International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

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12 pages, 1697 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An e-Problem-Based Learning Program for Infection Control in Nursing Homes: A Quasi-Experimental Study

by Young-Rim Choi, Ye-Na Lee, Dayeong Kim, Won Hee Park, Dai Young Kwon and Sung Ok Chang

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(20), 13371; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192013371 - 16 Oct 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1791

Abstract

Infection is a significant factor adversely affecting the health of nursing home (NH) residents, potentially even leading to death. Therefore, educating NH staff to think critically is necessary to prevent and control infection. In this study, we developed an electronic problem-based learning (e-PBL) [...] Read more.

Infection is a significant factor adversely affecting the health of nursing home (NH) residents, potentially even leading to death. Therefore, educating NH staff to think critically is necessary to prevent and control infection. In this study, we developed an electronic problem-based learning (e-PBL) program using the Network-Based Instructional System Design model to enhance South Korean NH staff’s critical thinking competencies; subsequently, its effectiveness was evaluated. This study utilized a quasi-experimental nonequivalent pretest–post-test design. The participants (n = 54) were randomly allocated into an experimental group (n = 28) and a control group (n = 26). The results indicate that the e-PBL program significantly improved the critical thinking disposition in the experimental group compared with in the control group. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis and Advances in Research on Human Behavior)

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25 pages, 1469 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Treatment Adherence Improvement Program in Hemodialysis Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Hana Kim, I. Seul Jeong and Mi-Kyoung Cho

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(18), 11657; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811657 - 15 Sep 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2351

Abstract

Herein, we performed a meta-analysis evaluating the effects of treatment adherence enhancement programs on treatment adherence and secondary outcomes for hemodialysis patients. Twenty-five Korean and international articles published prior to 31 March 2022 were selected following the PRISMA and Cochrane Systematic Review guidelines. [...] Read more.

Herein, we performed a meta-analysis evaluating the effects of treatment adherence enhancement programs on treatment adherence and secondary outcomes for hemodialysis patients. Twenty-five Korean and international articles published prior to 31 March 2022 were selected following the PRISMA and Cochrane Systematic Review guidelines. We calculated summary effect sizes, conducted homogeneity and heterogeneity testing, constructed a funnel plot, and performed Egger’s regression test, Begg’s test, trim-and-fill method, subgroup analyses, and univariate meta-regression. The overall effect of treatment adherence enhancement programs for hemodialysis patients was statistically significant (Hedges’ g = 1.10, 95% CI: 0.77, 1.43). On performing subgroup analysis to determine the cause of effect size heterogeneity, statistically significant moderating effects were found for a range of input variables (Asian countries, study centers, sample size, study design, intervention types, number of sessions, quality assessment scores, funding, and evidence-based interventions). On univariate meta-regression, larger synthesized effect sizes were found for a range of study characteristics (Asian populations, single-center studies, studies with <70 participants, quasi-experimental studies, educational interventions, studies with >12 sessions, studies with quality assessment scores above the mean, unfunded studies, and non-theory-based interventions). Our results provide evidence-based information for enhancing program efficacy when designing treatment adherence enhancement programs for hemodialysis patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis and Advances in Research on Human Behavior)

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15 pages, 1789 KiB

Open AccessArticle

How about an Educational Framework for Nursing Staff in Long-Term Care Facilities to Improve the Care of Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia?

by Dayeong Kim, Young-Rim Choi, Ye-Na Lee, Won-Hee Park and Sung-Ok Chang

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(17), 10493; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710493 - 23 Aug 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1821

Abstract

Behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) are common in residents of long-term care facilities (LTCFs). In LTCFs, nursing staff, including nurses and care workers, play a crucial role in managing BPSD as those most in contact with the residents. However, it is [...] Read more.

Behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) are common in residents of long-term care facilities (LTCFs). In LTCFs, nursing staff, including nurses and care workers, play a crucial role in managing BPSD as those most in contact with the residents. However, it is ambiguous where their focus should be for effective BPSD care. Thus, this paper aims to reveal BPSD care competencies for nursing staff in LTCFs and to outline an initial frame of education. A multiphase mixed-methods approach, which was conducted through topic modeling, qualitative interviews, and a Delphi survey, was used. From the results, a preliminary educational framework for nursing staff with categories of BPSD care competence was outlined with the four categories of BPSD care competence: using knowledge for assessment and monitoring the status of residents, individualizing approaches on how to understand residents and address BPSD, building relationships for shared decision-making, and securing a safe environment for residents and staff in LTCFs. This preliminary framework illuminates specific domains that need to be developed for competent BPSD care in LTCFs that are centered on nursing staff who directly assess and monitor the changing and deteriorating state of residents in LTCFs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis and Advances in Research on Human Behavior)

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9 pages, 432 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bedside Teaching in Rural Family Medicine Education in Japan

by Ryuichi Ohta and Chiaki Sano

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(11), 6807; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19116807 - 02 Jun 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1555

Abstract

Bedside teaching is essential in family medicine education so that residents may learn about various clinical conditions and develop professional skills. In particular, bedside teaching is useful in a rural context because rural family medicine deals with a broad scope of biopsychosocial problems [...] Read more.

Bedside teaching is essential in family medicine education so that residents may learn about various clinical conditions and develop professional skills. In particular, bedside teaching is useful in a rural context because rural family medicine deals with a broad scope of biopsychosocial problems among older patients. Accordingly, based on an inductive thematic analysis, we propose a framework for bedside teaching in rural family medicine education, which consists of four themes: accommodation of different learners, near-peer learning, the change in engagement of medical teachers in bedside teaching, and driving interpersonal collaboration. Bedside teaching can promote interactions between different medical learners. Near-peer learning in bedside teaching compensates for the limited availability of educators and improves learners’ motivation for self-directed learning. Through bedside teaching, medical learners can observe each other and provide constructive feedback, thereby improving their relationships and learning. For effective bedside teaching, medical educators should facilitate learners and collaborate with other medical professionals. Additionally, bedside teaching should accommodate a variety of learners, facilitate near-peer and self-directed learning, educators’ involvement based on cognitive apprenticeship, along with interprofessional collaboration with nurses. Interprofessional collaboration between rural family medicine teachers, learners, and nurses may improve the quality of patient care due to the increased understanding between patients and other medical staff in hospitals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis and Advances in Research on Human Behavior)

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15 pages, 362 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of Core Educational Content for Heart Failure Patients in Transition from Hospital to Home Care: A Delphi Study

by Seo-Jin Lee and Bo-Hwan Kim

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(11), 6550; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19116550 - 27 May 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1676

Abstract

Heart failure (HF) patients should be systematically educated before discharge on how to manage with standard written materials for patient self-management. However, because of the absence of readily available written materials to reinforce their learned knowledge, patients with HF feel inadequately informed in [...] Read more.

Heart failure (HF) patients should be systematically educated before discharge on how to manage with standard written materials for patient self-management. However, because of the absence of readily available written materials to reinforce their learned knowledge, patients with HF feel inadequately informed in terms of the discharge information provided to them. This study aimed to develop core content to prepare patients with HF for transition from hospital to home care. The content was validated by expert panelists using Delphi methods. Nineteen draft items based on literature review were developed. We established a consensus on four core sections, including 47 categories and 128 subcategories through the Delphi survey: (1) understanding HF (five categories and 23 subcategories), (2) HF medication (19 categories and 45 subcategories), (3) HF management (20 categories and 47 subcategories), and (4) HF diary (three categories and 13 subcategories). Each section provided easy-to-understand educational contents using cartoon images and large or bold letters for older patients with HF. The developed core HF educational contents showed high consensus between the experts, along with clinical validity. The contents can be used as an educational booklet for both planning discharge education of patients with HF and for post-discharge management when transitioning from hospital to home. Based on this study, a booklet series for HF patients was first registered at the National Library of Korea. Future research should focus on delivering the core content to patients with HF in convenient and accessible format through various media. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis and Advances in Research on Human Behavior)

23 pages, 18404 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Visualizing the Knowledge Domain in Health Education: A Scientometric Analysis Based on CiteSpace

by Boyuan Chen, Sohee Shin, Ming Wu and Zhihui Liu

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(11), 6440; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19116440 - 25 May 2022

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3746

Abstract

Objectives: This study aimed to visualize the evidence in the global research on health education to better improve the nation’s health literacy and to guide future research. Method: We searched the Web of Science (Core Collection) electronic databases. The search strategies: topic: (“Health [...] Read more.

Objectives: This study aimed to visualize the evidence in the global research on health education to better improve the nation’s health literacy and to guide future research. Method: We searched the Web of Science (Core Collection) electronic databases. The search strategies: topic: (“Health Education” OR “Education, Health” OR “Community Health Education” OR “Education, Community Health” OR “Health Education, Community”) AND document: (Article) AND language:(English). Articles of evidence from January 2011 to December 2021 with those words in the title or abstract or keywords will be included in this review. We used the Citespace 5.6.R5 (64-bit) to investigate and determine the thematic patterns, and emerging trends of the knowledge domain, and presented a narrative account of the findings. Result: We analyzed 10,273 eligible articles. It showed that BMC Public Health displays the most prolific journals. Author MARCO PAHOR is highlighted in health education. The University of Sydney has published the most studies about health education. The USA plays an important role in these studies. Specifically, the visualization shows several hotspots: disease prevalence surveys and a specific population of knowledge, attitude and practice surveys, health intervention, chronic and non-communicable management, youth-health action, sexual and reproductive health, and physical activity promotion. Furthermore, document co-citation analysis indicated that there are 10 main clusters, which means the research front in health education. Meanwhile, by the citation detected, COVID-19, has achieved universal health coverage in related studies, however, public health education and the health workforce might be more popular in the coming years. Conclusion: Health education is an effective measure to shift the concept of public health and improve healthy living standards. The present study facilitates an extensive understanding of the basic knowledge and research frontiers that are pivotal for the developmental process of health education and allows scholars to visualize the identification modes and tendencies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis and Advances in Research on Human Behavior)

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8 pages, 332 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Differences in the Incidence of Adverse Events in Acute Care Hospitals: Results of a Multicentre Study

by Darja Jarošová, Renáta Zeleníková, Ilona Plevová, Eva Mynaříková and Miroslava Kachlová

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(9), 5238; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095238 - 26 Apr 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1399

Abstract

Background: Adverse events are indicators of patient safety and quality of care. Adverse events clearly have negative impacts on healthcare system costs. Organizational and unit characteristics are not very often studied in relation to adverse events. The aim of the study was to [...] Read more.

Background: Adverse events are indicators of patient safety and quality of care. Adverse events clearly have negative impacts on healthcare system costs. Organizational and unit characteristics are not very often studied in relation to adverse events. The aim of the study was to find the differences in the incidence of adverse events and healthcare-associated infections in hospitalized patients in Czech acute care hospitals according to type of hospital and type of unit. Methods: This cross-sectional multicentre study was conducted in 105 acute care medical and surgical units located in 14 acute care hospitals throughout the Czech Republic. The data on adverse events and healthcare-associated infections were reported monthly by nurse researchers. The data were collected from June 2020 to October 2020. Results: The incidence of healthcare-associated infections, pressure ulcers, and medication errors was significantly lower in large hospitals. Statistically significant differences have been further found between the incidence of pressure ulcers (<0.001), falls without injury (<0.001), and falls with injury (<0.001) in surgical and medical units. More pressure ulcers, falls without injury, and falls with injury have been reported in surgical units. Conclusion: The type of hospital and type of unit affected the incidence of adverse events at acute care hospitals. To reduce adverse events, a systematic adverse event measurement and reporting system should be promoted. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis and Advances in Research on Human Behavior)

9 pages, 348 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reflection in Rural Family Medicine Education

by Ryuichi Ohta and Chiaki Sano

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(9), 5137; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095137 - 23 Apr 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 1541

Abstract

Reflection in medical education is vital for students’ development as professionals. The lack of medical educators in rural family medicine can impinge on the effective reflection of residents’ learning. Hence, based on qualitative research, we proposed a framework regarding reflection in rural family [...] Read more.

Reflection in medical education is vital for students’ development as professionals. The lack of medical educators in rural family medicine can impinge on the effective reflection of residents’ learning. Hence, based on qualitative research, we proposed a framework regarding reflection in rural family medicine education, indicating when, where, and how reflection is performed and progresses. The contents of reflection include clinical issues regarding knowledge and skills, professionalism in clinical decisions, and work-life balance. The settings of reflection include conference rooms, clinical wards, residents’ desks, and hospital hallways. The timing of educational reflection includes during and after patient examination and discussion with various professionals, before finishing work, and during “doorknob” times (right before going back home). Rural medical teachers need competence as clinicians and medical educators to promote learning in medical residents and sustain rural medical care. Furthermore, medical teachers must communicate and collaborate with medical residents and nurses for educational reflection to take place in rural family medicine education, especially regarding professionalism. In rural family medicine education, reflection can be performed in various clinical situations through collaboration with learners and various medical professionals, aiding the enrichment of residents’ learning and sustainability of rural medical care. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis and Advances in Research on Human Behavior)

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11 pages, 2002 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Serum Albumin Kinetics in Major Ovarian, Gastrointestinal, and Cervico Facial Cancer Surgery

by Cyrus Motamed, Lucie Mariani, Stéphanie Suria and Gregoire Weil

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(6), 3394; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063394 - 14 Mar 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1316

Abstract

Hypoalbuminemia in major cancer surgery can lead to postoperative short and long-term complications. Our study was designed to detect albumin variations in three major cancer surgeries: ovarian debulking (DBK), major abdominal gastrointestinal surgery (ABD), and major cervico-facial, or ear, nose and throat cancer [...] Read more.

Hypoalbuminemia in major cancer surgery can lead to postoperative short and long-term complications. Our study was designed to detect albumin variations in three major cancer surgeries: ovarian debulking (DBK), major abdominal gastrointestinal surgery (ABD), and major cervico-facial, or ear, nose and throat cancer surgery (ENT). Single-center prospective study inclusion criteria were non-emergency procedures scheduled to last at least five hours. We performed hourly perioperative monitoring of the patients’ albuminemia and hemoglobinemia. Electronic charts were followed for at least five years for survival analysis. Sixty-three patients were analyzed: 30 in the DBK group, 13 in the ABD group, and 20 in the ENT group. There was a significant difference in albumin decrease between the ENT group and the two others (−19% at six hours in the ENT group versus -49% in the debulking group and −31% in the ABD group (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference between the DBK and ABD groups. The decrease in hemoglobin was not significantly different between the groups, and no significant difference was observed in long-term survival. DBK and ABD surgery yielded significant hypoalbuminemia. Therefore, the extent of decrease in serum albumin is probably not the only etiology of the specific postoperative complications of these major surgeries. No significant difference was noticed in five-year mortality, and no correlation was found in relation to the degree of intraoperative albumin kinetics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis and Advances in Research on Human Behavior)

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18 pages, 1717 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of a Clinical Risk Score for Prediction of Life-Threatening Arrhythmia Events in Patients with ST Elevated Acute Coronary Syndrome after Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

by Thanutorn Wongthida, Lalita Lumkul, Jayanton Patumanond, Wattana Wongtheptian, Dilok Piyayotai and Phichayut Phinyo

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(4), 1997; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19041997 - 10 Feb 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2126

Abstract

ST-elevated acute coronary syndrome (STEACS) is a serious condition requiring timely treatment. Reperfusion with primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI) is recommended and preferred over fibrinolysis. Despite its efficacy, lethal complications, such as life-threatening arrhythmia (LTA), are common in post-PCI patients. Although various risk [...] Read more.

ST-elevated acute coronary syndrome (STEACS) is a serious condition requiring timely treatment. Reperfusion with primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI) is recommended and preferred over fibrinolysis. Despite its efficacy, lethal complications, such as life-threatening arrhythmia (LTA), are common in post-PCI patients. Although various risk assessment tools were developed, only a few focus on LTA prediction. This study aimed to develop a risk score to predict LTA events after pPCI. A risk score was developed using a retrospective cohort of consecutive patients with STEACS who underwent pPCI at Chiangrai Prachanukroh Hospital from January 2012 to December 2016. LTA is defined as the occurrence of malignant arrhythmia that requires advanced cardiovascular life support (ACLS) within 72 h after pPCI. Logistic regression was used for model derivation. Among 273 patients, 43 (15.8%) developed LTA events. Seven independent predictors were identified: female sex, hemoglobin < 12 gm/dL, pre- and intra-procedural events (i.e., respiratory failure and pulseless arrest), IABP insertion, intervention duration > 60 min, and desaturation after pPCI. The LTA score showed an AuROC of 0.93 (95%CI 0.90, 0.97). The score was categorized into three risk categories: low (<2.5), moderate (2.5–4), and high risk (>4) for LTA events. The LTA score demonstrated high predictive performance and potential clinical utility for predicting LTA events after pPCI. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis and Advances in Research on Human Behavior)

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11 pages, 1348 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effects of Acupressure on Improving Health and Reducing Cost for Patients Undergoing Thoracoscopic Surgery

by Hsing-Chi Hsu, Kai-Yu Tseng, Hsin-Yuan Fang, Tzu-Min Huang, Chi-Chung Kuo, Li-Li Chen and Wei-Fen Ma

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(3), 1869; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031869 - 07 Feb 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2498

Abstract

Objectives. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of practicing acupressure on the Shenmen and Neiguan acupoints with a view to reduce anxiety and improve the comfort and physical health of patients undergoing thoracoscopic surgery. Methods. A total of 100 hospitalized patients undergoing [...] Read more.

Objectives. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of practicing acupressure on the Shenmen and Neiguan acupoints with a view to reduce anxiety and improve the comfort and physical health of patients undergoing thoracoscopic surgery. Methods. A total of 100 hospitalized patients undergoing thoracoscopic surgery were assigned randomly into the experimental (n = 49) and control groups (n = 51). Subjects in the experimental group received routine care plus acupressure on the Shenmen and Neiguan acupoints, while those in the control group received regular routine care. The data were collected using demographic information, physical and surgical data, the Visual Analog Scale (VAS)-A, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory Y Form (STAI-Y1), and Shortened General Comfort Questionnaire scores. The linear mixed model was used to examine the influences of acupressure on VAS-A and STAI-Y1 scores at different time points before and after the surgery to observe group-by-time interactions. Results. The mean age of the subjects was 60.97 years. All subjects had mild-to-moderate anxiety after surgery and showed a statistically significant decline in regression coefficients on the first and second days after the intervention (β = −11.61, p = 0.002; β = −18.71, p < 0.001). Similarly, for STAI-YI scores, the data showed a significant difference in the pre-test and post-test interactions between the two groups (β = 4.72, p = 0.031). Conversely, acupressure did not have a statistically significant difference on comfort (F = 2.953, p = 0.057). Compared with the control subjects, the experimental subjects used less morphine and developed side effects less frequently (p < 0.01). They were also able to get out of bed after surgery 163.79 min earlier (p < 0.05). Conclusions. Acupressure is a simple and easy-to-practice treatment. Acupressure on the Shenmen and Neiguan acupoints reduces anxiety and improves recovery in patients after undergoing thoracoscopic surgery. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis and Advances in Research on Human Behavior)

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12 pages, 783 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Chinese Mandarin Version of the Crisis Triage Rating Scale for Taiwanese with Mental Illness to Compulsory Hospitalization

by Shuo-Yen Ting, Tsuo-Hung Lan, Lih-Jong Shen, Chun-Yuan Lin, Shih-Kai Lee and Wei-Fen Ma

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(24), 13392; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182413392 - 20 Dec 2021

Viewed by 1706

Abstract

Background: A controversial issue of the need to protect human rights and ensure public safety still remains a conflict in Taiwan. The purpose of this study was to translate the Crisis Triage Rating Scale to Chinese Mandarin (CMCTRS). Method: A cross-sectional design with [...] Read more.

Background: A controversial issue of the need to protect human rights and ensure public safety still remains a conflict in Taiwan. The purpose of this study was to translate the Crisis Triage Rating Scale to Chinese Mandarin (CMCTRS). Method: A cross-sectional design with convenient sampling was employed in this study. The CMCTRS was tested on 302 Taiwanese individuals with mental illness who were admitted to the emergency room (ER) of a psychiatric center. A higher score indicated a greater need for mandatory psychiatric admission. Psychiatrists rated the patients’ status according to three scale criteria and six action plans of recommendations. Results: Five specialists evaluated the content validity index to be 0.8. A total of 210 participants (69.5%) were deemed suitable for compulsory hospitalization or admission for observation in ER. The optimal cut-off score was 8, with a Youden Index of 1.46, a sensitivity of 0.748, and a specificity of 0.712 in deciding the need for hospitalization or observation. Conclusions: The CMCTRS exhibited an acceptable criterion validity with psychiatrists in a population of 302 patients at the ER of a psychiatric center. A cut-off point of 8 is recommended for determining hospitalization or a minimum 24 h stay at emergency for observation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis and Advances in Research on Human Behavior)

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11 pages, 338 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pain Control: Normalization of the BPCQ Questionnaire on a Group of Patients Diagnosed with Malignant Cancer

by Aleksandra Czerw, Urszula Religioni, Filip Szymański, Katarzyna Sygit, Krzysztof Zdziarski, Dominika Mękal, Grażyna Dykowska, Anna Kłak, Agnieszka Barańska, Piotr Merks, Mariola Borowska, Elżbieta Cipora and Monika Pajewska

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(24), 13069; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182413069 - 11 Dec 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1581

Abstract

The purpose of this article is to examine the applicability of the Beliefs about Pain Control Questionnaire (BPCQ) among cancer patients and develop norms that allow differentiation of patients with diagnosed cancer in terms of beliefs about pain control. Normalization aims to establish [...] Read more.

The purpose of this article is to examine the applicability of the Beliefs about Pain Control Questionnaire (BPCQ) among cancer patients and develop norms that allow differentiation of patients with diagnosed cancer in terms of beliefs about pain control. Normalization aims to establish the value of test results in the study population. The study involved 1187 patients diagnosed with cancer in outpatient care Maria Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, in Warsaw. The applied tool was the Beliefs about Pain Control Questionnaire developed by S. Skevington. The results are most strongly differentiated in each dimension of pain control by education, income, and professional status. Sten norms were developed to determine the level of beliefs about pain control in low, average, and high categories. The BPCQ assessment applies to cancer patients, and the assessment of the location of pain control in patients will allow for the identification of patients whose standard therapy should be supplemented with psychotherapeutic support. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis and Advances in Research on Human Behavior)

14 pages, 567 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Regression-Based Normative Data for Independent and Cognitively Active Spanish Older Adults: Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test, Rey–Osterrieth Complex Figure Test and Judgement of Line Orientation

by Eva Calderón-Rubio, Javier Oltra-Cucarella, Beatriz Bonete-López, Clara Iñesta and Esther Sitges-Maciá

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(24), 12977; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182412977 - 09 Dec 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2240

Abstract

The aim of this work was to develop normative data for neuropsychological tests for the assessment of independent and cognitively active Spanish older adults over 55 years of age. Methods: regression-based normative data were calculated from a sample of 103 nondepressed independent community-dwelling [...] Read more.

The aim of this work was to develop normative data for neuropsychological tests for the assessment of independent and cognitively active Spanish older adults over 55 years of age. Methods: regression-based normative data were calculated from a sample of 103 nondepressed independent community-dwelling adults aged 55 or older (66% women). The raw data for the Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test (FCSRT), the Rey–Osterrieth Complex Figure Test (ROCF) and the Judgement of Line Orientation Test (JLO) were regressed on age, sex and education. The model predicting the FCSRT delayed-recall (FCSRT-Del) scores also included the FCSRT immediate-recall (FCSRT-Imm) scores. The model predicting the ROCF immediate-recall (ROCF-Imm) scores included the ROCF copy-trial (ROCF-C) scores, and the model predicting the ROCF delayed-recall (ROCF-Del) scores included both the ROCF-C and the ROCF-Imm scores. In order to identify low scores, z-scores were used to determine the discrepancy between the observed and the predicted scores. The base rates of the low scores for both the SABIEX normative data and the published normative data obtained from the general population were compared. Results: the effects of the different sociodemographic variables (age, sex and education) varied throughout the neuropsychological measures. Despite finding similar proportions of low scores between the normative data sets, the agreement was irrelevant or only fair-to-good. Conclusions: the normative data obtained from the general population might not be sensitive enough to identify low scores in cognitively active older adults, incorrectly classifying them as cognitively normal compared to the less active population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis and Advances in Research on Human Behavior)

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13 pages, 499 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Factors Influencing Self-Care Behavior and Treatment Adherence in Hemodialysis Patients

by Hana Kim and Mi-Kyoung Cho

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(24), 12934; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182412934 - 08 Dec 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3739

Abstract

Low self-care and treatment adherence are found among hemodialysis patients. We aimed to identify the factors influencing self-care behavior and treatment adherence and examine the mediating effect of treatment adherence on self-care behavior. A questionnaire was administered through a social media community from [...] Read more.

Low self-care and treatment adherence are found among hemodialysis patients. We aimed to identify the factors influencing self-care behavior and treatment adherence and examine the mediating effect of treatment adherence on self-care behavior. A questionnaire was administered through a social media community from 11 July to 13 August 2021. The data collected from 100 participants were analyzed using the independent t-test, one-way analysis of variance, Pearson’s correlation, multiple linear regression analysis, and hierarchical multiple regression analysis. The mean self-care behavior and treatment adherence scores were 3.52 ± 0.57 and 4.01 ± 0.48, respectively. The mean age and hemodialysis duration were 51.70 ± 9.40 and 7.57 ± 7.21 years, respectively. The common primary cause of end-stage renal disease was glomerulonephritis (n = 39, 39%). Self-care behavior varied with education, frequency of self-care behavior education, and social support and was positively correlated with treatment adherence and social support. Treatment adherence was positively correlated with social support. Treatment adherence, social support, and health status were influenced self-care behavior (54.5%. Self-care behavior and frequency of self-care behavior education influenced treatment adherence (61.3%). Treatment adherence partially mediated the relationship between social support and self-care behavior. Intervention strategies that increase both social support and treatment adherence can promote self-care behavior. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis and Advances in Research on Human Behavior)

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13 pages, 338 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Normalization of the Mini-MAC (Mental Adjustment to Cancer) Questionnaire among Cancer Patients

by Aleksandra Czerw, Urszula Religioni, Filip Szymański, Agnieszka Nieradko-Heluszko, Dominika Mękal, Dagmara Hering, Anna Kowalczuk, Piotr Merks, Mariola Borowska, Magdalena Bogdan and Monika Pajewska

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(23), 12603; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182312603 - 29 Nov 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2234

Abstract

Cancer is associated with discomfort and many changes in patients’ lives to which they must adapt. The main objective of the study was to assess the use of the mini-MAC questionnaire scale among persons diagnosed with malignant cancer and to develop standards allowing [...] Read more.

Cancer is associated with discomfort and many changes in patients’ lives to which they must adapt. The main objective of the study was to assess the use of the mini-MAC questionnaire scale among persons diagnosed with malignant cancer and to develop standards allowing differentiation of patients with diagnosed cancer in terms of their style of adjustment to the disease. The mini-MAC questionnaire is a widely used tool in assessing coping strategies among cancer patients. Sten standards have been developed to determine the level of results on the questionnaire scales in the low–average–high categories. The study included 1187 patients diagnosed with malignant cancer who are covered by outpatient care at the Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute—Oncology Center in Warsaw. The questionnaire concerning mental adjustment to cancer was used (mini-MAC). Patients with cancer most often adopt strategies of fighting spirit and positive reevaluation. The variables that differentiate the results most significantly include gender, presence of metastasis, and the state of undergoing chemotherapy. The mini-MAC questionnaire should be a tool for psycho-oncological diagnosis of patients’ attitudes towards cancer. The obtained results indicate that cancer patients are characterized by their constructive style of adjustment to the disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis and Advances in Research on Human Behavior)

15 pages, 686 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Validity and Reliability of the Korean Version of the Self-Care of Diabetes Inventory (SCODI-K)

by Seung-Yeon Kong and Mi-Kyoung Cho

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(22), 12179; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182212179 - 19 Nov 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1906

Abstract

This was a methodological study to evaluate the validity and reliability of the Korean version of the Self-Care of Diabetes Inventory (SCODI-K). A total of 210 patients with type 2 diabetes from a university hospital were enrolled. Content validity, construct validity, and criterion-related [...] Read more.

This was a methodological study to evaluate the validity and reliability of the Korean version of the Self-Care of Diabetes Inventory (SCODI-K). A total of 210 patients with type 2 diabetes from a university hospital were enrolled. Content validity, construct validity, and criterion-related validity were evaluated. Cronbach’s α was used to assess reliability. The SCODI-K consisted of 40 items in four dimensions (self-care maintenance, self-care monitoring, self-care management, and confidence). Four factors (activity-nutritional behavior, health-adherence behavior, health-promotion behavior, diet-restriction behavior) in the dimension of self-care maintenance, two factors (health status monitoring, symptom recognition) in the dimension of self-care monitoring, three factors (glucose self-control, problem-solving behavior, consultative self-care) in the dimension of self-care management, and one factor (self-care confidence) in the dimension of confidence were extracted. Confirmatory factor analysis supported a good fit with reliable scores for the SCODI-K model (normed chi-square(χ²/df) < 5, root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) < 0.1, comparative fit index (CFI) ≥ 0.9, goodness-of-fit-index (GFI) ≥ 0.9). The SCODI-K showed a high positive correlation coefficient of 0.75 with the summary of diabetes self-care activities (SDSCA), confirming convergent validity. Cronbach’s α was 0.92 for the overall scale and 0.69 to 0.90 for the four dimensions. Therefore, the SCODI-K is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing self-care of patients with type 2 diabetes in Korea. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis and Advances in Research on Human Behavior)

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10 pages, 1121 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Helping While Social Distancing: Pathogen Avoidance Motives Influence People’s Helping Intentions during the COVID-19 Pandemic

by Yi Ding, Tingting Ji and Yongyu Guo

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(22), 12113; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182212113 - 18 Nov 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1916

Abstract

The behavioral immune system (BIS) theory suggests that pathogen avoidance motives relate to greater behavioral avoidance against social interactions that pose potential risks of pathogen transmission. Based on the BIS theory, pathogen avoidance motives would decrease people’s helping behavior towards others. However, would [...] Read more.

The behavioral immune system (BIS) theory suggests that pathogen avoidance motives relate to greater behavioral avoidance against social interactions that pose potential risks of pathogen transmission. Based on the BIS theory, pathogen avoidance motives would decrease people’s helping behavior towards others. However, would pathogen avoidance motives decrease all types of helping behavior towards others during the Coronavirus disease 2019 (i.e., COVID-19) pandemic indiscriminately? In the present study, we conducted a within-subjects design to compare people’s helping intentions toward voluntary work with and without social contact. Specifically, participants (N = 1562) completed an online survey at the early stage of the COVID-19 pandemic in China measuring pathogen disgust sensitivity, state anxiety, and intentions to perform volunteer work with and without social contact. Results revealed that pathogen disgust sensitivity negatively predicted intentions to perform voluntary work with social contact yet had no influence on intentions to perform socially distanced voluntary work. Moreover, the effect of pathogen disgust sensitivity on socially distanced volunteering preference was mediated by the state anxiety people experienced during the pandemic. The findings have implications for understanding people’s helping behavior during the pandemic. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis and Advances in Research on Human Behavior)

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12 pages, 1769 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Media Agenda and Press Conferences on COVID-19 in Mexico: An Analysis of Journalists’ Questions

by Julio C. Aguila Sánchez, Ninón I. Llano Guibarra and Pamela Pereyra-Zamora

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(22), 12067; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182212067 - 17 Nov 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2053

Abstract

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the need to strengthen health communication in times of crisis. This study aims to analyze the media agenda of press conferences on COVID-19 in Mexico during the first two phases of the pandemic, based on [...] Read more.

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the need to strengthen health communication in times of crisis. This study aims to analyze the media agenda of press conferences on COVID-19 in Mexico during the first two phases of the pandemic, based on journalists’ questions. The study is based on framing theory. The method used was content analysis from a quantitative perspective. This method was explicitly applied to the final section of the conferences, which dealt with “questions from the press.” The results show that at the beginning of the pandemic, the press was more interested in the government’s management of the health crisis than in issues such as the prevention of the disease itself or the economic impact of the crisis on the country. Moreover, the main characteristic of the questions was that they were generally socially relevant. In conclusion, we found that in the media agenda of the Mexican conference, the frame of attribution of responsibility was prominent but in combination with the frames of conflict, human interest, morality, and economic consequences. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis and Advances in Research on Human Behavior)

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14 pages, 842 KiB

Open AccessArticle

People with Disabilities in the Workplace: Results of a Survey Conducted among Polish and Finnish Employers

by Alicja Grześkowiak, Urszula Załuska, Dorota Kwiatkowska-Ciotucha and Cyprian Kozyra

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(20), 10934; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010934 - 18 Oct 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1948

Abstract

The key aspect of the inclusion of people with disabilities (PwD) in the workplace is how they are perceived by employers who make decisions on hiring employees. The article presents the results of CAWI (Computer Assisted Web Interview) research conducted among Polish and [...] Read more.

The key aspect of the inclusion of people with disabilities (PwD) in the workplace is how they are perceived by employers who make decisions on hiring employees. The article presents the results of CAWI (Computer Assisted Web Interview) research conducted among Polish and Finnish employers (n = 414) in 2021 using a proprietary questionnaire. Employers were asked to assess the state policy in the field of PwD’s inclusion, the social atmosphere in this respect, the level of acceptance of privileges/special solutions dedicated to PwD in the workplace and the knowledge of the specificity of disability. When analysing the obtained data, we verified the differentiation of Polish and Finnish employers’ assessments, the impact of respondents’ characteristics on their assessment and the relations between the assessments of various aspects of PwD’s inclusion. For the analysis, we used the t-test of independent samples for equality of means and the Pearson correlation coefficient. The results showed that Finnish respondents assess the conditions for the full inclusion of PwD much better than Polish ones. The characteristics most differentiating employers’ assessments is gender and the fact of employing PwD. There were also correlations between the responses of respondents in both countries to three out of four analysed questions from the questionnaire. The differences found in this study indicate that it would be worth extending the research to other European countries to generalize conclusions about the influence of cultural determinants on the situation of PwD on the labour market. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis and Advances in Research on Human Behavior)

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18 pages, 470 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Regression-Based Normative Data for Independent and Cognitively Active Spanish Older Adults: Digit Span, Letters and Numbers, Trail Making Test and Symbol Digit Modalities Test

by Clara Iñesta, Javier Oltra-Cucarella, Beatriz Bonete-López, Eva Calderón-Rubio and Esther Sitges-Maciá

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(19), 9958; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18199958 - 22 Sep 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2416

Abstract

In this work, we developed normative data for the neuropsychological assessment of independent and cognitively active Spanish older adults over 55 years of age. Method: Regression-based normative data were calculated from a sample of 103 non-depressed independent community-dwelling adults aged 55 or older [...] Read more.

In this work, we developed normative data for the neuropsychological assessment of independent and cognitively active Spanish older adults over 55 years of age. Method: Regression-based normative data were calculated from a sample of 103 non-depressed independent community-dwelling adults aged 55 or older (67% women). Raw data for Digit Span (DS), Letters and Numbers (LN), the Trail Making Test (TMT), and the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) were regressed on age, sex, and education. The model predicting TMT-B scores also included TMT-A scores. Z-scores for the discrepancy between observed and predicted scores were used to identify low scores. The base rate of low scores for SABIEX normative data was compared to the base rate of low scores using published normative data obtained from the general population. Results: The effects of age, sex, and education varied across neuropsychological measures. Although the proportion of low scores was similar between normative datasets, there was no agreement in the identification of cognitively impaired individuals. Conclusions: Normative data obtained from the general population might not be sensitive to identify low scores in cognitively active older adults, incorrectly classifying them as cognitively normal compared to the less-active population. We provide a friendly calculator for use in neuropsychological assessment in cognitively active Spanish people aged 55 or older. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis and Advances in Research on Human Behavior)

11 pages, 760 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prevalence of Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders: Psychological and Physical Risk Factors

by K. Saraswathi Krishnan, Gunasunderi Raju and Omar Shawkataly

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(17), 9361; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18179361 - 04 Sep 2021

Cited by 54 | Viewed by 11342

Abstract

Purpose—This study aimed to estimate the prevalence and risk factors of MSD pain in various anatomical regions among nurses. Method—A cross-sectional study involving a self-administered questionnaire by registered nurses with clinical experience. Data was collected using convenience sampling after obtaining informed consent. The [...] Read more.

Purpose—This study aimed to estimate the prevalence and risk factors of MSD pain in various anatomical regions among nurses. Method—A cross-sectional study involving a self-administered questionnaire by registered nurses with clinical experience. Data was collected using convenience sampling after obtaining informed consent. The results were drawn from a total of 300 nurses. Results—The nurses presented with occasional mental exhaustion (44.3%) and often physical exhaustion (44.0%). Almost all (97.3%) the nurses complained of having work-related pain during the last 12 months. Body parts with the most pain were the lower back (86.7%), ankles (86.7%), neck (86.0%), shoulders (85.0%), lower legs (84.7%) and upper back (84.3%). The pain frequency was rated as occasional pain for the neck and upper back, pain was often felt for the rest of the parts. Nurses complained of severe pain in the lower back (19.7%), right shoulder (29.7%) and left shoulder (30.3%). The frequency of having musculoskeletal symptoms in any body region was increased with age, lower education level, female gender, high BMI, job tenure and lifestyle. Conclusions—Nurses’ WRMSD complaints should be taken seriously to curb further risk and musculoskeletal hazards. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis and Advances in Research on Human Behavior)

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13 pages, 382 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Psychometric Properties and Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Spanish Version of the Maudsley Violence Questionnaire among Adolescent Students

by Vanesa Pérez-Martínez, Miriam Sánchez-SanSegundo, Rosario Ferrer-Cascales, Oriol Lordan, Nicola Bowes and Carmen Vives-Cases

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(15), 8225; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18158225 - 03 Aug 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2435

Abstract

The Maudsley Violence Questionnaire (MVQ) is an instrument specifically developed to evaluate violent thinking through two subscales examining macho attitudes and the acceptance of violence. This study analyzed the psychometric properties and factor structure of the Spanish version of the MVQ questionnaire in [...] Read more.

The Maudsley Violence Questionnaire (MVQ) is an instrument specifically developed to evaluate violent thinking through two subscales examining macho attitudes and the acceptance of violence. This study analyzed the psychometric properties and factor structure of the Spanish version of the MVQ questionnaire in a large sample of 1933 Spanish adolescents. An online questionnaire was used to collect variables, such as sociodemographic and sexism data. The factor structure showed good fit indices in Spanish adolescents, which were similar to the original scale. The exploratory analysis yielded a first factor that explained 11.3% of the total variance and a second factor that explained 10.8% of the total variance. The Goodness of Fit Index (GFI) (0.902), Adjusted Goodness of Fit Index (AGFI) (0.90), Normed Fit Index (NNFI) (0.85), and the Comparative Fit Index (CFI) (0.86) suggested that the model fit the data adequately (with values ≥ 0.90) and the Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) (≤0.10) values indicative of an adequate fit. This study contributes a Spanish-language validated tool to measure machismo and the acceptance of violence among adolescents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis and Advances in Research on Human Behavior)

15 pages, 861 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Going “Up” to Move Forward: S-1 Bifactor Models and the Study of Neurocognitive Abilities in Psychopathology

by Darren Haywood, Frank D. Baughman, Barbara A. Mullan and Karen R. Heslop

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(14), 7413; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147413 - 11 Jul 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2515

Abstract

Recently, structural models of psychopathology, that address the diagnostic stability and comorbidity issues of the traditional nosological approach, have dominated much of the psychopathology literature. Structural approaches have given rise to the p-factor, which is claimed to reflect an individual’s propensity toward [...] Read more.

Recently, structural models of psychopathology, that address the diagnostic stability and comorbidity issues of the traditional nosological approach, have dominated much of the psychopathology literature. Structural approaches have given rise to the p-factor, which is claimed to reflect an individual’s propensity toward all common psychopathological symptoms. Neurocognitive abilities are argued to be important to the development and maintenance of a wide range of disorders, and have been suggested as an important driver of the p-factor. However, recent evidence argues against p being an interpretable substantive construct, limiting conclusions that can be drawn from associations between p, the specific factors of a psychopathology model, and neurocognitive abilities. Here, we argue for the use of the S-1 bifactor approach, where the general factor is defined by neurocognitive abilities, to explore the association between neurocognitive performance and a wide range of psychopathological symptoms. We use simulation techniques to give examples of how S-1 bifactor models can be used to examine this relationship, and how the results can be interpreted. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis and Advances in Research on Human Behavior)

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22 pages, 1114 KiB

Open AccessArticle

One p-Factor for All? Exploring the Applicability of Structural Models of Psychopathology within Subgroups of a Population

by Darren Haywood, Frank D. Baughman, Barbara A. Mullan and Karen R. Heslop

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(13), 7108; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18137108 - 02 Jul 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2600

Abstract

Structural models of psychopathology have emerged as an alternative to traditional categorical approaches. The bifactor model, which incorporates a general p-factor, has become the preferred structure. The p-factor is claimed to represent a substantive construct or property of the system; however, [...] Read more.

Structural models of psychopathology have emerged as an alternative to traditional categorical approaches. The bifactor model, which incorporates a general p-factor, has become the preferred structure. The p-factor is claimed to represent a substantive construct or property of the system; however, recent evidence suggests that it may be without substantive meaning. If a universal substantive p, and associated specific factors, is to be developed they not only must be applicable and consistent between populations but also must be applicable and consistent within subgroups of a population. This consistency needs to include not only factor loadings but also factor correlates. We used a simulated data approach to explore the applicability and consistency of four popular models of psychopathology to a range of heterogeneous subgroups and examined the consistency of their neurocognitive correlates. We found that only eight out of sixty-three subgroups fitted any of the models with all significant loadings, no negative loadings, no non-positive-definite identification issues, and no negative variance. All eight of these subgroups fit the correlated factors model, none fit the original bifactor model, four subgroups fit the revised bifactor model, and one subgroup fit the single-factor model. Correlates of the factors also varied substantially between the subgroups fitted to the same model. We discuss the implications of the findings, including the implications for the development of universal substantive factors of psychopathology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis and Advances in Research on Human Behavior)

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Review

Jump to: Research, Other

10 pages, 1399 KiB

Open AccessReview

Factors Affecting the Nuclei in Newborn and Children

by Christos Arnaoutoglou, Anastasia Keivanidou, Georgios Dragoutsos, Ioannis Tentas, Soultana Meditskou, Paul Zarogoulidis, Dimitrios Matthaios, Chrysanthi Sardeli, Aris Ioannidis, Eleni Isidora Perdikouri and Andreas Giannopoulos

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(7), 4226; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074226 - 01 Apr 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1813

Abstract

It is known that children are more sensitive to the effects of medical treatments and environment than adults. Today there is limited information regarding the differences in genotoxic effects in children. The micronucleus assay is a method that is used to monitor genotoxicity, [...] Read more.

It is known that children are more sensitive to the effects of medical treatments and environment than adults. Today there is limited information regarding the differences in genotoxic effects in children. The micronucleus assay is a method that is used to monitor genotoxicity, and it was validated several years before. Today there is international interest for exfoliated buccal cells. Most of the micronuclei studies in children have been performed with the analyses of lymphocytes. However, there is vast interest in using exfoliated cells from the oral cavity. The reason is that other type of cells are acquired non-invasively, this is an important issue in paediatric cohorts. Unfortunately a limitation of measuring micronuclei frequency is that it has been observed to be low in newborns and on the other hand there are a large number of patients and cell sample counts. It has been observed that radiation exposure and environmental pollutants increase the micronuclei frequency in newborn and children. Regarding the medical treatments, there is little data and several studies are needed to optimise the doses. There is the need to observe if there is a relationship between micronuclei in lymphocytes and exfoliated cells and to identify the baseline of the micronuclei levels. Moreover, we evaluate the changes in response to the toxic agents. Prospective cohorts studies will clarify the predictive value of micronuclei for cancer and chronic diseases for both children and adults. Novel molecular technologies will assist in the elucidation of different biological pathways and molecular mechanisms connected with the micronulcei levels in newborn and children. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis and Advances in Research on Human Behavior)

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17 pages, 1115 KiB

Open AccessReview

Comparison of Body Scanner and Manual Anthropometric Measurements of Body Shape: A Systematic Review

by Lorena Rumbo-Rodríguez, Miriam Sánchez-SanSegundo, Rosario Ferrer-Cascales, Nahuel García-D’Urso, Jose A. Hurtado-Sánchez and Ana Zaragoza-Martí

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(12), 6213; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126213 - 08 Jun 2021

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 5700

Abstract

Anthropometrics are a set of direct quantitative measurements of the human body’s external dimensions, which can be used as indirect measures of body composition. Due to a number of limitations of conventional manual techniques for the collection of body measurements, advanced systems using [...] Read more.

Anthropometrics are a set of direct quantitative measurements of the human body’s external dimensions, which can be used as indirect measures of body composition. Due to a number of limitations of conventional manual techniques for the collection of body measurements, advanced systems using three-dimensional (3D) scanners are currently being employed, despite being a relatively new technique. A systematic review was carried out using Pubmed, Medline and the Cochrane Library to assess whether 3D scanners offer reproducible, reliable and accurate data with respect to anthropometrics. Although significant differences were found, 3D measurements correlated strongly with measurements made by conventional anthropometry, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and air displacement plethysmography (ADP), among others. In most studies (61.1%), 3D scanners were more accurate than these other techniques; in fact, these scanners presented excellent accuracy or reliability. 3D scanners allow automated, quick and easy measurements of different body tissues. Moreover, they seem to provide reproducible, reliable and accurate data that correlate well with the other techniques used. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis and Advances in Research on Human Behavior)

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Other

Jump to: Research, Review

19 pages, 1307 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Self-Management Nursing Intervention for Controlling Glucose among Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Mi-Kyoung Cho and Mi Young Kim

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(23), 12750; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182312750 - 03 Dec 2021

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 8596

Abstract

As the diabetic population increases, self-management of diabetes, a chronic disease, is important. Given that self-management nursing interventions using various techniques have been developed, an analysis of their importance is crucial. This study aimed to identify the overall effects of self-management nursing interventions [...] Read more.

As the diabetic population increases, self-management of diabetes, a chronic disease, is important. Given that self-management nursing interventions using various techniques have been developed, an analysis of their importance is crucial. This study aimed to identify the overall effects of self-management nursing interventions on primary (HbA1c) and secondary (self-care, self-efficacy, fasting blood sugar level blood pressure, lipid, body mass index, waist circumference, distress, anxiety, depression, and quality of life) outcomes in diabetes. Systematic review and meta-analysis were used. The meta-analysis involved the synthesis of effect size; tests of homogeneity and heterogeneity; trim and fill plot; Egger’s regression test; and Begg’s test for assessing publication bias. The overall effect on HbA1c was −0.55, suggesting a moderate effect size, with HbA1c decreasing significantly after nursing interventions. Among the nursing interventions, the overall effect on HbA1c of nurse management programs, home visiting, and customized programs was −0.25, −0.61, and −0.65, respectively, a small or medium effect size, and was statistically significant. Healthcare professionals may encourage people with diabetes to engage in self-management of their glucose levels, such as patient-centered customized intervention. Interventions that reflect the individual’s characteristics and circumstances are effective in enabling self-management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis and Advances in Research on Human Behavior)

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9 pages, 340 KiB

Open AccessProtocol

Rehabilitation Programs for Bedridden Patients with Prolonged Immobility: A Scoping Review Protocol

by Vitor Parola, Hugo Neves, Filipa Margarida Duque, Rafael A. Bernardes, Remy Cardoso, Carla A. Mendes, Liliana B. Sousa, Paulo Santos-Costa, Cândida Malça, Rúben Durães, Pedro Parreira, João Apóstolo and Arménio Cruz

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(22), 12033; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182212033 - 16 Nov 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4878

Abstract

Bedridden patients usually stay in bed for long periods, presenting several motor problems caused by immobility, such as reductions in muscle mass, bone mineral density and physical impairment, resulting in a long recovery process. Thus, identifying physical rehabilitation programs for bedridden patients with [...] Read more.

Bedridden patients usually stay in bed for long periods, presenting several motor problems caused by immobility, such as reductions in muscle mass, bone mineral density and physical impairment, resulting in a long recovery process. Thus, identifying physical rehabilitation programs for bedridden patients with prolonged immobility is a matter of urgent research for a solution that will help health professionals and stakeholders to develop more adjusted programs and identify possible gaps. To date, no previous scoping reviews addressing this purpose have been found. This scoping review will be guided by the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) methodology, will focus on physical rehabilitation programs for bedridden patients with prolonged immobility and aims to map the programs, the devices used, and the parameters assessed. A relevant set of electronic databases and grey literature will be searched. Data extraction will be conducted using a tool developed by the research team that will address the review objectives and questions. Data synthesis will be presented in tabular form and a narrative summary aligned with the review’s objective. This scoping review will contribute to the improvement of clinical practice, identifying key challenges that might justify the need to develop new programs suitable in clinical and organizational contexts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis and Advances in Research on Human Behavior)

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