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Dry Eye Disease: Risk Factors, Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention Measures
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Dry Eye Disease: Risk Factors, Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention Measures

A special issue of Journal of Clinical Medicine (ISSN 2077-0383). This special issue belongs to the section "Ophthalmology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2024) | Viewed by 2774

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. James J. Wolffsohn

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. Optometry and Vision Sciences Research Group, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
2. Ocular Surface Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
Interests: dry eye disease; contact lenses; intraocular lenses; presbyopia; ophthalmic instrumentation; accommodation
Prof. Dr. Jennifer P. Craig

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. Ocular Surface Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
2. Optometry and Vision Sciences Research Group, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
3. Centre for Ocular Research and Education, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
Interests: dry eye disease; ocular surface disease; meibomian gland dysfunction; tear film; contact lenses; microbial keratitis; refractive surgery
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Dry eyes are a common and debilitating chronic disease, with around one-third of the adult population affected and a growing incidence among children. The Tear Film and Ocular Surface Society Dry Eye Workshops (TFOS DEWS I and TFOS DEWS II) summarized the latest evidence to inform practice, but a lot of research is still needed to inform clinical practice to optimally enhance patients’ quality of life.

This Special Issue aims to showcase some of the latest research on epidemiology (including risk factors) and the diagnosis (including instrumentation/techniques) and management (including predictive markers) of dry eyes. Therefore, we invite original research and state-of-the-art review submissions. In particular, we would like to encourage the submission of manuscripts that will assist clinicians to develop better treatment decision trees to improve the long-term outcome of patients with dry eye disease.

We look forward to your submissions!

Prof. Dr. James J. Wolffsohn
Prof. Dr. Jennifer P. Craig
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Journal of Clinical Medicine is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • dry eye disease
  • meibomian gland dysfunction
  • epidemiology
  • diagnosis
  • management
  • risk factors

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

11 pages, 1078 KiB  
Article
Associations between Corneal Nerve Structure and Function in a Veteran Population
by Mohammad Ayoubi, Kimberly Cabrera, Elyana VT Locatelli, Elizabeth R. Felix and Anat Galor
J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(9), 2513; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13092513 - 25 Apr 2024
Viewed by 237
Abstract
Background: We evaluate the relationship between corneal nerve structure and function in a veteran population. Methods: 83 veterans (mean age: 55 ± 5 years) seen at the Miami Veterans Affairs (VA) eye clinic were included in this study. Each individual filled out questionnaires [...] Read more.
Background: We evaluate the relationship between corneal nerve structure and function in a veteran population. Methods: 83 veterans (mean age: 55 ± 5 years) seen at the Miami Veterans Affairs (VA) eye clinic were included in this study. Each individual filled out questionnaires to evaluate ocular symptoms (5-Item Dry Eye Questionnaire, DEQ5; Ocular Surface Disease Index, OSDI) and ocular pain (Numerical Rating Scale, NRS; Neuropathic Pain Symptom Inventory modified for the Eye, NPSI-Eye). The individuals also underwent an ocular surface examination that captured functional nerve tests including corneal sensation, corneal staining, and the Schirmer test for tear production. Corneal sub-basal nerve analysis was conducted using in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) images with corneal nerve density, length, area, width, and fractal dimension captured. IVCM and functional corneal metrics from the right eye were examined using correlational and linear regression analysis. Results: Most corneal structural metrics were not related to functional metrics, except for weak correlations between various IVCM metrics and tear production. In addition, corneal nerve fiber area was positively related to corneal sensation (r = 0.3, p = 0.01). On linear regression analyses, only the corneal fractal dimension remained significantly related to tear production (β = −0.26, p = 0.02) and only the corneal nerve fiber area remained significantly related to corneal sensation (β = 0.3, p = 0.01). Conclusions: Most corneal nerve structural metrics did not relate to functional metrics in our veteran population, apart from a few weak correlations between structural metrics and tear production. This suggests that using corneal nerve anatomy alone may be insufficient for predicting corneal function. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dry Eye Disease: Risk Factors, Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention Measures)
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11 pages, 233 KiB  
Article
Post-Blink Blur Time—A Simple Test to Detect Dry Eye-Related Visual Disturbances
by Igor Petriček, Dina Lešin Gaćina, Martina Tomić, Tomislav Bulum, Iva Bešlić and Sania Vidas Pauk
J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(9), 2473; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13092473 - 24 Apr 2024
Viewed by 193
Abstract
Background: Dry eye disease (DED) stands out as one of the most common eye conditions encountered in clinical settings. This study aimed to determine the diagnostic ability and feasibility of post-blink blur time (PBBT) in detecting patients with DED symptoms. Methods: [...] Read more.
Background: Dry eye disease (DED) stands out as one of the most common eye conditions encountered in clinical settings. This study aimed to determine the diagnostic ability and feasibility of post-blink blur time (PBBT) in detecting patients with DED symptoms. Methods: The study included 200 subjects, 100 with and 100 without DED symptoms defined by the Schein questionnaire, who underwent assessment of DED signs [visual acuity, PBBT, conjunctival hyperemia, lid-parallel conjunctival folds—LIPCOF, tear film break-up time—TBUT, fluorescein corneal staining, and meibum score]. Results: DED subjects had a lower PBBT than controls (p < 0.001), with subjective (6 (1–45) s vs. 8 (1–70) s) and objective (6 (2–33) s vs. 8 (2–50) s) PBBT measurements being similar between repeats. The correlations between subjective and objective PBBT measurements were significantly positive (R = 0.873, p < 0.001). Subjective PBBT was negatively related to the Schein questionnaire (R = −0.217, p = 0.002), conjunctival hyperemia (R = −0.105, p = 0.035), and corneal staining (R = −0.153, p = 0.031), while positively related to the TBUT (R = 0.382, p < 0.001) and meibum score (R = 0.106, p = 0.033). Logistic regression analysis showed DED symptoms were significantly associated with subjective PBBT (AOR 0.91, p = 0.001), TBUT (AOR 0.79, p < 0.001), meibum score (AOR 0.65, p = 0.008), LIPCOF (AOR 1.18, p = 0.002) and corneal staining (AOR 1.14, p = 0.028). Conclusions: Subjective self-reported PBBT is a reliable and non-invasive screening test for evaluating time-wise changes in visual acuity and detecting a tear film dysfunction. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dry Eye Disease: Risk Factors, Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention Measures)
12 pages, 472 KiB  
Article
A Comprehensive Study on Tear Meniscus Height Inter-Eye Differences in Aqueous Deficient Dry Eye Diagnosis
by Hugo Pena-Verdeal, Jacobo Garcia-Queiruga, Belen Sabucedo-Villamarin, Carlos Garcia-Resua, Maria J. Giraldez and Eva Yebra-Pimentel
J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(3), 659; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13030659 - 23 Jan 2024
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Abstract
(1) Background: Dry eye disease (DED) is a chronic ocular surface condition that requires precise diagnostic tools. The present study aimed to investigate the diagnostic potential of the absolute inter-eye difference (|OD-OS|) in tear meniscus height (TMH) for the detection of the presence [...] Read more.
(1) Background: Dry eye disease (DED) is a chronic ocular surface condition that requires precise diagnostic tools. The present study aimed to investigate the diagnostic potential of the absolute inter-eye difference (|OD-OS|) in tear meniscus height (TMH) for the detection of the presence of aqueous deficient dry eye (ADDE). (2) Methods: A sample of 260 participants with dry eye complaints underwent ocular surface examinations thorough diagnostic assessments based on the Tear Film and Ocular Surface Society guidelines (TFOS DEWS II). Participants were subsequently categorized as No ADDE and ADDE based on TMH. Statistical analyses to determine the optimal TMH|OD-OS| cut-off value in a randomly selected study group (200 participants) were performed, while a separate validation analysis of the cut-off value obtained in a random cross-validation group (60 participants) was also performed. (3) Results: The significant diagnostic capability of TMH|OD-OS| (area under the curve = 0.719 ± 0.036, p < 0.001) was found. The identified cut-off value of 0.033 mm demonstrated reliable specificity (77.6%) and moderate sensitivity (59.1%). Cross-validation confirmed the cut-off value’s association with the TFOS DEWS II diagnostic criterion (Cramer’s V = 0.354, p = 0.006). (4) Conclusions: The present study provides evidence for the diagnostic potential of TMH|OD-OS| in identifying ADDE. The identified cut-off value enhances the specificity and offers moderate sensitivity, providing an objective tool for clinical decision making. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dry Eye Disease: Risk Factors, Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention Measures)
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20 pages, 1580 KiB  
Article
The Association of Dry Eye Disease with Functional Visual Acuity and Quality of Life
by Lydia Hui-Peng Tan and Louis Tong
J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12(23), 7484; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12237484 - 04 Dec 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 975
Abstract
Background: Dry eye disease (DED) is a common chronic condition with increasing prevalence. Standard discriminative visual acuity is not reflective of real-world visual function, as patients can achieve normal acuities by blinking. Methods: Participants recruited from a tertiary referral eye centre were divided [...] Read more.
Background: Dry eye disease (DED) is a common chronic condition with increasing prevalence. Standard discriminative visual acuity is not reflective of real-world visual function, as patients can achieve normal acuities by blinking. Methods: Participants recruited from a tertiary referral eye centre were divided into two groups—Severe DED (with significant, central staining) and Mild DED (absence of such staining). Functional Visual Acuity (FVA) in both groups was assessed using the DryeyeKT mobile application and Impact of Vision Impairment (IVI) questionnaire to assess quality of life (QOL). Results: Among the 78 participants (74.4% women), 30 (38.5%) had Severe DED and 48 (61.5%) Mild DED. In women, Severe DED produced a significantly worse FVA of 0.53 ± 0.20 vs. 0.73 ± 0.30 in the Mild DED group (p = 0.006). FVA decreased with increasing age, showing a significant inverse correlation (r = −0.55). A poorer FVA ≤ 0.6 was seen in older patients (68.2 years ± 7.68) vs. an FVA > 0.6 in younger patients (58.9 years ± 10.7), p < 0.001. When adjusting for age, FVA was still 0.107 lower in the Severe DED group, p = 0.003. There was significant difficulty in performing specific daily activities in the Severe DED group, after adjusting for age, gender and FVA. Conclusions: FVA is reduced in severe DED and older people. Severe DED significantly impacts certain aspects of QOL. However, no significant relationship was found between FVA and QOL. FVA is not the only reason for the compromise of health-related QOL in severe dry eye. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dry Eye Disease: Risk Factors, Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention Measures)
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