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Advanced Research in Myopia and Other Visual Disorders
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Advanced Research in Myopia and Other Visual Disorders

A special issue of Journal of Clinical Medicine (ISSN 2077-0383). This special issue belongs to the section "Ophthalmology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 28 February 2025 | Viewed by 6845

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Cristina Alvarez-Peregrina

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Optometry and Vision, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28037 Madrid, Spain
Interests: myopia; sport vision; optometry; visual health; refractive errors; contact lenses
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Clara Martinez-Perez

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
ISEC LISBOA—Instituto Superior de Educação e Ciências,1750-179 Lisboa, Portugal
Interests: myopia; binocular vision; epidemiology; eye disorders; refractive errors
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Miguel Angel Sánchez-Tena

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Optometry and Vision, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28037 Madrid, Spain
Interests: myopia; sport vision; contact lenses; work-related eye injuries; refractive errors
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Early detection and intervention of eye and visual disorders is especially important in childhood, given the rapid development of the visual system. It is well known that visual disorders (amblyopia, strabismus, binocular vision disorders or refractive errors) not detected in time or not corrected, can cause significant loss of vision, problems in daily activities, headache or ocular discomfort. These symptoms are mainly accentuated in near vision activities, which can negatively impact their reading efficiency and performance of school activities.

Refractive errors are the main cause of visual disorder in childhood. The increase in the prevalence of myopia during school age is a matter of great concern. It is considered the most common refractive error between 6 and 12 years of age and can cause irreversible visual impairment.

In this special issue, we invite original articles or reviews focused on the following, but not limited, potential topics:

  • Prevalence studies of myopia or other visual disorders
  • Risk and prevention factors of myopia or other visual disorders
  • Treatment and control methods of myopia or other visual disorders
  • Methods for detecting and measuring the risk of developing myopia or other visual disorders
  • Visual function and quality of life
  • Ocular pathologies in childhood.

You may choose our Joint Special Issue in IJERPH.

Dr. Cristina Alvarez-Peregrina
Dr. Clara Martinez-Perez
Dr. Miguel Angel Sánchez-Tena
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Journal of Clinical Medicine is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • refractive errors
  • visual disorders
  • epidemiology
  • myopia
  • children
  • interventions
  • prevention
  • risk factors
  • ocular pathologies

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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12 pages, 1239 KiB  
Article
Prevalence and Estimation of the Evolution of Myopia in Spanish Children
by Miguel Ángel Sánchez-Tena, Clara Martinez-Perez, Cesar Villa-Collar, Mariano González-Pérez, Ana González-Abad, Grupo de Investigación Alain Afflelou and Cristina Alvarez-Peregrina
J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(6), 1800; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13061800 - 21 Mar 2024
Viewed by 507
Abstract
Background: In recent decades, myopia has turned into a public health issue across the world. Between 1993 and 2016, the percentage of myopes increased from 10.4% to 34.2%. This study aims to analyze the myopia prevalence in Spanish children from five to [...] Read more.
Background: In recent decades, myopia has turned into a public health issue across the world. Between 1993 and 2016, the percentage of myopes increased from 10.4% to 34.2%. This study aims to analyze the myopia prevalence in Spanish children from five to seven years old over the last five years and to predict the rate of myopia in Spain by 2030. Methods: The sample consisted of children aged between 5 and 7, who underwent an optometric examination consisting of the measurement of visual acuity (VA) and determination of objective and subjective refraction. The cut-off points to define refractive error are established by the spherical equivalent (SE) value: hyperopia for an SE over or equal to +0.50 D; myopia for an SE under or equal to −0.50 D; and emmetropia when the SE is between −0.50 D and +0.50 D. Results: The myopia rate in Spanish children aged between five and seven was 19%. Myopia prevalence progressively increased as children grew up (p ≤ 0.001). It is estimated that, in the year 2030, the rate of myopia will be 30.2% [CI: 25.3–35.0], of which 81.9% [CI: 78.3–85.3] will have low myopia, 10.0% [CI: 7.2–12.8] moderate myopia, and 7.3% [CI: 4.9–9.7] high myopia. Conclusions: Nineteen percent of Spanish children between five and seven are myopes. In 2030, is expected that 30.2% of Spanish children between 5 and 7 years of age will be myopes. These estimations will support eye care professionals in recommending that children spend more time outdoors to prevent the onset of myopia and the use of methods to control myopia to avoid reaching these figures of high myopia. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research in Myopia and Other Visual Disorders)
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Review

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11 pages, 531 KiB  
Review
New Designs of Spectacle Lenses for the Control of Myopia Progression: A Scoping Review
by Marta Lupon, Carme Nolla and Genis Cardona
J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(4), 1157; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13041157 - 19 Feb 2024
Viewed by 896
Abstract
Myopia control with new designs of spectacle lenses is a flourishing area of research. The present work reviews the effectiveness of new designs (DIMSs, defocus-incorporated multiple segments; CARE, cylindrical annular refractive element; HALs/SALs, highly/slightly aspherical lenslets; DOT, diffusion optics technology) aiming at slowing [...] Read more.
Myopia control with new designs of spectacle lenses is a flourishing area of research. The present work reviews the effectiveness of new designs (DIMSs, defocus-incorporated multiple segments; CARE, cylindrical annular refractive element; HALs/SALs, highly/slightly aspherical lenslets; DOT, diffusion optics technology) aiming at slowing myopia progression. A search through the PubMed database was conducted for articles published between 1 January 2003 and 28 February 2023. Publications were included if they documented baseline central refraction (SER) and/or axial length (AL) data, and the change in these parameters, in myopic children wearing new designs of spectacle lenses (treatment group) compared to myopic children using single-vision lenses, SVLs (control group). The selection process revealed nine suitable articles. Comparing the mean and standard error values of the treatment and control groups, the highest differences in the change in the SER and AL were −0.80 (1.23) D [95% CI: −1.053 to −0.547; p < 0.001] and 0.35 (0.05) mm [95% CI: 0.252 to 0.448; p < 0.001], respectively; the effect of treatment provided by a HAL design, compared to SVLs, led to a deceleration of 54.8% in the SER and 50.7% in the AL. However, the heterogeneity of the results prevents reaching strong conclusions about the effectiveness of these new designs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research in Myopia and Other Visual Disorders)
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13 pages, 350 KiB  
Review
Risk Factors for Myopia: A Review
by Noelia Martínez-Albert, Inmaculada Bueno-Gimeno and Andrés Gené-Sampedro
J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12(18), 6062; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12186062 - 19 Sep 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3832
Abstract
Due to the myopia prevalence increase worldwide, this study aims to establish the most relevant risk factors associated with its development and progression. A review search was carried out using PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases to identify the main myopia risk [...] Read more.
Due to the myopia prevalence increase worldwide, this study aims to establish the most relevant risk factors associated with its development and progression. A review search was carried out using PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases to identify the main myopia risk factors. The inclusion criteria for the articles were those related to the topic, carried out in subjects from 5 to 30 years, published between January 2000 and May 2023, in English, and with the full text available. Myopia etiology has proven to be associated with both genetic and environmental factors as well as with gene–environment interaction. The risk of developing myopia increases in children with myopic parents (one parent ×2 times, two parents ×5 times). Regarding environmental factors, education is the main risk factor correlated with myopia prevalence increase. Further, several studies found that shorter distance (<30 cm) and longer time spent (>30 min) for near work increase the risk of myopia. Meanwhile, increased outdoor activity (>40 min/day) has been shown to be a key factor in reducing myopia incidence. In conclusion, the interventional strategy suggested so far to reduce myopia incidence is an increase in time outdoors and a reduction in the time spent performing near-work tasks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research in Myopia and Other Visual Disorders)
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Other

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14 pages, 2076 KiB  
Systematic Review
Systematic Review of Myopia Progression after Cessation of Optical Interventions for Myopia Control
by Yu-Chieh Chiu, Ping-Chiao Tsai, Ssu-Hsien Lee, Jen-Hung Wang and Cheng-Jen Chiu
J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(1), 53; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13010053 - 21 Dec 2023
Viewed by 1160
Abstract
Despite high discontinuation rates for myopia optical interventions, limited attention has been given to the potential rebound effects post-discontinuation. This systematic review aims to assess the extent of the rebound effects following the cessation of common clinical optical myopia-control interventions in children. A [...] Read more.
Despite high discontinuation rates for myopia optical interventions, limited attention has been given to the potential rebound effects post-discontinuation. This systematic review aims to assess the extent of the rebound effects following the cessation of common clinical optical myopia-control interventions in children. A comprehensive search of PubMed, Embase, Cochrane CENTRAL, and ClinicalTrials.gov was conducted from inception to October 2023. The rebound effects, defined as changes in the axial length or spherical equivalent during and after treatment cessation, were categorized into four levels. These studies encompassed 703 participants and spanned from 2019 to 2023, with durations of treatment and cessation ranging from 6 months to 3.5 years and from 2 weeks to 5 years, respectively. This review, encompassing 14 studies, revealed a predominant strong rebound effect in orthokeratology (8 studies), a weak rebound effect in multifocal soft contact lenses (4 studies), and a variable rebound effect in peripheral-plus spectacle lenses (2 studies). Notably, with the increasing cessation duration, the rebound effects diminished, potentially linked to the reversal of choroidal thickening and the disappearance of peripheral myopic defocus. In conclusion, a temporal trend of rebound effects exists in all three myopia optical interventions, possibly contributing to their myopia control mechanisms. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research in Myopia and Other Visual Disorders)
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Planned Papers

The below list represents only planned manuscripts. Some of these manuscripts have not been received by the Editorial Office yet. Papers submitted to MDPI journals are subject to peer-review.

Title: Refractive errors of school children from economically disadvantaged areas in Northwest México
Authors: Emiliano Terán
Affiliation: Faculty of Physical-Mathematical Sciences, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan 80040, Sinaloa, Mexico
Abstract: Background: Refractive errors, including myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism, are the leading causes of visual impairment in school-aged children and can significantly impact their academic performance and quality of life. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of refractive errors among school children from economically disadvantaged areas in Northwest México, using a consistent methodology to facilitate comparison with global data. Methods: In our investigation, we assessed 2,422 school-aged children from Northwest México, ranging from 6 to 18 years old. The cohort consisted of 1,241 females (51.24%) and 1,181 males (48.76%). Employing the Refractive Error Study in Children (RESC) protocol, endorsed by the World Health Organization, our trained optometrists conducted thorough visual acuity assessments and static retinoscopy using a cycloplegic agent to guarantee precise refractive error determinations. The study aimed to determine the prevalence rates of myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism within this demographic. Results: The study found a myopia (spherical equivalent ≤ -0.50 D at least one eye) prevalence of 14.55% (95% CI: 13.27 - 15.91), with a higher incidence in females (6.92%) compared to males (6.00%). Hyperopia (spherical equivalent ≥+1.00 D at least one eye) was less common, at 3.23% (95% CI: 2.61 - 3.95), with a slightly higher occurrence in males. Astigmatism (Cylinder ≥ 0.75 D at least one eye) was present in 18.63% (95% CI: 17.21 - 20.12) of the students, with no significant difference between genders. These findings are consistent with other studies in regions such as Puerto Rico and Iran, indicating widespread refractive error issues among schoolchildren. Conclusions: The high prevalence of refractive errors, particularly myopia and astigmatism, highlights the critical need for regular vision screenings in schools and the implementation of public health interventions to provide corrective eyewear. Our study confirms the importance of utilizing standardized methodologies like the RESC protocol to compare refractive error prevalence across different geographical and socio-economic contexts, thereby informing global public health strategies.

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