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Inflammatory Diseases, Dysbiosis and Infections
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Inflammatory Diseases, Dysbiosis and Infections

A special issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences (ISSN 1422-0067). This special issue belongs to the section "Molecular Immunology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 April 2024 | Viewed by 3358

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Yves Renaudineau

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Laboratory of Immunology, CHU Purpan Toulouse, INSERM U1291, CNRS U5051, University Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
Interests: autoimmune diseases; immunology; infection; immunotherapy
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Marina I. Arleevskaya

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Central Research Laboratory, Kazan State Medical Academy, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
Interests: rheumatoid arthritis; infections; microbiome
Dr. Wesley Brooks

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
Interests: autoimmune diseases; X chromosome; epigenetics; computational drug discovery; autoimmune tautology; polyamines; nucleolus; disease mechanisms

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The relationship in inflammatory diseases between the microbiome and infections is complex and bidirectional. Indeed, Infections and the microbiome may induce/flare up inflammatory diseases by different mechanisms including molecular mimicry, bystander activation, and epitope spreading, while living in a less sanitary environment seems to be protective according to the hygiene hypothesis. On the other hand, inflammatory diseases are at greater risk of infections/dysbiosis due to immune dysregulation in conjunction with the diseases and/or the immunosuppressive drugs used. A clinical overlap may exist between infections and inflammatory diseases as reported with mycobacterial infections that may mimic inflammatory diseases. As a consequence, many questions arise regarding alterations in the innate and adaptive mechanisms that regulate the promotion or the resolution of the inflammatory response in the context of dysbiosis and infections.

This Special Issue seeks basic, translational original, and review articles focused on the interplay between inflammatory diseases, infections, and the microbiome. Potential topics include, but are not limited to, acute/chronic inflammation, infections, microbiome, and immunotherapy.

Prof. Dr. Yves Renaudineau
Dr. Marina I. Arleevskaya
Dr. Wesley Brooks
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. International Journal of Molecular Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. There is an Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal. For details about the APC please see here. Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • microbiome
  • inflammation
  • infections
  • dysbiosis

Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

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10 pages, 1649 KiB  
Communication
Changes in Lymphocyte Subpopulations after Remdesivir Therapy for COVID-19: A Brief Report
by Rossella Cianci, Maria Grazia Massaro, Elisabetta De Santis, Beatrice Totti, Antonio Gasbarrini, Giovanni Gambassi and Vincenzo Giambra
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(19), 14973; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241914973 - 07 Oct 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1069
Abstract
Remdesivir (RDV) has demonstrated clinical benefit in hospitalized COronaVIrus Disease (COVID)-19 patients. The objective of this brief report was to assess a possible correlation between RDV therapy and the variation in lymphocyte subpopulations. We retrospectively studied 43 hospitalized COVID-19 patients: 30 men and [...] Read more.
Remdesivir (RDV) has demonstrated clinical benefit in hospitalized COronaVIrus Disease (COVID)-19 patients. The objective of this brief report was to assess a possible correlation between RDV therapy and the variation in lymphocyte subpopulations. We retrospectively studied 43 hospitalized COVID-19 patients: 30 men and 13 women (mean age 69.3 ± 15 years); 9/43 had received RDV therapy. Six patients had no need for oxygen (severity group 0); 22 were on oxygen treatment with a fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) ≤ 50% (group 1); 7 on not-invasive ventilation (group 2); 3 on invasive mechanical ventilation (group 3); and 5 had died (group 4). Cytofluorimetric assessment of lymphocyte subpopulations showed substantial changes after RDV therapy: B lymphocytes and plasmablasts were significantly increased (p = 0.002 and p = 0.08, respectively). Cytotoxic T lymphocytes showed a robust reduction (p = 0.008). No changes were observed in CD4+-T cells and natural killers (NKs). There was a significant reduction in regulatory T cells (Tregs) (p = 0.02) and a significant increase in circulating monocytes (p = 0.03). Stratifying by disease severity, after RDV therapy, patients with severity 0–2 had significantly higher B lymphocyte and monocyte counts and lower memory and effector cytotoxic T cell counts. Instead, patients with severity 3–4 had significantly higher plasmablast and lower memory T cell counts. No significant differences for CD4+-T cells, Tregs, and NKs were observed. Our brief report showed substantial changes in the lymphocyte subpopulations analyzed between patients who did not receive RDV therapy and those after RDV treatment. Despite the small sample size, due to the retrospective nature of this brief report, the substantial changes in lymphocyte subpopulations reported could lead to speculation on the role of RDV treatment both on immune responses against the virus and on the possible downregulation of the cytokine storm observed in patients with more severe disease. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Inflammatory Diseases, Dysbiosis and Infections)
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Review

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35 pages, 2757 KiB  
Review
Infection, Dysbiosis and Inflammation Interplay in the COVID Era in Children
by Laura Marinela Ailioaie, Constantin Ailioaie and Gerhard Litscher
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(13), 10874; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241310874 - 29 Jun 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1837
Abstract
For over three years, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in children and adolescents has generated repercussions, especially a few weeks after infection, for symptomatic patients who tested positive, for asymptomatic ones, or even just the contacts of an infected person, and [...] Read more.
For over three years, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in children and adolescents has generated repercussions, especially a few weeks after infection, for symptomatic patients who tested positive, for asymptomatic ones, or even just the contacts of an infected person, and evolved from severe forms such as multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) to multifarious clinical manifestations in long COVID (LC). Referred to under the umbrella term LC, the onset of persistent and highly heterogeneous symptoms such as fatigue, post-exertion malaise, cognitive dysfunction, and others have a major impact on the child’s daily quality of life for months. The first aim of this review was to highlight the circumstances of the pathophysiological changes produced by COVID-19 in children and to better understand the hyperinflammation in COVID-19 and how MIS-C, as a life-threatening condition, could have been avoided in some patients. Another goal was to better identify the interplay between infection, dysbiosis, and inflammation at a molecular and cellular level, to better guide scientists, physicians, and pediatricians to advance new lines of medical action to avoid the post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The third objective was to identify symptoms and their connection to molecular pathways to recognize LC more easily. The fourth purpose was to connect the triggering factors of LC with related sequelae following acute SARS-CoV-2 injuries to systems and organs, the persistence of the virus, and some of its components in hidden reservoirs, including the gut and the central nervous system. The reactivation of other latent infectious agents in the host’s immune environments, the interaction of this virus with the microbiome, immune hyperactivation, and autoimmunity generated by molecular mimicry between viral agents and host proteins, could initiate a targeted and individualized management. New high-tech solutions, molecules, probiotics, and others should be discovered to innovatively solve the interplay between RNA persistent viruses, microbiota, and our immune system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Inflammatory Diseases, Dysbiosis and Infections)
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