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Advances in the Chemistry of Porphyrins and Related Macrocycles 2.0
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Advances in the Chemistry of Porphyrins and Related Macrocycles 2.0

A special issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences (ISSN 1422-0067). This special issue belongs to the section "Physical Chemistry and Chemical Physics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 October 2022) | Viewed by 14370

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Maria Angela Castriciano

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Guest Editor
Istituto Per Lo Studio Dei Materiali Nanostrutturati, c/o Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutich ed Ambientali, University of Messina, V.le F. Stagno D’Alcontres, 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
Interests: nanomaterials; supramolecular chemistry; self-assembly; porphyrins; expression and transmission of chirality at nano and mesoscopic scale; spectroscopy
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Luigi Monsù Scolaro

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Guest Editor
Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
Interests: supramolecular chemistry; porphyrins; nanostructured materials; self-assembling; aggregation kinetics; chirality; symmetry-breaking; homochirality
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Andrea Romeo

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
Interests: nanoaggregates; porphyrins; polymers; expression and transmission of chirality at nano and mesoscopic scale; disassembling; kinetics; spectroscopy
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue is the continuation of our previous special issue "Advances in the Chemistry of Porphyrins and Related Macrocycles".

Porphyrins and related macrocycles possess widely tunable physico-chemical properties controlled by peripheral substitution or metal coordination in the inner core. Recent progress in their synthesis and the fundamental understanding of their properties has led to significant advances in nanomaterial-based porphyrins for manifold applications.

To this end, it is essential to design and synthesize novel systems with optimized structure and properties or to achieve a complex system through non-conventional approaches. Supramolecular self-assembly through non-covalent interactions, such as hydrogen bonding, stacking, and electrostatic interactions, offers an easy way to access well-defined arrays.

In this respect, nanostructured materials with peculiar optical properties are attracting increasing interest since their optical response, in terms of electronic absorption, emission fluorescence, optical activity, photocurrent generation and so on, can be largely influenced by slight changes in the micro-environments and in the presence of specific analytes.

This Special Issue welcomes the submission of original research papers or comprehensive reviews that demonstrate or summarize significant advances in the porphyrin chemistry in terms of synthesis and application of novel functional nanostructures with potential applications in sensors, optoelectronic devices, and/or nanomedicine.

Dr. Maria Angela Castriciano
Prof. Dr. Luigi Monsù Scolaro
Prof. Dr. Andrea Romeo
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. International Journal of Molecular Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. There is an Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal. For details about the APC please see here. Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Synthesis 
  • Properties 
  • Aggregation 
  • Supramolecular chemistry 
  • Sensors 
  • Chirality 
  • Artificial light harvesting 
  • Biomimetic systems 
  • Optical devices 
  • Functional nanostructures

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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12 pages, 2085 KiB  
Article
Detection of Porphyrins in Hair Using Capillary Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
by Marwa Louleb, Ismael Galván, Latifa Latrous, Nicholas M. Justyn, Geoffrey E. Hill, Ángel Ríos and Mohammed Zougagh
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(11), 6230; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23116230 - 02 Jun 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1874
Abstract
Unlike humans, some animals have evolved a physiological ability to deposit porphyrins, which are pigments produced during heme synthesis in cells, in the skin and associated integument such as hair. Given the inert nature and easiness of collection of hair, animals that present [...] Read more.
Unlike humans, some animals have evolved a physiological ability to deposit porphyrins, which are pigments produced during heme synthesis in cells, in the skin and associated integument such as hair. Given the inert nature and easiness of collection of hair, animals that present porphyrin-based pigmentation constitute unique models for porphyrin analysis in biological samples. Here we present the development of a simple, rapid, and efficient analytical method for four natural porphyrins (uroporphyrin I, coproporphyrin I, coproporphyrin III and protoporphyrin IX) in the Southern flying squirrel Glaucomys volans, a mammal with hair that fluoresces and that we suspected has porphyrin-based pigmentation. The method is based on capillary liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (CLC-MS), after an extraction procedure with formic acid and acetonitrile. The resulting limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were 0.006–0.199 and 0.021–0.665 µg mL−1, respectively. This approach enabled us to quantify porphyrins in flying squirrel hairs at concentrations of 3.6–353.2 µg g−1 with 86.4–98.6% extraction yields. This method provides higher simplicity, precision, selectivity, and sensitivity than other methods used to date, presenting the potential to become the standard technique for porphyrin analysis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in the Chemistry of Porphyrins and Related Macrocycles 2.0)
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12 pages, 1958 KiB  
Article
The Valence Band Structure of the [Ni(Salen)] Complex: An Ultraviolet, Soft X-ray and Resonant Photoemission Spectroscopy Study
by Petr M. Korusenko, Alexandra V. Koroleva, Anatoliy A. Vereshchagin, Danil V. Sivkov, Olga V. Petrova, Oleg V. Levin and Alexander S. Vinogradov
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(11), 6207; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23116207 - 01 Jun 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2315
Abstract
The valence band photoemission (VB PE) spectra of the [Ni(Salen)] molecular complex were measured by ultraviolet, soft X-ray and resonant photoemission (ResPE) using photons with energies ranging from 21.2 eV to 860 eV. It was found that the Ni 3d atomic orbitals’ (AOs) [...] Read more.
The valence band photoemission (VB PE) spectra of the [Ni(Salen)] molecular complex were measured by ultraviolet, soft X-ray and resonant photoemission (ResPE) using photons with energies ranging from 21.2 eV to 860 eV. It was found that the Ni 3d atomic orbitals’ (AOs) contributions are most significant for molecular orbitals (MOs), which are responsible for the low-energy PE band at a binding energy of 3.8 eV in the VB PE spectra. In turn, the PE bands in the binding energies range of 8–16 eV are due to the photoionization of the MOs of the [Ni(Salen)] complex with dominant contributions from C 2p AOs. A detailed consideration was made for the ResPE spectra obtained using photons with absorption resonance energies in the Ni 2p3/2, N 1s, and O 1s Near-Edge X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (NEXAFS) spectra. A strong increase in the intensity of the PE band ab was found when using photons with an energy 854.4 eV in the Ni 2p3/2 NEXAFS spectrum. This finding is due to the high probability of the participator-Auger decay of the Ni 2p3/2−13d9 excitation and confirms the relationship between the PE band ab with the Ni 3d-derived MOs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in the Chemistry of Porphyrins and Related Macrocycles 2.0)
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11 pages, 821 KiB  
Article
Solvation, Cancer Cell Photoinactivation and the Interaction of Chlorin Photosensitizers with a Potential Passive Carrier Non-Ionic Surfactant Tween 80
by Andrey V. Kustov, Philipp K. Morshnev, Natal’ya V. Kukushkina, Nataliya L. Smirnova, Dmitry B. Berezin, Dmitry R. Karimov, Olga V. Shukhto, Tatyana V. Kustova, Dmitry V. Belykh, Marina V. Mal’shakova, Vladimir P. Zorin and Tatyana E. Zorina
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(10), 5294; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23105294 - 10 May 2022
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 2063
Abstract
Cancer and drug-resistant superinfections are common and serious problems afflicting millions worldwide. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a successful and clinically approved modality used for the management of many neoplastic and nonmalignant diseases. The combination of the light-activated molecules, so-called photosensitizers (PSs), with an [...] Read more.
Cancer and drug-resistant superinfections are common and serious problems afflicting millions worldwide. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a successful and clinically approved modality used for the management of many neoplastic and nonmalignant diseases. The combination of the light-activated molecules, so-called photosensitizers (PSs), with an appropriate carrier, is proved to enhance PDT efficacy both in vitro and in vivo. In this paper, we focus on the solvation of several potential chlorin PSs in the 1-octanol/phosphate saline buffer biphasic system, their interaction with non-ionic surfactant Tween 80 and photoinactivation of cancer cells. The chlorin conjugates containing d-galactose and l-arginine fragments are found to have a much stronger affinity towards a lipid-like environment compared to ionic chlorins and form molecular complexes with Tween 80 micelles in water with two modes of binding. The charged macrocyclic PSs are located in the periphery of surfactant micelles near hydrophilic head groups, whereas the d-galactose and l-arginine conjugates are deeper incorporated into the micelle structure occupying positions around the first carbon atoms of the hydrophobic surfactant residue. Our results indicate that both PSs have a pronounced affinity toward the lipid-like environment, leading to their preferential binding to low-density lipoproteins. This and the conjugation of chlorin e6 with the tumor-targeting molecules are found to enhance their accumulation in cancer cells and PDT efficacy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in the Chemistry of Porphyrins and Related Macrocycles 2.0)
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Review

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25 pages, 8450 KiB  
Review
Recent Advances in the Photoreactions Triggered by Porphyrin-Based Triplet–Triplet Annihilation Upconversion Systems: Molecular Innovations and Nanoarchitectonics
by Bin Yao, Hongfei Sun, Youzhou He, Song Wang and Xingyan Liu
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(14), 8041; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23148041 - 21 Jul 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3262
Abstract
Triplet–triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC) is a very promising technology that could be used to convert low-energy photons to high-energy ones and has been proven to be of great value in various areas. Porphyrins have the characteristics of high molar absorbance, can form a [...] Read more.
Triplet–triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC) is a very promising technology that could be used to convert low-energy photons to high-energy ones and has been proven to be of great value in various areas. Porphyrins have the characteristics of high molar absorbance, can form a complex with different metal ions and a high proportion of triplet states as well as tunable structures, and thus they are important sensitizers for TTA-UC. Porphyrin-based TTA-UC plays a pivotal role in the TTA-UC systems and has been widely used in many fields such as solar cells, sensing and circularly polarized luminescence. In recent years, applications of porphyrin-based TTA-UC systems for photoinduced reactions have emerged, but have been paid little attention. As a consequence, this review paid close attention to the recent advances in the photoreactions triggered by porphyrin-based TTA-UC systems. First of all, the photochemistry of porphyrin-based TTA-UC for chemical transformations, such as photoisomerization, photocatalytic synthesis, photopolymerization, photodegradation and photochemical/photoelectrochemical water splitting, was discussed in detail, which revealed the different mechanisms of TTA-UC and methods with which to carry out reasonable molecular innovations and nanoarchitectonics to solve the existing problems in practical application. Subsequently, photoreactions driven by porphyrin-based TTA-UC for biomedical applications were demonstrated. Finally, the future developments of porphyrin-based TTA-UC systems for photoreactions were briefly discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in the Chemistry of Porphyrins and Related Macrocycles 2.0)
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27 pages, 8744 KiB  
Review
Recent Advances in Porphyrin-Based Systems for Electrochemical Oxygen Evolution Reaction
by Bin Yao, Youzhou He, Song Wang, Hongfei Sun and Xingyan Liu
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(11), 6036; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23116036 - 27 May 2022
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 3887
Abstract
Oxygen evolution reaction (OER) plays a pivotal role in the development of renewable energy methods, such as water-splitting devices and the use of Zn–air batteries. First-row transition metal complexes are promising catalyst candidates due to their excellent electrocatalytic performance, rich abundance, and cheap [...] Read more.
Oxygen evolution reaction (OER) plays a pivotal role in the development of renewable energy methods, such as water-splitting devices and the use of Zn–air batteries. First-row transition metal complexes are promising catalyst candidates due to their excellent electrocatalytic performance, rich abundance, and cheap price. Metalloporphyrins are a class of representative high-efficiency complex catalysts owing to their structural and functional characteristics. However, OER based on porphyrin systems previously have been paid little attention in comparison to the well-described oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), hydrogen evolution reaction, and CO2 reduction reaction. Recently, porphyrin-based systems, including both small molecules and porous polymers for electrochemical OER, are emerging. Accordingly, this review summarizes the recent advances of porphyrin-based systems for electrochemical OER. Firstly, the electrochemical OER for water oxidation is discussed, which shows various methodologies to achieve catalysis from homogeneous to heterogeneous processes. Subsequently, the porphyrin-based catalytic systems for bifunctional oxygen electrocatalysis including both OER and ORR are demonstrated. Finally, the future development of porphyrin-based catalytic systems for electrochemical OER is briefly prospected. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in the Chemistry of Porphyrins and Related Macrocycles 2.0)
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