active control capability of the PTO system to guarantee the safety performance of the system under high sea conditions, a hydraulic PTO with an active control circuit is designed. Additionally, for the Power Take-Off (PTO) system, there is a optimal damping point under different sea conditions for PTO system, so the PTO can be controlled by the Maximum-Power-Point-Tracking (MPPT) control algorithms to improve the generated power of the system. At present, the MPPT control algorithms for wave energy are mainly used to control the load of generator. However, a fixed-load storage battery is used for the load of the generator in this paper. Additionally, an MPPT control taken at a hydraulic PTO system is executed to improve the power generated by hydraulic PTO under different sea conditions effectively in this paper. The MPPT control based on the hydraulic system is conducted by controlling the displacement of hydraulic motor to achieve the optimal damping point tracking control. The control flow of the MPPT algorithm is provided. The variable step hill-climbing method is used in MPPT control algorithm in which the big step can reduce the time of tracking and the small step can increase the accuracy of MPPT control algorithm. Due to the slow stability of the hydraulic system, a filter method for hydraulic PTO power is used. In addition, the hydraulic PTO system and MPPT control are verified to be feasible with the simulation. Additionally, MPPT control based on hydraulic variable motor is easier to carry out in practical applications than the traditional control of resistance. Finally, the simulation results demonstrate that it is an effective power control strategy for hydraulic PTO system to improve the generated power. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Offshore and Onshore Wave Energy Converters: Engineering and Environmental Features)
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Review

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49 pages, 2079 KiB  
Review
The Wave Energy Converter Design Process: Methods Applied in Industry and Shortcomings of Current Practices
by Ali Trueworthy and Bryony DuPont
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2020, 8(11), 932; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse8110932 - 17 Nov 2020
Cited by 30 | Viewed by 5762
Abstract
Wave energy is among the many renewable energy technologies being researched and developed to address the increasing demand for low-emissions energy. The unique design challenges for wave energy converter design—integrating complex and uncertain technological, economic, and ecological systems, overcoming the structural challenges of [...] Read more.
Wave energy is among the many renewable energy technologies being researched and developed to address the increasing demand for low-emissions energy. The unique design challenges for wave energy converter design—integrating complex and uncertain technological, economic, and ecological systems, overcoming the structural challenges of ocean deployment, and dealing with complex system dynamics—have lead to a disjointed progression of research and development. There is no common design practice across the wave energy industry and there is no published synthesis of the practices that are used by developers. In this paper, we summarize the methods being employed in WEC design as well as promising methods that have yet to be applied. We contextualize these methods within an overarching design process. We present results from a survey of WEC developers to identify methods that are common in industry. From the review and survey results, we conclude that the most common methods of WEC design are iterative methods in which design parameters are defined, evaluated, and then changed based on evaluation results. This leaves a significant space for improvement of methods that help designers make better-informed decisions prior to sophisticated evaluation, and methods of using the evaluation results to make better design decisions during iteration. Despite the popularity of optimization methods in academic research, they are less common in industry development. We end this paper with a summary of the areas of WEC design in which the testing and development of new methods is necessary, and where more research is required to fully understand the influence of design decisions on WEC performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Offshore and Onshore Wave Energy Converters: Engineering and Environmental Features)
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26 pages, 8285 KiB  
Review
Marine Biofouling: A European Database for the Marine Renewable Energy Sector
by Pedro Almeida Vinagre, Teresa Simas, Erica Cruz, Emiliano Pinori and Johan Svenson
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2020, 8(7), 495; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse8070495 - 05 Jul 2020
Cited by 87 | Viewed by 10809
Abstract
Biofouling is a major problem shared among all maritime sectors employing submerged structures where it leads to substantially increased costs and lowered operational lifespans if poorly addressed. Insight into the ongoing processes at the relevant marine locations is key to effective management of [...] Read more.
Biofouling is a major problem shared among all maritime sectors employing submerged structures where it leads to substantially increased costs and lowered operational lifespans if poorly addressed. Insight into the ongoing processes at the relevant marine locations is key to effective management of biofouling. Of specific concern for the marine renewable energy (MRE) sector is the fact that information on biofouling composition and magnitude across geographies is dispersed throughout published papers and consulting reports. To enable rapid access to relevant key biofouling events the present work describes a European biofouling database to support the MRE sector and other maritime industries. The database compiles in one document qualitative and quantitative data for challenging biofouling groups, including non-native species associated with MRE and related marine equipment, in different European Ecoregions. It provides information on the occurrence of fouling species and data on key biofouling parameters, such as biofouling thickness and weight. The database aims to aid the MRE sector and offshore industries in understanding which biofouling communities their devices are more susceptible to at a given site, to facilitate informed decisions. In addition, the biofouling mapping is useful for the development of biosecurity risk management plans as well as academic research. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Offshore and Onshore Wave Energy Converters: Engineering and Environmental Features)
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