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Advances in Gas Hydrate Development: Phase Transition, Multiphase Flow and...
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Advances in Gas Hydrate Development: Phase Transition, Multiphase Flow and Heat-Mass Transfer

A special issue of Journal of Marine Science and Engineering (ISSN 2077-1312). This special issue belongs to the section "Marine Energy".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 October 2022) | Viewed by 13090

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Bo Li

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Resources and Safety Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
Interests: natural gas hydrate development; solidified natural gas technology; hydrate-based gas separation
Prof. Dr. Jing-Chun Feng

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
Interests: natural gas hydrate development; eco-environmental effect; marine energy system; sustainable energy strategy
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

To eliminate the global threat of energy shortage and climate change, considerable interest has been drawn on the exploitation of gas hydrate, due to its enormous energy reserves around the world. Many countries have devoted great efforts in gas hydrate-related research areas, and several field-scale production trials have been conducted in the USA, Canada, Japan, and China. Hydrate dissociation is a kinetics-controlled chemical reaction which is associated with various complex processes such as phase transition, heat-mass transfer, and multiphase fluid flow in porous media. The dissociation of hydrate particles will also cause the possibility of reservoir deformation due to the decrease in strength in porous media. Although considerable research has been conducted and substantial progress has been made in gas hydrate areas, knowledge gaps still remain with respect to these fundamental issues. The purpose of this Special Issue is to provide a comprehensive summary of the progress in the field of gas hydrate development. You are invited to send us your latest or previously unpublished works and results on one of the topics listed below. Other relevant topics with gas hydrate are also encouraged to be presented in this collection.

Prof. Dr. Bo Li
Prof. Dr. Jing-Chun Feng
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • gas hydrate
  • phase transition
  • heat and mass transfer
  • multiphase flow
  • formation/dissociation kinetics
  • gas production
  • reservoir deformation
  • CO2 sequestration/storage
  • environment effect
  • simulation

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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20 pages, 7646 KiB  
Article
Stability Condition of Methane Hydrate in Fine-Grained Sediment
by Di Lu, Qin Tang, Dehuan Yang, Rongtao Yan, Yun Chen and Shuai Tao
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(1), 196; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11010196 - 12 Jan 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1193
Abstract
Stability condition is of critical importance for methane hydrate exploitation, transportation, and reserves. This study measured the stability conditions of methane hydrate in fine-grained sediment with different dry densities (ρd = 1.40, 1.50 and 1.60 g/cm3) and various initial [...] Read more.
Stability condition is of critical importance for methane hydrate exploitation, transportation, and reserves. This study measured the stability conditions of methane hydrate in fine-grained sediment with different dry densities (ρd = 1.40, 1.50 and 1.60 g/cm3) and various initial water saturations by the multi-step heating method. The experimental result showed that the methane hydrate formation in fine-grained sediment required lower temperature and/or higher pressure compared to that in bulk state. At the same time, it is found that the deviation degree of P–T conditions of methane hydrate in fine-grained sediment with different dry density and initial water saturation are completely different from that in pure water. In addition, according to the nuclear magnetic resonance technique (NMR), the changes in NMR signal intensity during the formation and decomposition of methane hydrate in silt were analyzed. Regardless of formation and dissociation stages, liquid water always distributes in the small sediment pores. An empirical formula is developed to address the capillary suction of water and hydrate with respect to the unhydrated water within sediment. Furthermore, a phase equilibrium model is proposed to predict the stability conditions of hydrate-bearing fine-grained sediment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Gas Hydrate Development: Phase Transition, Multiphase Flow and Heat-Mass Transfer)
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19 pages, 6600 KiB  
Article
Coupled Simulation of Hydrate-Bearing and Overburden Sedimentary Layers to Study Hydrate Dissociation and Methane Leakage
by Yan Xie, Jingchun Feng, Liwei Sun, Junwen Wang, Weiqiang Hu, Bo Peng, Yujun Wang and Yi Wang
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(5), 668; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10050668 - 14 May 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2002
Abstract
Methane leakage during natural gas hydrate (NGH) exploitation is one of the important challenges restricting its safe development, which necessitates further investigation. However, only a few experimental studies have been conducted to characterize the relationship between methane (CH4) leakage and NGH [...] Read more.
Methane leakage during natural gas hydrate (NGH) exploitation is one of the important challenges restricting its safe development, which necessitates further investigation. However, only a few experimental studies have been conducted to characterize the relationship between methane (CH4) leakage and NGH exploitation. The CH4 leakage mechanism and controlling factors in the hydrate dissociation process are still unclear. A coupled simulator has been developed to study the CH4 hydrate exploitation and the possible leakage of CH4. The new system overcomes the difficulty of constructing hydrate-free overlying strata and seawater in previous studies and can simulate the in situ natural environment containing hydrate reservoirs, overlying strata and overlying seawater as well. In addition, the simulator integrates the spatial distribution of temperature, pressure and electric resistance in hydrate reservoir systems, and allows for the visual monitoring of the overlying strata and the sampling of overburden gas and liquids. The effectiveness of the coupled simulations was verified through experimental testing. The coupled simulations allowed for the characterization of the CH4 leakage mechanism and can be used to develop safe strategies for NGH exploitation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Gas Hydrate Development: Phase Transition, Multiphase Flow and Heat-Mass Transfer)
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14 pages, 1894 KiB  
Article
Effects of the NaCl Concentration and Montmorillonite Content on Formation Kinetics of Methane Hydrate
by Haopeng Zeng, Yu Zhang, Lei Zhang, Zhaoyang Chen and Xiaosen Li
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(4), 548; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10040548 - 16 Apr 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1895
Abstract
Most resources of natural gas hydrate (NGH) exist in marine sediments where salts and sea mud are involved. It is of great importance to investigate the effects of salts and sea mud on NGH formation kinetics. In this study, the mixture of silica [...] Read more.
Most resources of natural gas hydrate (NGH) exist in marine sediments where salts and sea mud are involved. It is of great importance to investigate the effects of salts and sea mud on NGH formation kinetics. In this study, the mixture of silica sand and montmorillonite was used to mimic sea mud. The effects of the NaCl concentration of pore water and montmorillonite content on methane hydrate formation were studied. A low NaCl concentration of 0.2 mol/L and a low montmorillonite content range of 10–25 wt% is beneficial to reduce the induction time of hydrate formation. The high NaCl concentration and high content of montmorillonite will significantly increase the induction time. The average induction time for the experiments with the NaCl concentrations of 0, 0.2, 0.6, and 1.2 mol/L is 20.99, 8.11, 15.74, and 30.88 h, respectively. In the pure silica sand, the NaCl concentration of 0.2 mol/L can improve the final water conversion. In the experiments with pure water, the water conversion increases with the increase of the montmorillonite content due to the improvement of the dispersion of montmorillonite to water. The water conversion of the experiments in pure water with the montmorillonite contents of 0, 10, 25 and 40 wt% is 12.14% (±1.06%), 24.68% (±1.49%), 29.59% (±2.30%), and 32.57% (±1.64%), respectively. In the case of both montmorillonite and NaCl existing, there is a complicated change in the water conversion. In general, the increase of the NaCl concentration enhances the inhibition of hydrate formation and reduces the final water conversion, which is the key factor affecting the final water conversion. The average water conversion of the experiments under the NaCl concentrations of 0, 0.2, 0.6 and 1.2 mol/L is 24.74, 15.14, 8.85, and 5.74%, respectively. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Gas Hydrate Development: Phase Transition, Multiphase Flow and Heat-Mass Transfer)
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17 pages, 11516 KiB  
Article
Deep-Sea Sediment and Water Simulator for Investigation of Methane Seeping and Hydrate Formation
by Yan Xie, Jingchun Feng, Weiqiang Hu, Mingrui Zhang, Junwen Wang, Bo Peng, Yujun Wang, Zhenwu Zhou and Yi Wang
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(4), 514; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10040514 - 07 Apr 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1786
Abstract
The ubiquitous methane seeping process in the deep-sea environment could significantly influence the global methane cycle and carbon budget. Hydrate formation on the methane bubble during the seeping process is an important way for sequestrating methane during bubble migration. Uncovering the complete methane [...] Read more.
The ubiquitous methane seeping process in the deep-sea environment could significantly influence the global methane cycle and carbon budget. Hydrate formation on the methane bubble during the seeping process is an important way for sequestrating methane during bubble migration. Uncovering the complete methane leakage process needs to reveal the methane leakage pathway and hydrate conversion mechanism. Hence, we built a deep-sea sediment and water simulator to investigate the methane seeping and hydrate formation. The simulator can mimic the deep-sea sediment and water environment with a lower sediment chamber and an upper seawater chamber. The monitoring of the bubble migration path and hydrate transformation and aggregation in the sediment chamber is realized mainly through the spatial distribution of electric resistance and temperature variations. The seawater chamber is equipped with a built-in movable camera and four external windows to observe the rising and morphological evolution of gas and hydrate bubbles. The quantitative storage and escape of CH4 gas could be realized through the measurement of multiple gas/liquid collection ports and cumulative incoming/outgoing gas volume. In addition, a movable biological liquid injection port was designed in the seawater chamber for the coupling CH4 conversion of hydrate formation and microorganism-mediated oxidation. Through the experimental test on each function of the system, the effectiveness of the device was proved. The development of this device has pioneering significance for the experimental simulation of the methane seeping process in a simulated submarine cold spring area. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Gas Hydrate Development: Phase Transition, Multiphase Flow and Heat-Mass Transfer)
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17 pages, 6596 KiB  
Article
A Solution to Sand Production from Natural Gas Hydrate Deposits with Radial Wells: Combined Gravel Packing and Sand Screen
by Yiqun Zhang, Wei Wang, Panpan Zhang, Gensheng Li, Shouceng Tian, Jingsheng Lu and Bo Zhang
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(1), 71; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10010071 - 06 Jan 2022
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4827
Abstract
Sand production is one of the main problems restricting the safe, efficient and sustainable exploitation of marine natural gas hydrate. To explore the sand-control effects of gravel packing, experiments that simulate hydrate extraction in the water-rich environment were conducted with designed hydrate synthesis [...] Read more.
Sand production is one of the main problems restricting the safe, efficient and sustainable exploitation of marine natural gas hydrate. To explore the sand-control effects of gravel packing, experiments that simulate hydrate extraction in the water-rich environment were conducted with designed hydrate synthesis and exploitation devices. Three sand control completion methods, including 120 mesh sand screen, 400 mesh sand screen, 120 mesh sand screen combined with gravel packing, are adopted. Sand and gas production rates were compared under different well types and sand control completion methods. Results show that the gas production modes of radial wells and vertical wells are almost the same at the same time due to the small experimental scale and high permeability. The sand production of the vertical well with gravel packing combined with a sand-control screen is 50% lower than that of the vertical well with sand-control screens only. Radial well with gravel packing combined with sand-control screens produced 87% less sand than screen mesh alone. The cumulative gas production and recovery rates of a radial well with the composite sand control method are better than those without gravel packing in the same development time. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Gas Hydrate Development: Phase Transition, Multiphase Flow and Heat-Mass Transfer)
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Review

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21 pages, 2974 KiB  
Review
A Review of Natural Gas Hydrate Formation with Amino Acids
by Bo Li, You-Yun Lu and Yuan-Le Li
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(8), 1134; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10081134 - 17 Aug 2022
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3683
Abstract
Natural gas is a kind of low-carbon energy source with abundant reserves globally and high calorific value. It is cleaner and more efficient than oil and coal. Enlarging the utilization of natural gas is also one of the important ways to reduce carbon [...] Read more.
Natural gas is a kind of low-carbon energy source with abundant reserves globally and high calorific value. It is cleaner and more efficient than oil and coal. Enlarging the utilization of natural gas is also one of the important ways to reduce carbon emissions in the world. Solidified natural gas technology (SNG) stores natural gas in solid hydrates, which is a prospective, efficient, safe and environmental-friendly strategy of natural gas storage and transport. However, the slow growth rate and randomness of nucleation during natural gas hydrate formation in pure water hinder the industrial application of this technology. As a kind of new and potential additives, biodegradable amino acids can be adopted as favorable kinetic promoters for natural gas hydrate synthesis. Compared with other frequently used chemical additives, amino acids are usually more friendly to the environment, and are capable of avoiding foam formation during complete decomposition of gas hydrates. In this paper, we have reviewed the research progress of gas hydrate generation under the promotion of amino acids. The formation systems in which amino acids can enhance the growth speed of gas hydrates are summarized, and the impact of the concentration in different systems and the side chains of amino acids on hydrate growth have been illustrated. The thermodynamic and kinetic behaviors as well as the morphology properties of hydrate formation with amino acids are summarized, and the promotion mechanism is also analyzed for better selection of this kind of potential additives in the future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Gas Hydrate Development: Phase Transition, Multiphase Flow and Heat-Mass Transfer)
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