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Novel Psychoactive Substances: Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Pharmaco-Toxicological Aspects

A special issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences (ISSN 1422-0067). This special issue belongs to the section "Molecular Toxicology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 May 2024 | Viewed by 2422

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
Interests: chemoprevention; genotoxicity; in vitro toxicology; bioactive molecules; natural compounds; flow cytometry
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Guest Editor
1. Professor of Legal Medicine, Head of Forensic Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Translational Medicine, LTTA Center and Center of Gender Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
2. Collaborative Center for Anti-drug Policies Department, Presidency of the Council of Ministers, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
Interests: novel psychoactive substances; synthetic cannabinoids; cathinones; synthetic opioids; animal behavior; drug addiction; toxicology of NPS; phenethylamines
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Novel Psychoactive Substances (NPS) have steadily increased in type and number over the last years, establishing themselves as a social threat of worldwide concern, due to their unpredictable toxicological effects, including lethal outcomes. These are compounds commonly marketed and used as “legal” replacement of common drugs of abuse. To date, more than 1000 NPS belonging to different pharmacological categories have been identified (e.g., synthetic cannabinoids, cathinones and opioids, psychoactive phenethylamines, new benzodiazepines), which are usually sold via the internet. Data on the prevalence and toxicity of these drugs and on their pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and pharmaco-toxicological aspects are still too limited. In particular, severe adverse effects and the difficulty to manage acute toxicity are concerning problems. Another aspect is represented by the possible genetic and epigenetic toxicity of NPS (and/or their metabolites) and the well-known long-term impact on human health.

Therefore, the aim of this special issue is to take stock of the state of the art about NPS. To achieve this goal, we would like to invite researchers to contribute with original papers or review articles. Both in vivo and new approach methodologies (NAMs)-based studies are welcome, including in silico, in chemico, in vitro, and ex vivo approaches.

Dr. Monia Lenzi
Dr. Matteo Marti
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

  • novel psychoactive substances
  • synthetic cannabinoids
  • synthetic cathinones
  • synthetic opioids
  • phenethylamines
  • forensic toxicology
  • new benzodiazepines
  • genetic and epigenetic toxicology
  • neuropsychopharmacology
  • new approach methodologies (NAMs)-based studies

Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

16 pages, 3009 KiB  
Article
First-Generation Synthetic Cathinones Produce Arrhythmia in Zebrafish Eleutheroembryos: A New Approach Methodology for New Psychoactive Substances Cardiotoxicity Evaluation
by Elisabet Teixidó, Clara Riera-Colomer, Demetrio Raldúa, David Pubill, Elena Escubedo, Marta Barenys and Raul López-Arnau
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(18), 13869; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241813869 - 08 Sep 2023
Viewed by 994
Abstract
The increasing number of new psychoactive substances (NPS) entering the illicit drug market, especially synthetic cathinones, as well as the risk of cardiovascular complications, is intensifying the need to quickly assess their cardiotoxic potential. The present study aims to evaluate the cardiovascular toxicity [...] Read more.
The increasing number of new psychoactive substances (NPS) entering the illicit drug market, especially synthetic cathinones, as well as the risk of cardiovascular complications, is intensifying the need to quickly assess their cardiotoxic potential. The present study aims to evaluate the cardiovascular toxicity and lethality induced by first-generation synthetic cathinones (mephedrone, methylone, and MDPV) and more classical psychostimulants (cocaine and MDMA) in zebrafish embryos using a new approach methodology (NAM). Zebrafish embryos at 4 dpf were exposed to the test drugs for 24 h to identify drug lethality. Drug-induced effects on ventricular and atrial heart rate after 2 h exposure were evaluated, and video recordings were properly analyzed. All illicit drugs displayed similar 24 h LC50 values. Our results indicate that all drugs are able to induce bradycardia, arrhythmia, and atrial-ventricular block (AV block), signs of QT interval prolongation. However, only MDPV induced a different rhythmicity change depending on the chamber and was the most potent bradycardia and AV block-inducing drug compared to the other tested compounds. In summary, our results strongly suggest that the NAM presented in this study can be used for screening NPS for their cardiotoxic effect and especially for their ability to prolong the QT intervals. Full article
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13 pages, 2268 KiB  
Article
Genotoxicity Evaluation of The Novel Psychoactive Substance MTTA
by Monia Lenzi, Sofia Gasperini, Giorgia Corli, Matteo Marti and Patrizia Hrelia
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(13), 10498; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241310498 - 22 Jun 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1116
Abstract
MTTA, also known as mephtetramine, is a stimulant novel psychoactive substance characterized by a simil-cathinonic structure. To date, little has been studied on its pharmaco-toxicological profile, and its genotoxic potential has never been assessed. In order to fill this gap, the aim of [...] Read more.
MTTA, also known as mephtetramine, is a stimulant novel psychoactive substance characterized by a simil-cathinonic structure. To date, little has been studied on its pharmaco-toxicological profile, and its genotoxic potential has never been assessed. In order to fill this gap, the aim of the present work was to evaluate its genotoxicity on TK6 cells in terms of its ability to induce structural and numerical chromosomal aberrations by means of a cytofluorimetric protocol of the “In Vitro Mammalian Cell Micronucleus (MN) test”. To consider the in vitro effects of both the parental compound and the related metabolites, TK6 cells were treated with MTTA in the absence or presence of an exogenous metabolic activation system (S9 mix) for a short-term time (3 h) followed by a recovery period (23 h). No statistically significant increase in the MNi frequency was detected. Specifically, in the presence of S9 mix, only a slight increasing trend was observable at all tested concentrations, whereas, without S9 mix, at 75 µM, almost a doubling of the negative control was reached. For the purposes of comprehensive evaluation, a long-term treatment (26 h) was also included. In this case, a statistically significant enhancement in the MNi frequency was observed at 50 µM. Full article
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