Journal of Clinical Medicine

Editorial

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3 pages, 186 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Special Issue “Oral Health and Systemic Diseases”

by Gerhard Schmalz and Dirk Ziebolz

J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9(10), 3156; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9103156 - 29 Sep 2020

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2437

Abstract

With an enormous prevalence worldwide, diseases of the oral cavity and respective tissues are a highly relevant global health issue [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Health and Systemic Diseases)

Research

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26 pages, 4484 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comprehensive Evaluation of the Oral Health Status, Salivary Gland Function, and Oxidative Stress in the Saliva of Patients with Subacute Phase of Stroke: A Case-Control Study

by Piotr Gerreth, Mateusz Maciejczyk, Anna Zalewska, Karolina Gerreth and Katarzyna Hojan

J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9(7), 2252; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9072252 - 15 Jul 2020

Cited by 32 | Viewed by 3125

Abstract

This is the first study to assess, comprehensively, the oral health status; salivary glands’ function and enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant defense; and oxidative damage to proteins and lipids in the non-stimulated (NWS) and stimulated (SWS) whole saliva of stroke patients. The study included [...] Read more.

This is the first study to assess, comprehensively, the oral health status; salivary glands’ function and enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant defense; and oxidative damage to proteins and lipids in the non-stimulated (NWS) and stimulated (SWS) whole saliva of stroke patients. The study included 30 patients in the subacute phase of the stroke and an age and gender-matched control group. We showed that the activity of antioxidant enzymes (catalase and salivary peroxidase) was significantly higher in both NWS and SWS of stroke patients, similarly to uric acid concentration. However, in the study group, the reduced glutathione (GSH) concentration in SWS decreased. The contents of protein glycooxidation products (advanced glycation end products (AGE) and protein oxidation products (AOPP)) and lipid hydroperoxides were significantly higher in NWS and SWS of stroke patients. In the study group there was also a decrease in stimulated saliva secretion and total protein content. Interestingly, products of protein and lipid oxidation correlate negatively with SWS flow. The ROC analysis showed that salivary GSH with 100% specificity and 100% sensitivity differentiates the analyzed groups (AUC = 1.0). To sum up, in subacute stroke patients there are redox imbalances and oxidative damage to proteins and lipids in non-stimulated and stimulated saliva. Stroke patients also suffer from salivary gland dysfunction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Health and Systemic Diseases)

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13 pages, 818 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association between Periodontitis and High Blood Pressure: Results from the Study of Periodontal Health in Almada-Seixal (SoPHiAS)

by Vanessa Machado, Eva Muñoz Aguilera, João Botelho, Syed Basit Hussain, Yago Leira, Luís Proença, Francesco D’Aiuto and José João Mendes

J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9(5), 1585; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9051585 - 23 May 2020

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 4687

Abstract

Periodontitis is a common chronic inflammatory disease which could have an important impact on blood pressure (BP). This study aimed to explore (a) the association between periodontal health and BP in a large representative cohort, (b) the predictive value of diagnosis of periodontitis [...] Read more.

Periodontitis is a common chronic inflammatory disease which could have an important impact on blood pressure (BP). This study aimed to explore (a) the association between periodontal health and BP in a large representative cohort, (b) the predictive value of diagnosis of periodontitis in undiagnosed raised BP and (c) whether age is a mediator of this relationship. In total, 1057 randomly recruited individuals (mean age, 60.9 ± 16.3 years, 57.7% women) underwent periodontal clinical assessment and one-single BP measurement using an automated sphygmomanometer device. Logistic and linear regression models were used to estimate the odds of hypertension based on periodontitis case definitions. Mediation analysis was performed to understand the effect of age on the association of periodontitis with hypertension. Adjusted logistic model for gender, smoking habits and body mass index confirmed the association between high BP and periodontitis (OR = 2.31, 95%CI: 1.75–3.04, p < 0.001). Among 168 participants with undiagnosed high BP (15.9% of the study sample), 62.5% had periodontitis (n = 105). In this study, the association between periodontitis with both systolic blood pressure (SBP) (77.6%, p < 0.001) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (66.0%, p < 0.001) was mediated by age. Periodontitis is closely linked to BP in a representative Portuguese population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Health and Systemic Diseases)

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12 pages, 6849 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Metastatic Tumors of the Oro-Facial Tissues: Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. A Clinico-Pathological and Immunohistochemical Study of Seven Cases

by Saverio Capodiferro, Luisa Limongelli, Mauro Giuseppe Mastropasqua, Gianfranco Favia, Carlo Lajolo, Giuseppe Colella, Angela Tempesta and Eugenio Maiorano

J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9(4), 1151; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9041151 - 17 Apr 2020

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2866

Abstract

Metastases to orofacial tissues are infrequent, their incidence being 1%–8% of malignant oral tumors, sometimes manifesting as the first clinical sign of an occult cancer. Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the second most common metastatic carcinoma to the oro-facial tissues, involving the jawbones, [...] Read more.

Metastases to orofacial tissues are infrequent, their incidence being 1%–8% of malignant oral tumors, sometimes manifesting as the first clinical sign of an occult cancer. Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the second most common metastatic carcinoma to the oro-facial tissues, involving the jawbones, gingiva, oral mucosa, tongue or salivary glands. Also, RCC frequently displays a prominent clear cell component, which may predominate in the clear cell renal cell carcinoma subtype (CCRCC) and histologically mimic many other clear cell tumors, both benign and malignant, which can be epithelial (from keratinizing epithelia, cutaneous adnexa, salivary glands and odontogenic epithelium), melanocytic or mesenchymal in origin. In view of the necessity for prompt and accurate diagnosis of such unusual neoplasms, we report on the salient clinico-pathological features of 7 CCRCC metastatic to the oro-facial tissues, and highlight their immunohistochemical profile, to more accurately discriminate this neoplasm from other tumors of the oral cavity with a prominent clear cell component. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Health and Systemic Diseases)

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7 pages, 222 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Depression and Resting Masticatory Muscle Activity

by Grzegorz Zieliński, Aleksandra Byś, Michał Ginszt, Michał Baszczowski, Jacek Szkutnik, Piotr Majcher and Piotr Gawda

J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9(4), 1097; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9041097 - 12 Apr 2020

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2646

Abstract

Background: The aim of this study was to determine the influence of moderate depression determined based on Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMDs) Axis II on the bioelectrical resting activity of temporal muscles and masseter muscles. Methods: The research participants were 68 [...] Read more.

Background: The aim of this study was to determine the influence of moderate depression determined based on Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMDs) Axis II on the bioelectrical resting activity of temporal muscles and masseter muscles. Methods: The research participants were 68 healthy adult women. Of these, 46 people h (mean age: 22 ± 1 year) who had no temporomandibular disorders were selected for the research. They were divided based on results from RDC/TMDs (Axis II: scale’s measurement) into the study group with a moderate level of depression (23 people), rest of participants without symptoms of depression were classified to control group (23 people). The resting activity of temporal muscles and masseter muscles was examined by using BioEMGIII electromyograph. Two statistical analyses were used: Shapiro–Wilk test and Mann–Whitney U test. Results: Despite higher mean tensions of temporal muscles and masseter muscles in the group with depression, results findings were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Moderate depression determined based on the RDC/TMDs II axis questionnaire is not related to the resting activity of selected masticatory muscles. Further research should be continued on a larger group of respondents in order to establish the relationship between psychological factors and bioelectrical parameters of the masticatory muscles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Health and Systemic Diseases)

16 pages, 251 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Study of Enamel Defects and Dental Caries of Permanent Dentition in School Children with Intellectual Disability

by Karolina Gerreth, Justyna Opydo-Szymaczek and Maria Borysewicz-Lewicka

J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9(4), 1031; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9041031 - 06 Apr 2020

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3127

Abstract

Data concerning the prevalence of developmental enamel defects and their association with dental caries in individuals with intellectual disability are scarce. This paper aims to evaluate the prevalence and distribution of developmental enamel defects and dental caries in the permanent dentition of special-care [...] Read more.

Data concerning the prevalence of developmental enamel defects and their association with dental caries in individuals with intellectual disability are scarce. This paper aims to evaluate the prevalence and distribution of developmental enamel defects and dental caries in the permanent dentition of special-care school children from Poznan (Poland). Out of 1091 students attending all special-care schools in the city, the study covered 268 subjects with intellectual disability (mild, moderate, severe, and profound) with permanent dentition, aged 10–20. One calibrated dentist performed dental examinations. The Statistica Software v10 was used for statistical analysis, assuming the level of statistical significance p ≤ 0.05. Among the subjects of the study, 19.40% presented developmental enamel defects. The number of teeth with changes ranged from 1 to 28, with maxillary incisors most frequently affected. Students without developmental enamel defects had more teeth observed with active caries compared to those with such changes (10.92% vs. 7.82%, p < 0.01). The highest number of students with developmental defects of enamel was observed in the group of individuals with mild intellectual disabilities. The present study revealed that in special-care students from Poznan, enamel defects and dental caries were frequently observed. However, individuals with developmental enamel defects did not show higher dental caries indices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Health and Systemic Diseases)

11 pages, 1017 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Apical Periodontitis and Diabetes Mellitus Type 2: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Flor de Liz Pérez-Losada, Albert Estrugo-Devesa, Lissett Castellanos-Cosano, Juan José Segura-Egea, José López-López and Eugenio Velasco-Ortega

J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9(2), 540; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9020540 - 17 Feb 2020

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 4175

Abstract

Objective: Investigate if there is an association between apical periodontitis and diabetes mellitus. Material and methods: A bibliographic search was performed on Medline/PubMed, Scopus and Cochrane databases using the keywords apical periodontitis and diabetes mellitus. Published papers written in English and performed on [...] Read more.

Objective: Investigate if there is an association between apical periodontitis and diabetes mellitus. Material and methods: A bibliographic search was performed on Medline/PubMed, Scopus and Cochrane databases using the keywords apical periodontitis and diabetes mellitus. Published papers written in English and performed on animals or humans were included. Meta-analysis was performed using the OpenMeta (analyst) tool for the statistical analysis. The variables analyzed were the prevalence of Apical Periodontitis (AP) among teeth and patients with Diabetes Mellitus (DM). Results: Of the total studies found, only 21 met the inclusion criteria. Ten clinical studies on animals, ten studies on humans and a systematic review were included. Meta-analysis shows that the prevalence of teeth with apical periodontitis among patients with diabetes mellitus has an odds ratio of 1.166 corresponding to 507 teeth with AP + DM and 534 teeth with AP without DM. The prevalence of patients with AP and DM shows an odds ratio of 1.552 where 91 patients had AP + DM and 582 patients AP without DM. Conclusion: Scientific evidence suggests that there could be a common physiopathological factor between apical periodontitis and diabetes mellitus but more prospective studies are needed to investigate the association between these two diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Health and Systemic Diseases)

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15 pages, 869 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comprehensive Assessment of Orofacial Health and Disease Related Parameters in Adolescents with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis—A Cross-Sectional Study

by Cordula Leonie Merle, Robin Hoffmann, Jan Schmickler, Michael Rühlmann, Nadia Challakh, Rainer Haak, Gerhard Schmalz and Dirk Ziebolz

J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9(2), 513; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9020513 - 13 Feb 2020

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2508

Abstract

Background: The aim of this cross-sectional study was to investigate oral health and functional status of adolescents with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) and its possible link to disease specific parameters. Methods: Patients with JIA were recruited (November 2012–October 2014) and disease specific information [...] Read more.

Background: The aim of this cross-sectional study was to investigate oral health and functional status of adolescents with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) and its possible link to disease specific parameters. Methods: Patients with JIA were recruited (November 2012–October 2014) and disease specific information was extracted from patients’ records. Oral examination included: dental findings (decayed-, missing- and filled-teeth-index (dmf-t/DMF-T)), gingival inflammation (papilla-bleeding-index (PBI)) and periodontal screening index (PSI). Functional examination followed Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD). Additionally, modified Helkimo’s Clinical Dysfunction Index and radiographic scoring were recorded. Results: 59 JIA patients were included. The mean dmf-t/DMF-T was 2.6. Only one patient showed no signs of gingival inflammation, while 57.6% had a maximum PSI of 2 or less. Positive functional findings were assessed clinically in more than half of the patients. Major diagnosis by RDC/TMD was osteoarthrosis. Patients with at least one positive anamnestic or clinical functional finding revealed significantly higher radiographic scores (CI = 0.440, p = 0.022). Patients with increased c-reactive-protein had a significantly higher PBI (Z = –2.118, p = 0.034) and increased radiographic scores (CI = 0.408, p = 0.043). Conclusions: Adolescents suffering from JIA show high levels of caries experience and gingival inflammation. Temporomandibular joint dysfunction is often seen in JIA patients. Consequently, special dental care programs would be recommendable. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Health and Systemic Diseases)

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13 pages, 265 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Lack in Periodontal Care of Patients Suffering from Severe Heart Diseases—Results after 12 Months Follow-Up

by Dirk Ziebolz, Sylvia Friedrich, Christian Binner, Josephine Rast, Mirjam Eisner, Justus Wagner, Jan Schmickler, Tanja Kottmann, Rainer Haak, Michael A. Borger, Sven Lehmann, Andreas Oberbach, Jens Garbade and Gerhard Schmalz

J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9(2), 352; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9020352 - 27 Jan 2020

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2141

Abstract

Background: To assess whether the standardized recommendation of patients with heart failure (HF), left-ventricular assist device (LVAD) and heart transplantation (HTx) to visit their dentist leads to improved oral conditions after 12 months. Methods: Patients from the Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Leipzig Heart [...] Read more.

Background: To assess whether the standardized recommendation of patients with heart failure (HF), left-ventricular assist device (LVAD) and heart transplantation (HTx) to visit their dentist leads to improved oral conditions after 12 months. Methods: Patients from the Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Leipzig Heart Centre, Germany were examined at baseline and after 12 months. A dental (decayed-, missing-, and filled-teeth index (DMF-T)) and periodontal examination (periodontal probing depth, clinical attachment loss) was performed. At baseline, patients received a standardized recommendation to visit their dentist. At follow-up, a standardized questionnaire regarding the dental consultation was applied. Results: Eighty-eight participants (HTx: 31, LVAD: 43, HF: 14) were included. The majority of patients (79.5%) followed the recommendation to visit their dentist. Within the total cohort, periodontal treatment need was significantly reduced from 91% (baseline) to 75% (follow-up; p < 0.01). Only 10% of total cohort stated that they received periodontal treatment. The outcome in periodontal and dental treatment need at follow-up appointment revealed no statistically significant associations to the questionnaire regarding dentist consultation (p > 0.05). Conclusions: The simple recommendation to visit the dentist appears not enough to obtain sufficient dental and periodontal conditions in patients with severe heart diseases. Thereby, a lack in periodontal treatment of patients with HF, HTx and LVAD was identified, making interdisciplinary dental special care programs recommendable. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Health and Systemic Diseases)

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12 pages, 596 KiB

Open AccessReview

Association between Periodontal Diseases and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Systematic Review

by Cecilia Fabiana Márquez-Arrico, Javier Silvestre-Rangil, Laura Gutiérrez-Castillo, Mayte Martinez-Herrera, Francisco Javier Silvestre and Milagros Rocha

J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9(5), 1586; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9051586 - 23 May 2020

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3266

Abstract

Background: A convergent association between polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and periodontal disease, in particular chronic periodontitis (CP), has recently been proposed. The underlying molecular mechanisms of this association are not fully understood, though it is thought that chronic inflammation is responsible. Therefore, the [...] Read more.

Background: A convergent association between polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and periodontal disease, in particular chronic periodontitis (CP), has recently been proposed. The underlying molecular mechanisms of this association are not fully understood, though it is thought that chronic inflammation is responsible. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the association between periodontal disease—gingivitis and CP—and PCOS. Materials and Methods: The PICO (Participants, Intervention, Control, and Outcomes) question was as follows: “Is there an association between PCOS and CP?” A systematic review of three databases—PubMed, Embase and Scopus—was performed following PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. Original studies in human cohorts carried out in the last 10 years and including a control group were eligible for inclusion. Letters to the editor, case reports, and reviews were not considered. Results: Ten articles met all the selection criteria and provided a positive answer to the PICO question. Our review of these articles revealed an association between CP and PCOS, since periodontal parameters were altered more frequently in patients with these conditions than in healthy young women. This altered periodontal response in PCOS was associated with a proinflammatory status that seemed to increase susceptibility to periodontal disease. Conclusion: Patients with PCOS appear to be more susceptible to developing periodontal diseases than women without the pathology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Health and Systemic Diseases)

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17 pages, 866 KiB

Open AccessReview

by Gerhard Schmalz, Susann Patschan, Daniel Patschan and Dirk Ziebolz

J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9(4), 1172; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9041172 - 19 Apr 2020

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 3720

Abstract

Objectives: The aim of this systematic review was to assess the oral-health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) of adult patients with rheumatic diseases. Material and Methods: A systematic literature search was performed, including clinical studies on adults (aged at least 18 years) with a [...] Read more.

Objectives: The aim of this systematic review was to assess the oral-health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) of adult patients with rheumatic diseases. Material and Methods: A systematic literature search was performed, including clinical studies on adults (aged at least 18 years) with a verified diagnosis of rheumatic disease. Results: 26 out of 41 clinical studies including rheumatoid arthritis (RA, seven studies), systemic sclerosis (SSc, five), Sjögren syndrome (SS, eight), Behcet disease (BD, four), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE, one) and ankylosing spondylitis (AS, one) were found. In 15 studies, a healthy control group was recruited. The short form of the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP 14) was most frequently applied. The majority of studies (14/15) reported worse OHRQoL in patients with rheumatic disease compared to healthy individuals. In particular, patients with SS (salivary flow and composition) or BD (oral ulcers) showed a relation between OHRQoL and disease-specific oral manifestations. Most studies investigating subscales of OHRQoL (5/6) found the subscale physical disability to be predominantly affected in patients with rheumatic diseases. About half of the studies reported impaired psychosocial aspects. Conclusion: Patients with rheumatic diseases exhibit reduced OHRQoL, especially in diseases with oral manifestations like SS and BD. Physical affections due to oral diseases and psychosocial impairments caused by disease-related parameters must be recognized within patient-centered dental care. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Health and Systemic Diseases)

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