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Polymers from Renewable Resources
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Polymers from Renewable Resources

A special issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences (ISSN 1422-0067). This special issue belongs to the section "Macromolecules".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 November 2021) | Viewed by 14858

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Jaroslav Mosnacek

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Guest Editor
Polymer Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 41 Bratislava, Slovakia
Interests: synthesis of well-defined polymers; reversible deactivation radical polymerizations; stimuli-responsive polymers; polymer-inorganic hybrids; modification of surfaces by polymers; synthesis of degradable polymers; polymers from renewable resources
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Anita Eckstein Andicsová

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Guest Editor
Polymer Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska Cesta 9, 84541 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
Interests: fotoactive derivatives; syntetic polymers; biobased polymers; nanomaterials; composites
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

We are delighted to announce a call for submissions to a Special issue of the International Journal of Molecular Sciences devoted to “Polymers from Renewable Resources”, and focused to synthesis, modification, characterization and application of the polymers. The importance of development of polymers from renewable resources is continuously increasing due to depletion of fossil resources and issues related to wastes disposal. Therefore, bio-based polymers become more attractive for industry and academia. Similarly, government policies are more and more focused on renewable materials from the standpoints of being environmentally benign and sustainable.

Renewable polymers can be isolated from natural bio-materials followed by their modifications or synthesized from bio-based monomers. The monomers could be obtained naturally by fermentation of carbohydrates, chemical transformations of natural polymers (e.g. cellulose, lignin) or directly extracted, such as plant oils and terpenes. In these approaches wide range of monomers, including the originally petrochemical-based monomers (e.g. ethylene, terephthalic acid), can be now produced from renewable resources. In addition of these traditional polymers, many new polymers with special functionalities and novel properties can be prepared from chemically modified bio-products. Biodegradable polymers are of special importance among the polymers from renewable resources, from the point of view of the end of their life cycle.

We encourage submission of both original research articles and topical reviews.

Dr. Jaroslav Mosnacek
Dr. Anita Andicsova Eckstein
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. International Journal of Molecular Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. There is an Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal. For details about the APC please see here. Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • biopolymers
  • renewable monomers
  • valorization of biomass
  • sustainable materials
  • biodegradable polymers
  • polymer composites
  • polyesters
  • polyamides
  • functionalization
  • degradation
  • characterization
  • controlled synthesis
  • functional polymers
  • (hydro)gels
  • controlled release
  • biomedicine
  • agriculture
  • packaging
  • environmental impact
  • polymers modification
  • vitrimers

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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13 pages, 2289 KiB  
Article
Synthesis of Sucrose-HDI Cooligomers: New Polyols for Novel Polyurethane Networks
by Csilla Lakatos, Marcell Árpád Kordován, Katalin Czifrák, Lajos Nagy, Bence Vadkerti, Lajos Daróczi, Miklós Zsuga and Sándor Kéki
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(3), 1444; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23031444 - 27 Jan 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1595
Abstract
Sucrose-1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) cooligomers were synthesized and used as new polyols for poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL)-based polyurethanes. The polyaddition reaction of sucrose and HDI was monitored by MALDI-TOF MS. It was found that by selecting appropriate reaction conditions, mostly linear oligomer chains containing 16 sucrose [...] Read more.
Sucrose-1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) cooligomers were synthesized and used as new polyols for poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL)-based polyurethanes. The polyaddition reaction of sucrose and HDI was monitored by MALDI-TOF MS. It was found that by selecting appropriate reaction conditions, mostly linear oligomer chains containing 16 sucrose units could be obtained. For the synthesis of polyurethane networks, prepolymers were prepared by the reaction of poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL, 10 kg/mol) with HDI or 4,4′-methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) and were reacted with sucrose-HDI cooligomers. The so-obtained sucrose-containing polyurethanes were characterized by means of attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FT IR), swelling, mechanical (uniaxial tensile tests) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymers from Renewable Resources)
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19 pages, 4415 KiB  
Article
Microporous Carbon and Carbon/Metal Composite Materials Derived from Bio-Benzoxazine-Linked Precursor for CO2 Capture and Energy Storage Applications
by Mohamed Gamal Mohamed, Maha Mohamed Samy, Tharwat Hassan Mansoure, Chia-Jung Li, Wen-Cheng Li, Jung-Hui Chen, Kan Zhang and Shiao-Wei Kuo
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(1), 347; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23010347 - 29 Dec 2021
Cited by 55 | Viewed by 3426
Abstract
There is currently a pursuit of synthetic approaches for designing porous carbon materials with selective CO2 capture and/or excellent energy storage performance that significantly impacts the environment and the sustainable development of circular economy. In this study we prepared a new bio-based [...] Read more.
There is currently a pursuit of synthetic approaches for designing porous carbon materials with selective CO2 capture and/or excellent energy storage performance that significantly impacts the environment and the sustainable development of circular economy. In this study we prepared a new bio-based benzoxazine (AP-BZ) in high yield through Mannich condensation of apigenin, a naturally occurring phenol, with 4-bromoaniline and paraformaldehyde. We then prepared a PA-BZ porous organic polymer (POP) through Sonogashira coupling of AP-BZ with 1,3,6,8-tetraethynylpyrene (P-T) in the presence of Pd(PPh3)4. In situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry revealed details of the thermal polymerization of the oxazine rings in the AP-BZ monomer and in the PA-BZ POP. Next, we prepared a microporous carbon/metal composite (PCMC) in three steps: Sonogashira coupling of AP-BZ with P-T in the presence of a zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-67) as a directing hard template, affording a PA-BZ POP/ZIF-67 composite; etching in acetic acid; and pyrolysis of the resulting PA-BZ POP/metal composite at 500 °C. Powder X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) measurements revealed the properties of the as-prepared PCMC. The PCMC material exhibited outstanding thermal stability (Td10 = 660 °C and char yield = 75 wt%), a high BET surface area (1110 m2 g–1), high CO2 adsorption (5.40 mmol g–1 at 273 K), excellent capacitance (735 F g–1), and a capacitance retention of up to 95% after 2000 galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD) cycles; these characteristics were excellent when compared with those of the corresponding microporous carbon (MPC) prepared through pyrolysis of the PA-BZ POP precursors with a ZIF-67 template at 500 °C. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymers from Renewable Resources)
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16 pages, 2128 KiB  
Article
Extraction and Characterization of Gelatin from Skin By-Products of Seabream, Seabass and Rainbow Trout Reared in Aquaculture
by Jesus Valcarcel, Carolina Hermida-Merino, Manuel M. Piñeiro, Daniel Hermida-Merino and José Antonio Vázquez
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(22), 12104; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222212104 - 9 Nov 2021
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2226
Abstract
The expansion of fish filleting, driven by the increasing demand for convenience food, concomitantly generates a rising amount of skinning by-products. Current trends point to a growing share of aquaculture in fish production, so we have chosen three established aquaculture species to study [...] Read more.
The expansion of fish filleting, driven by the increasing demand for convenience food, concomitantly generates a rising amount of skinning by-products. Current trends point to a growing share of aquaculture in fish production, so we have chosen three established aquaculture species to study the properties of gelatin extracted from their skin: rainbow trout, commonly filleted; and seabass and seabream, marketed whole until very recently. In the first case, trout skin yields only 1.6% gelatin accompanied by the lowest gel strength (96 g bloom), while yield for the other two species exceeds 6%, and gel strength reaches 181 and 229 g bloom for seabass and seabream, respectively. These results are in line with the proportion of total imino acids analyzed in the gelatin samples. Molecular weight profiling shows similarities among gelatins, but seabass and seabream gelatins appear more structured, with higher proportion of β-chains and high molecular weight aggregates, which may influence the rheological properties observed. These results present skin by-products of seabream, and to a minor extent seabass, as suitable raw materials to produce gelatin through valorization processes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymers from Renewable Resources)
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23 pages, 4010 KiB  
Article
Effect of Evening Primrose (Oenothera biennis) Oil Cake on the Properties of Polyurethane/Polyisocyanurate Bio-Composites
by Joanna Paciorek-Sadowska, Marcin Borowicz and Marek Isbrandt
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(16), 8950; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22168950 - 19 Aug 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1994
Abstract
Rigid polyurethane/polyisocyanurate (RPU/PIR) foam formulations were modified by evening primrose (Oenothera biennis) oil cake as a bio-filler in the amount of 5 to 50 wt.%. The obtained foams were tested in terms of processing parameters, cellular structure (SEM analysis), physico-mechanical properties [...] Read more.
Rigid polyurethane/polyisocyanurate (RPU/PIR) foam formulations were modified by evening primrose (Oenothera biennis) oil cake as a bio-filler in the amount of 5 to 50 wt.%. The obtained foams were tested in terms of processing parameters, cellular structure (SEM analysis), physico-mechanical properties (apparent density, compressive strength, brittleness, accelerated aging tests), thermal insulation properties (thermal conductivity coefficient, closed cells content, absorbability and water absorption), flammability, smoke emission, and thermal properties. The obtained results showed that the amount of bio-filler had a significant influence on the morphology of the modified foams. Thorough mixing of the polyurethane premix allowed better homogenization of the bio-filler in the polyurethane matrix, resulting in a regular cellular structure. This resulted in an improvement in the physico-mechanical and thermal insulation properties as well as a reduction in the flammability of the obtained materials. This research provided important information on the management of the waste product from the edible oil industry and the production process of fire-safe RPU/PIR foams with improved performance properties. Due to these beneficial effects, it was found that the use of evening primrose oil cake as a bio-filler for RPU/PIR foams opens a new way of waste management to obtain new “green” materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymers from Renewable Resources)
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Review

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25 pages, 6334 KiB  
Review
Irreversible and Self-Healing Electrically Conductive Hydrogels Made of Bio-Based Polymers
by Ahmed Ali Nada, Anita Eckstein Andicsová and Jaroslav Mosnáček
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(2), 842; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23020842 - 13 Jan 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4737
Abstract
Electrically conductive materials that are fabricated based on natural polymers have seen significant interest in numerous applications, especially when advanced properties such as self-healing are introduced. In this article review, the hydrogels that are based on natural polymers containing electrically conductive medium were [...] Read more.
Electrically conductive materials that are fabricated based on natural polymers have seen significant interest in numerous applications, especially when advanced properties such as self-healing are introduced. In this article review, the hydrogels that are based on natural polymers containing electrically conductive medium were covered, while both irreversible and reversible cross-links are presented. Among the conductive media, a special focus was put on conductive polymers, such as polyaniline, polypyrrole, polyacetylene, and polythiophenes, which can be potentially synthesized from renewable resources. Preparation methods of the conductive irreversible hydrogels that are based on these conductive polymers were reported observing their electrical conductivity values by Siemens per centimeter (S/cm). Additionally, the self-healing systems that were already applied or applicable in electrically conductive hydrogels that are based on natural polymers were presented and classified based on non-covalent or covalent cross-links. The real-time healing, mechanical stability, and electrically conductive values were highlighted. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymers from Renewable Resources)
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