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17 pages, 1874 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Open Data for Differential Network Analysis in Glioma

by Claire Jean-Quartier, Fleur Jeanquartier and Andreas Holzinger

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(2), 547; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21020547 - 15 Jan 2020

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3583

The complexity of cancer diseases demands bioinformatic techniques and translational research based on big data and personalized medicine. Open data enables researchers to accelerate cancer studies, save resources and foster collaboration. Several tools and programming approaches are available for analyzing data, including annotation, [...] Read more.

The complexity of cancer diseases demands bioinformatic techniques and translational research based on big data and personalized medicine. Open data enables researchers to accelerate cancer studies, save resources and foster collaboration. Several tools and programming approaches are available for analyzing data, including annotation, clustering, comparison and extrapolation, merging, enrichment, functional association and statistics. We exploit openly available data via cancer gene expression analysis, we apply refinement as well as enrichment analysis via gene ontology and conclude with graph-based visualization of involved protein interaction networks as a basis for signaling. The different databases allowed for the construction of huge networks or specified ones consisting of high-confidence interactions only. Several genes associated to glioma were isolated via a network analysis from top hub nodes as well as from an outlier analysis. The latter approach highlights a mitogen-activated protein kinase next to a member of histondeacetylases and a protein phosphatase as genes uncommonly associated with glioma. Cluster analysis from top hub nodes lists several identified glioma-associated gene products to function within protein complexes, including epidermal growth factors as well as cell cycle proteins or RAS proto-oncogenes. By using selected exemplary tools and open-access resources for cancer research and differential network analysis, we highlight disturbed signaling components in brain cancer subtypes of glioma. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Data Analysis and Integration in Cancer Research)

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23 pages, 11422 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Integrated Pan-Cancer Analysis and Structure-Based Virtual Screening of GPR15

by Yanjing Wang, Xiangeng Wang, Yi Xiong, Cheng-Dong Li, Qin Xu, Lu Shen, Aman Chandra Kaushik and Dong-Qing Wei

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20(24), 6226; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20246226 - 10 Dec 2019

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 5671

Abstract

G protein-coupled receptor 15 (GPR15, also known as BOB) is an extensively studied orphan G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) involving human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, colonic inflammation, and smoking-related diseases. Recently, GPR15 was deorphanized and its corresponding natural ligand demonstrated an ability to inhibit [...] Read more.

G protein-coupled receptor 15 (GPR15, also known as BOB) is an extensively studied orphan G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) involving human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, colonic inflammation, and smoking-related diseases. Recently, GPR15 was deorphanized and its corresponding natural ligand demonstrated an ability to inhibit cancer cell growth. However, no study reported the potential role of GPR15 in a pan-cancer manner. Using large-scale publicly available data from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) databases, we found that GPR15 expression is significantly lower in colon adenocarcinoma (COAD) and rectal adenocarcinoma (READ) than in normal tissues. Among 33 cancer types, GPR15 expression was significantly positively correlated with the prognoses of COAD, neck squamous carcinoma (HNSC), and lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) and significantly negatively correlated with stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD). This study also revealed that commonly upregulated gene sets in the high GPR15 expression group (stratified via median) of COAD, HNSC, LUAD, and STAD are enriched in immune systems, indicating that GPR15 might be considered as a potential target for cancer immunotherapy. Furthermore, we modelled the 3D structure of GPR15 and conducted structure-based virtual screening. The top eight hit compounds were screened and then subjected to molecular dynamics (MD) simulation for stability analysis. Our study provides novel insights into the role of GPR15 in a pan-cancer manner and discovered a potential hit compound for GPR15 antagonists. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Data Analysis and Integration in Cancer Research)

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14 pages, 2090 KiB

Open AccessArticle

RankerGUI: A Computational Framework to Compare Differential Gene Expression Profiles Using Rank Based Statistics

by Amarinder Singh Thind, Kumar Parijat Tripathi and Mario Rosario Guarracino

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20(23), 6098; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20236098 - 03 Dec 2019

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 5398

Abstract

The comparison of high throughput gene expression datasets obtained from different experimental conditions is a challenging task. It provides an opportunity to explore the cellular response to various biological events such as disease, environmental conditions, and drugs. There is a need for tools [...] Read more.

The comparison of high throughput gene expression datasets obtained from different experimental conditions is a challenging task. It provides an opportunity to explore the cellular response to various biological events such as disease, environmental conditions, and drugs. There is a need for tools that allow the integration and analysis of such data. We developed the “RankerGUI pipeline”, a user-friendly web application for the biological community. It allows users to use various rank based statistical approaches for the comparison of full differential gene expression profiles between the same or different biological states obtained from different sources. The pipeline modules are an integration of various open-source packages, a few of which are modified for extended functionality. The main modules include rank rank hypergeometric overlap, enriched rank rank hypergeometric overlap and distance calculations. Additionally, preprocessing steps such as merging differential expression profiles of multiple independent studies can be added before running the main modules. Output plots show the strength, pattern, and trends among complete differential expression profiles. In this paper, we describe the various modules and functionalities of the developed pipeline. We also present a case study that demonstrates how the pipeline can be used for the comparison of differential expression profiles obtained from multiple platforms’ data of the Gene Expression Omnibus. Using these comparisons, we investigate gene expression patterns in kidney and lung cancers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Data Analysis and Integration in Cancer Research)

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20 pages, 4000 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Gene Signature of Survival Prediction for Kidney Renal Cell Carcinoma by Multi-Omic Data Analysis

by Fuyan Hu, Wenying Zeng and Xiaoping Liu

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20(22), 5720; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20225720 - 14 Nov 2019

Cited by 34 | Viewed by 3774

Abstract

Kidney renal cell carcinoma (KIRC), which is the most common subtype of kidney cancer, has a poor prognosis and a high mortality rate. In this study, a multi-omics analysis is performed to build a multi-gene prognosis signature for KIRC. A combination of a [...] Read more.

Kidney renal cell carcinoma (KIRC), which is the most common subtype of kidney cancer, has a poor prognosis and a high mortality rate. In this study, a multi-omics analysis is performed to build a multi-gene prognosis signature for KIRC. A combination of a DNA methylation analysis and a gene expression data analysis revealed 863 methylated differentially expressed genes (MDEGs). Seven MDEGs (BID, CCNF, DLX4, FAM72D, PYCR1, RUNX1, and TRIP13) were further screened using LASSO Cox regression and integrated into a prognostic risk score model. Then, KIRC patients were divided into high- and low-risk groups. A univariate cox regression analysis revealed a significant association between the high-risk group and a poor prognosis. The time-dependent receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve shows that the risk group performs well in predicting overall survival. Furthermore, the risk group is contained in the best multivariate model that was obtained by a multivariate stepwise analysis, which further confirms that the risk group can be used as a potential prognostic biomarker. In addition, a nomogram was established for the best multivariate model and shown to perform well in predicting the survival of KIRC patients. In summary, a seven-MDEG signature is a powerful prognosis factor for KIRC patients and may provide useful suggestions for their personalized therapy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Data Analysis and Integration in Cancer Research)

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15 pages, 4788 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Molecular Inverse Comorbidity between Alzheimer’s Disease and Lung Cancer: New Insights from Matrix Factorization

by Alessandro Greco, Jon Sanchez Valle, Vera Pancaldi, Anaïs Baudot, Emmanuel Barillot, Michele Caselle, Alfonso Valencia, Andrei Zinovyev and Laura Cantini

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20(13), 3114; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20133114 - 26 Jun 2019

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3969

Abstract

Matrix factorization (MF) is an established paradigm for large-scale biological data analysis with tremendous potential in computational biology. Here, we challenge MF in depicting the molecular bases of epidemiologically described disease–disease (DD) relationships. As a use case, we focus on the inverse comorbidity [...] Read more.

Matrix factorization (MF) is an established paradigm for large-scale biological data analysis with tremendous potential in computational biology. Here, we challenge MF in depicting the molecular bases of epidemiologically described disease–disease (DD) relationships. As a use case, we focus on the inverse comorbidity association between Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and lung cancer (LC), described as a lower than expected probability of developing LC in AD patients. To this day, the molecular mechanisms underlying DD relationships remain poorly explained and their better characterization might offer unprecedented clinical opportunities. To this goal, we extend our previously designed MF-based framework for the molecular characterization of DD relationships. Considering AD–LC inverse comorbidity as a case study, we highlight multiple molecular mechanisms, among which we confirm the involvement of processes related to the immune system and mitochondrial metabolism. We then distinguish mechanisms specific to LC from those shared with other cancers through a pan-cancer analysis. Additionally, new candidate molecular players, such as estrogen receptor (ER), cadherin 1 (CDH1) and histone deacetylase (HDAC), are pinpointed as factors that might underlie the inverse relationship, opening the way to new investigations. Finally, some lung cancer subtype-specific factors are also detected, also suggesting the existence of heterogeneity across patients in the context of inverse comorbidity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Data Analysis and Integration in Cancer Research)

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13 pages, 2464 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Chromogranin-A Expression as a Novel Biomarker for Early Diagnosis of Colon Cancer Patients

by Xueli Zhang, Hong Zhang, Bairong Shen and Xiao-Feng Sun

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20(12), 2919; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20122919 - 14 Jun 2019

Cited by 35 | Viewed by 4597

Abstract

Colon cancer is one of the major causes of cancer death worldwide. The five-year survival rate for the early-stage patients is more than 90%, and only around 10% for the later stages. Moreover, half of the colon cancer patients have been clinically diagnosed [...] Read more.

Colon cancer is one of the major causes of cancer death worldwide. The five-year survival rate for the early-stage patients is more than 90%, and only around 10% for the later stages. Moreover, half of the colon cancer patients have been clinically diagnosed at the later stages. It is; therefore, of importance to enhance the ability for the early diagnosis of colon cancer. Taking advantages from our previous studies, there are several potential biomarkers which have been associated with the early diagnosis of the colon cancer. In order to investigate these early diagnostic biomarkers for colon cancer, human chromogranin-A (CHGA) was further analyzed among the most powerful diagnostic biomarkers. In this study, we used a logistic regression-based meta-analysis to clarify associations of CHGA expression with colon cancer diagnosis. Both healthy populations and the normal mucosa from the colon cancer patients were selected as the double normal controls. The results showed decreased expression of CHGA in the early stages of colon cancer as compared to the normal controls. The decline of CHGA expression in the early stages of colon cancer is probably a new diagnostic biomarker for colon cancer diagnosis with high predicting possibility and verification performance. We have also compared the diagnostic powers of CHGA expression with the typical oncogene KRAS, classic tumor suppressor TP53, and well-known cellular proliferation index MKI67, and the CHGA showed stronger ability to predict early diagnosis for colon cancer than these other cancer biomarkers. In the protein–protein interaction (PPI) network, CHGA was revealed to share some common pathways with KRAS and TP53. CHGA might be considered as a novel, promising, and powerful biomarker for early diagnosis of colon cancer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Data Analysis and Integration in Cancer Research)

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21 pages, 2308 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Prediction Model for Preoperative Risk Assessment in Endometrial Cancer Utilizing Clinical and Molecular Variables

by Erin A. Salinas, Marina D. Miller, Andreea M. Newtson, Deepti Sharma, Megan E. McDonald, Matthew E. Keeney, Brian J. Smith, David P. Bender, Michael J. Goodheart, Kristina W. Thiel, Eric J. Devor, Kimberly K. Leslie and Jesus Gonzalez Bosquet

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20(5), 1205; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20051205 - 09 Mar 2019

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3381

Abstract

The utility of comprehensive surgical staging in patients with low risk disease has been questioned. Thus, a reliable means of determining risk would be quite useful. The aim of our study was to create the best performing prediction model to classify endometrioid endometrial [...] Read more.

The utility of comprehensive surgical staging in patients with low risk disease has been questioned. Thus, a reliable means of determining risk would be quite useful. The aim of our study was to create the best performing prediction model to classify endometrioid endometrial cancer (EEC) patients into low or high risk using a combination of molecular and clinical-pathological variables. We then validated these models with publicly available datasets. Analyses between low and high risk EEC were performed using clinical and pathological data, gene and miRNA expression data, gene copy number variation and somatic mutation data. Variables were selected to be included in the prediction model of risk using cross-validation analysis; prediction models were then constructed using these variables. Model performance was assessed by area under the curve (AUC). Prediction models were validated using appropriate datasets in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases. A prediction model with only clinical variables performed at 88%. Integrating clinical and molecular data improved prediction performance up to 97%. The best prediction models included clinical, miRNA expression and/or somatic mutation data, and stratified pre-operative risk in EEC patients. Integrating molecular and clinical data improved the performance of prediction models to over 95%, resulting in potentially useful clinical tests. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Data Analysis and Integration in Cancer Research)

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10 pages, 1827 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Population Substructure Has Implications in Validating Next-Generation Cancer Genomics Studies with TCGA

by Marina D. Miller, Eric J. Devor, Erin A. Salinas, Andreea M. Newtson, Michael J. Goodheart, Kimberly K. Leslie and Jesus Gonzalez-Bosquet

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20(5), 1192; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20051192 - 08 Mar 2019

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2617

Abstract

In the era of large genetic and genomic datasets, it has become crucially important to validate results of individual studies using data from publicly available sources, such as The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). However, how generalizable are results from either an independent or [...] Read more.

In the era of large genetic and genomic datasets, it has become crucially important to validate results of individual studies using data from publicly available sources, such as The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). However, how generalizable are results from either an independent or a large public dataset to the remainder of the population? The study presented here aims to answer that question. Utilizing next generation sequencing data from endometrial and ovarian cancer patients from both the University of Iowa and TCGA, genomic admixture of each population was analyzed using STRUCTURE and ADMIXTURE software. In our independent data set, one subpopulation was identified, whereas in TCGA 4–6 subpopulations were identified. Data presented here demonstrate how different the genetic substructures of the TCGA and University of Iowa populations are. Validation of genomic studies between two different population samples must be aware of, account for and be corrected for background genetic substructure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Data Analysis and Integration in Cancer Research)

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15 pages, 2045 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Molecular Characterization of Non-responders to Chemotherapy in Serous Ovarian Cancer

by Megan E. McDonald, Erin A. Salinas, Eric J. Devor, Andreea M. Newtson, Kristina W. Thiel, Michael J. Goodheart, David P. Bender, Brian J. Smith, Kimberly K. Leslie and Jesus Gonzalez-Bosquet

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20(5), 1175; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20051175 - 07 Mar 2019

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3420

Abstract

Nearly one-third of patients with high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSC) do not respond to initial treatment with platinum-based therapy. Genomic and clinical characterization of these patients may lead to potential alternative therapies. Here, the objective is to classify non-responders into subsets using clinical [...] Read more.

Nearly one-third of patients with high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSC) do not respond to initial treatment with platinum-based therapy. Genomic and clinical characterization of these patients may lead to potential alternative therapies. Here, the objective is to classify non-responders into subsets using clinical and molecular features. Using patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset with platinum-resistant or platinum-refractory HGSC, we performed a genome-wide unsupervised cluster analysis that integrated clinical data, gene copy number variations, gene somatic mutations, and DNA promoter methylation. Pathway enrichment analysis was performed for each cluster to identify the targetable processes. Following the unsupervised cluster analysis, three distinct clusters of non-responders emerged. Cluster 1 had overrepresentation of the stage IV disease and suboptimal debulking, under-expression of miRNAs and mRNAs, hypomethylated DNA, “loss of function” TP53 mutations, and the overexpression of genes in the PDGFR pathway. Cluster 2 had low miRNA expression, generalized hypermethylation, MUC17 mutations, and significant activation of the HIF-1 signaling pathway. Cluster 3 had more optimally cytoreduced stage III patients, overexpression of miRNAs, mixed methylation patterns, and “gain of function” TP53 mutations. However, the survival for all clusters was similar. Integration of genomic and clinical data from patients that do not respond to chemotherapy has identified different subgroups or clusters. Pathway analysis further identified the potential alternative therapeutic targets for each cluster. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Data Analysis and Integration in Cancer Research)

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Review

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15 pages, 472 KiB

Open AccessReview

Knowledge Generation with Rule Induction in Cancer Omics

by Giovanni Scala, Antonio Federico, Vittorio Fortino, Dario Greco and Barbara Majello

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(1), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21010018 - 18 Dec 2019

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3455

Abstract

The explosion of omics data availability in cancer research has boosted the knowledge of the molecular basis of cancer, although the strategies for its definitive resolution are still not well established. The complexity of cancer biology, given by the high heterogeneity of cancer [...] Read more.

The explosion of omics data availability in cancer research has boosted the knowledge of the molecular basis of cancer, although the strategies for its definitive resolution are still not well established. The complexity of cancer biology, given by the high heterogeneity of cancer cells, leads to the development of pharmacoresistance for many patients, hampering the efficacy of therapeutic approaches. Machine learning techniques have been implemented to extract knowledge from cancer omics data in order to address fundamental issues in cancer research, as well as the classification of clinically relevant sub-groups of patients and for the identification of biomarkers for disease risk and prognosis. Rule induction algorithms are a group of pattern discovery approaches that represents discovered relationships in the form of human readable associative rules. The application of such techniques to the modern plethora of collected cancer omics data can effectively boost our understanding of cancer-related mechanisms. In fact, the capability of these methods to extract a huge amount of human readable knowledge will eventually help to uncover unknown relationships between molecular attributes and the malignant phenotype. In this review, we describe applications and strategies for the usage of rule induction approaches in cancer omics data analysis. In particular, we explore the canonical applications and the future challenges and opportunities posed by multi-omics integration problems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Data Analysis and Integration in Cancer Research)

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22 pages, 1488 KiB

Open AccessReview

TCGA-TCIA Impact on Radiogenomics Cancer Research: A Systematic Review

by Mario Zanfardino, Katia Pane, Peppino Mirabelli, Marco Salvatore and Monica Franzese

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20(23), 6033; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20236033 - 29 Nov 2019

Cited by 38 | Viewed by 5533

Abstract

In the last decade, the development of radiogenomics research has produced a significant amount of papers describing relations between imaging features and several molecular ‘omic signatures arising from next-generation sequencing technology and their potential role in the integrated diagnostic field. The most vulnerable [...] Read more.

In the last decade, the development of radiogenomics research has produced a significant amount of papers describing relations between imaging features and several molecular ‘omic signatures arising from next-generation sequencing technology and their potential role in the integrated diagnostic field. The most vulnerable point of many of these studies lies in the poor number of involved patients. In this scenario, a leading role is played by The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and The Cancer Imaging Archive (TCIA), which make available, respectively, molecular ‘omic data and linked imaging data. In this review, we systematically collected and analyzed radiogenomic studies based on TCGA-TCIA data. We organized literature per tumor type and molecular ‘omic data in order to discuss salient imaging genomic associations and limitations of each study. Finally, we outlined the potential clinical impact of radiogenomics to improve the accuracy of diagnosis and the prediction of patient outcomes in oncology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Data Analysis and Integration in Cancer Research)

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27 pages, 5023 KiB

Open AccessReview

Independent Component Analysis for Unraveling the Complexity of Cancer Omics Datasets

by Nicolas Sompairac, Petr V. Nazarov, Urszula Czerwinska, Laura Cantini, Anne Biton, Askhat Molkenov, Zhaxybay Zhumadilov, Emmanuel Barillot, Francois Radvanyi, Alexander Gorban, Ulykbek Kairov and Andrei Zinovyev

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20(18), 4414; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20184414 - 07 Sep 2019

Cited by 51 | Viewed by 7349

Abstract

Independent component analysis (ICA) is a matrix factorization approach where the signals captured by each individual matrix factors are optimized to become as mutually independent as possible. Initially suggested for solving source blind separation problems in various fields, ICA was shown to be [...] Read more.

Independent component analysis (ICA) is a matrix factorization approach where the signals captured by each individual matrix factors are optimized to become as mutually independent as possible. Initially suggested for solving source blind separation problems in various fields, ICA was shown to be successful in analyzing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and other types of biomedical data. In the last twenty years, ICA became a part of the standard machine learning toolbox, together with other matrix factorization methods such as principal component analysis (PCA) and non-negative matrix factorization (NMF). Here, we review a number of recent works where ICA was shown to be a useful tool for unraveling the complexity of cancer biology from the analysis of different types of omics data, mainly collected for tumoral samples. Such works highlight the use of ICA in dimensionality reduction, deconvolution, data pre-processing, meta-analysis, and others applied to different data types (transcriptome, methylome, proteome, single-cell data). We particularly focus on the technical aspects of ICA application in omics studies such as using different protocols, determining the optimal number of components, assessing and improving reproducibility of the ICA results, and comparison with other popular matrix factorization techniques. We discuss the emerging ICA applications to the integrative analysis of multi-level omics datasets and introduce a conceptual view on ICA as a tool for defining functional subsystems of a complex biological system and their interactions under various conditions. Our review is accompanied by a Jupyter notebook which illustrates the discussed concepts and provides a practical tool for applying ICA to the analysis of cancer omics datasets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Data Analysis and Integration in Cancer Research)

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12 pages, 569 KiB

Open AccessReview

Immune Checkpoint Blockade for Advanced NSCLC: A New Landscape for Elderly Patients

by Fabio Perrotta, Danilo Rocco, Fabiana Vitiello, Raffaele De Palma, Germano Guerra, Antonio De Luca, Neal Navani and Andrea Bianco

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20(9), 2258; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20092258 - 07 May 2019

Cited by 32 | Viewed by 4435

Abstract

The therapeutic scenario for elderly patients with advanced NSCLC has been limited to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Recently, a novel therapeutic approach based on targeting the immune-checkpoints has showed noteworthy results in advanced NSCLC. PD1/PD-L1 pathway is co-opted by tumor cells through the expression [...] Read more.

The therapeutic scenario for elderly patients with advanced NSCLC has been limited to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Recently, a novel therapeutic approach based on targeting the immune-checkpoints has showed noteworthy results in advanced NSCLC. PD1/PD-L1 pathway is co-opted by tumor cells through the expression of PD-L1 on the tumor cell surface and on cells within the microenvironment, leading to suppression of anti-tumor cytolytic T-cell activity by the tumor. The success of immune-checkpoints inhibitors in clinical trials led to rapid approval by the FDA and EMA. Currently, data regarding efficacy and safety of ICIs in older subjects is limited by the poor number of elderly recruited in clinical trials. Careful assessment and management of comorbidities is essential to achieve better outcomes and limit the immune related adverse events in elderly NSCLC patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Data Analysis and Integration in Cancer Research)

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