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Glioblastoma: State of the Art and Future Trends

A special issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences (ISSN 1422-0067). This special issue belongs to the section "Molecular Oncology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 April 2024) | Viewed by 5009

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
1. Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain
2. Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
Interests: adult and pediatric nervous tumor tissue; genomic approach; epigenomic approach; immunohistochemical approach; clinical biomarkers; new technologies

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Glioblastoma multiforme (GB) remains one of the most complex and challenging diseases despite decades of collaborative and multidisciplinary efforts, with a median survival rate of just 15 months. The most relevant research findings were incorporated by the WHO in its fifth edition of the "Central Nervous System Tumor Classification" published in 2021, in which nomenclature was modified and integrated diagnosis was consolidated, providing pathologists, clinicians, and researchers with a more defined framework for tumor and patient management. However, while our understanding of the molecular and genetic features of both pediatric and adult GB and other high-grade astrocytomas has advanced significantly in recent years, we still face many challenges in deciphering the complex biology of these tumors. Overcoming these obstacles will be crucial for the identification of novel therapeutic targets, the development of effective treatments, and ultimately, the improvement of patient outcomes. Multidisciplinary research efforts, the integration of multi-omics data, and the application of advanced computational methods will be essential in addressing these challenges and progress in the battle against glioblastoma.

In this Special Issue, we aim to bring together the most exciting advances since 2021 in the fields of molecular neuropathology, cell biology, bioinformatics, bioengineering, imaging, genetics, and other related fields that help us better understand the biology of this tumor. Novel technologies such as single-cell sequencing, CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing, and AI, to name just a few of the latest, are more powerful than ever and are certain to pave the way toward a holistic understanding of this devastating tumor.

I would like to invite the GB research community to share their knowledge in this Special Issue dedicated to "Glioblastoma: State of the Art and Future Trends" with original articles or reviews that show the current state of knowledge about these tumors and open new paths to be able to improve the outcome of patients with this devastating disease. We want to look through the keyhole and see a brighter and more hopeful future for our glioblastoma patients as soon as possible.

Thank you in advance and I look forward to your participation in this important discussion.

Sincerely,

Dr. Teresa Ribalta
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

  • glioblastoma
  • pediatric high-grade glioma
  • integrated histomolecular diagnosis
  • molecular neuropathology
  • artificial intelligence (AI)
  • bioengineering

Published Papers (2 papers)

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Review

105 pages, 3469 KiB  
Review
Glioblastoma Therapy: Past, Present and Future
by Elena Obrador, Paz Moreno-Murciano, María Oriol-Caballo, Rafael López-Blanch, Begoña Pineda, Julia Lara Gutiérrez-Arroyo, Alba Loras, Luis G. Gonzalez-Bonet, Conrado Martinez-Cadenas, José M. Estrela and María Ángeles Marqués-Torrejón
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(5), 2529; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25052529 - 21 Feb 2024
Viewed by 3244
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GB) stands out as the most prevalent and lethal form of brain cancer. Although great efforts have been made by clinicians and researchers, no significant improvement in survival has been achieved since the Stupp protocol became the standard of care (SOC) in [...] Read more.
Glioblastoma (GB) stands out as the most prevalent and lethal form of brain cancer. Although great efforts have been made by clinicians and researchers, no significant improvement in survival has been achieved since the Stupp protocol became the standard of care (SOC) in 2005. Despite multimodality treatments, recurrence is almost universal with survival rates under 2 years after diagnosis. Here, we discuss the recent progress in our understanding of GB pathophysiology, in particular, the importance of glioma stem cells (GSCs), the tumor microenvironment conditions, and epigenetic mechanisms involved in GB growth, aggressiveness and recurrence. The discussion on therapeutic strategies first covers the SOC treatment and targeted therapies that have been shown to interfere with different signaling pathways (pRB/CDK4/RB1/P16ink4, TP53/MDM2/P14arf, PI3k/Akt-PTEN, RAS/RAF/MEK, PARP) involved in GB tumorigenesis, pathophysiology, and treatment resistance acquisition. Below, we analyze several immunotherapeutic approaches (i.e., checkpoint inhibitors, vaccines, CAR-modified NK or T cells, oncolytic virotherapy) that have been used in an attempt to enhance the immune response against GB, and thereby avoid recidivism or increase survival of GB patients. Finally, we present treatment attempts made using nanotherapies (nanometric structures having active anti-GB agents such as antibodies, chemotherapeutic/anti-angiogenic drugs or sensitizers, radionuclides, and molecules that target GB cellular receptors or open the blood–brain barrier) and non-ionizing energies (laser interstitial thermal therapy, high/low intensity focused ultrasounds, photodynamic/sonodynamic therapies and electroporation). The aim of this review is to discuss the advances and limitations of the current therapies and to present novel approaches that are under development or following clinical trials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Glioblastoma: State of the Art and Future Trends)
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17 pages, 3015 KiB  
Review
Targeting Innate Immunity in Glioma Therapy
by Andrew G. Gillard, Dong Ho Shin, Lethan A. Hampton, Andres Lopez-Rivas, Akhila Parthasarathy, Juan Fueyo and Candelaria Gomez-Manzano
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(2), 947; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25020947 - 12 Jan 2024
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Abstract
Currently, there is a lack of effective therapies for the majority of glioblastomas (GBMs), the most common and malignant primary brain tumor. While immunotherapies have shown promise in treating various types of cancers, they have had limited success in improving the overall survival [...] Read more.
Currently, there is a lack of effective therapies for the majority of glioblastomas (GBMs), the most common and malignant primary brain tumor. While immunotherapies have shown promise in treating various types of cancers, they have had limited success in improving the overall survival of GBM patients. Therefore, advancing GBM treatment requires a deeper understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms that cause resistance to immunotherapy. Further insights into the innate immune response are crucial for developing more potent treatments for brain tumors. Our review provides a brief overview of innate immunity. In addition, we provide a discussion of current therapies aimed at boosting the innate immunity in gliomas. These approaches encompass strategies to activate Toll-like receptors, induce stress responses, enhance the innate immune response, leverage interferon type-I therapy, therapeutic antibodies, immune checkpoint antibodies, natural killer (NK) cells, and oncolytic virotherapy, and manipulate the microbiome. Both preclinical and clinical studies indicate that a better understanding of the mechanisms governing the innate immune response in GBM could enhance immunotherapy and reinforce the effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Consequently, a more comprehensive understanding of the innate immune response against cancer should lead to better prognoses and increased overall survival for GBM patients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Glioblastoma: State of the Art and Future Trends)
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