Horticulturae

Research

10 pages, 265 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Quali-Quantitative Study on Phenol Compounds as Early Predictive Markers of Graft Incompatibility: A Case Study on Chestnut (Castanea spp.)

by Giovanni Gamba, Viviana Cisse, Dario Donno, Zoarilala Rinah Razafindrakoto and Gabriele Loris Beccaro

Horticulturae 2022, 8(1), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8010032 - 29 Dec 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1559

Abstract

In recent years, research has focused on phenolic compounds and their putative role as markers of graft incompatibility. Thus far, no studies have been conducted on the role of phenolic compounds in chestnut (Castanea spp.). The present study investigated the content of [...] Read more.

In recent years, research has focused on phenolic compounds and their putative role as markers of graft incompatibility. Thus far, no studies have been conducted on the role of phenolic compounds in chestnut (Castanea spp.). The present study investigated the content of phenolic compounds in different combinations of Castanea spp. cultivars and rootstocks. Analyses were performed on the inner and outer tissues of chestnut grafts at two phenological sampling stages. The separation, identification and quantification of the phenolic markers via HPLC were preceded by an ultrasonic green extraction. Two chromatographic methods were tested for a total of 15 phenol compounds. Flavonol compounds were not detected, while cinnamic acids were found in low concentrations. The amount of gallic acid turned out to be higher at the graft union of the incompatible combination (20.11 ± 1.47 mg/100 g_FW vs. 8.94 ± 1.08 mg/100 g_FW). The same pattern was observed for catechin (15.79 ± 1.83 mg/100 g_FW vs. 9.63 ± 1.98 mg/100 g_FW). Differences in tannin concentrations seemed to be species-specific, and were apparently not related to graft incompatibility. The present work underlines the potential application of certain phenol compounds for the early prediction of graft incompatibility in Castanea spp. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rootstock Genetics and Improvement in Breeding)

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16 pages, 3006 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effective Categorization of Tolerance to Salt Stress through Clustering Prunus Rootstocks According to Their Physiological Performances

by Guillermo Toro, Paula Pimentel and Ariel Salvatierra

Horticulturae 2021, 7(12), 542; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7120542 - 02 Dec 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2492

Abstract

The effects of climate change on traditional stone fruit producing areas, together with the generation of new varieties with lower chilling requirements that allow the cultivation of previously unexplored areas, are setting up a challenging scenario for the establishment of productive orchards that [...] Read more.

The effects of climate change on traditional stone fruit producing areas, together with the generation of new varieties with lower chilling requirements that allow the cultivation of previously unexplored areas, are setting up a challenging scenario for the establishment of productive orchards that must be more efficient in their capacity to adapt to new edaphoclimatic conditions. In this context, the rootstock breeding programs are a key piece in the agronomic strategy to achieve this adaptation through the development of rootstocks compatible with the new varieties and capable of transferring their tolerance to stress. An effective categorization of phenotypes within the germplasm involved in a plant breeding program is of utmost importance. Through the measurement of physiological parameters in both roots and leaves, tolerance to saline stress (120 mM NaCl) was evaluated in seven Prunus rootstocks whose genetic background included representatives of the subgenera Prunus, Cerasus, and Amygdalus. To group the genotypes according to their physiological performance under salt stress, an agglomerative hierarchical clustering was applied. The genotypes were grouped into three clusters containing rootstocks very sensitive (‘Mazzard F12/1’), moderately tolerant (‘Maxma 60’, ‘Cab6P’ and ‘AGAF 0204-09’), and tolerant (‘Mariana 2624’, ‘Garnem’ and ‘Colt’) to salt stress. ‘Mariana 2624’, a plum-based rootstock, was identified as the most tolerant Prunus rootstock. The information reported is valuable both in the productive context, for the selection of the most appropriate rootstocks to establish an orchard, and in the context of plant breeding programs, when choosing parents with outstanding traits to obtain progenies tolerant to salt stress. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rootstock Genetics and Improvement in Breeding)

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12 pages, 1756 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Water Use Efficiency and Nutritional Status of a New Grapevine Rootstock Selection

by Davide Bianchi and Lucio Brancadoro

Horticulturae 2021, 7(11), 503; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7110503 - 18 Nov 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2073

Abstract

The production and quality of grapes are determined by the hydric and nutritional status of the vine. In modern viticulture, the interface between grapevine and soil is represented by the rootstock, which modulates the uptake of water and nutrients. Thus, selection of new [...] Read more.

The production and quality of grapes are determined by the hydric and nutritional status of the vine. In modern viticulture, the interface between grapevine and soil is represented by the rootstock, which modulates the uptake of water and nutrients. Thus, selection of new rootstocks for abiotic stress tolerance represents an adaptation strategy for viticulture to the new environmental conditions imposed by climate change. The aim of this work is to evaluate the water-use efficiency (WUE) and the nutritional status of a selection of 30 new rootstock genotypes, originating from several breeding programs. WUE and gas exchange were measured for each genotype in two environments characterized by different water availability, and the levels of N, P, K, Mg, Ca, Na, Fe, Mn, and Zn in the leaf blades were determined during the phenological stages of flowering and ripening. Water availability was different in the two environments, affecting gas exchange, with mean values of carbon assimilation of 10.43 ± 0.32 and 3.84 ± 0.34 µmol CO₂ m⁻² s⁻¹, respectively. Genotypes were classified according to their water stress tolerance, vigor, and affinity for macronutrients and micronutrients. A total of 14 genotypes showed tolerance to water stress, and 10 of them reported high vigor and carbon assimilation. Furthermore, the majority of water-stress-tolerant genotypes had greater affinity for Mg than for K. In further studies, the most promising rootstocks will be evaluated in grafting combination with Vitis vinifera. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rootstock Genetics and Improvement in Breeding)

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17 pages, 1237 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Gene Expression under Short-Term Low Temperatures: Preliminary Screening Method to Obtain Tolerant Citrus Rootstocks

by Amparo Primo-Capella, Mary-Rus Martínez-Cuenca and Maria Ángeles Forner-Giner

Horticulturae 2021, 7(11), 447; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7110447 - 02 Nov 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1524

Abstract

Climate change and global warming are leading to a change in weather patterns toward hot and cold waves. Citrus fruits are a tropical or subtropical crop whose growth is altered by changes in weather patterns. Thus, in the present work, two experiments are [...] Read more.

Climate change and global warming are leading to a change in weather patterns toward hot and cold waves. Citrus fruits are a tropical or subtropical crop whose growth is altered by changes in weather patterns. Thus, in the present work, two experiments are evaluated to obtain a screening method to select citrus rootstocks that help us to select new low-temperature-tolerant plant materials. One cold experiment was carried out with the Poncirus trifoliata and Citrus macrophylla rootstocks at 4 °C for 4, 8, 24 and 56 h. A second experiment was performed at 4 °C for 5 days with subsequent acclimatization lasting 0, 5, 10 and 24 h. The expression of the cold response genes CAMTA1, CAMTA3, CAMTA5, CBF1, ICE1 and COR413 IM1 was quantified. The results showed that the best rootstock selection strategy was the second experiment, as a higher expression of the genes CAMTA3, CAMTA5, CBF1 and COR413 IM1 was seen in the tolerant genotype P. trifoliata. We quantified the gene expression of proline biosynthesis P5CS1, dOAT and the proline transporters PROT1 and PROT2; the concentration of the amino acid proline in leaves was also quantified. These results once again showed that the best experiment to differentiate between tolerant and sensitive rootstocks was the second experiment with acclimation time. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rootstock Genetics and Improvement in Breeding)

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10 pages, 1897 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preliminary Findings of New Citrus Rootstocks Potentially Tolerant to Foot Rot Caused by Phytophthora

by Lidia Aparicio-Durán, Juan M. Arjona-López, Aurea Hervalejo, Rocío Calero-Velázquez and Francisco J. Arenas-Arenas

Horticulturae 2021, 7(10), 389; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7100389 - 11 Oct 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2588

Abstract

Phytophthora spp. are one the most common soil-borne pathogens in citrus crops, in which Phytophthoranicotianae and P. citrophthora are the most relevant species, causing disease problems worldwide, such as foot rot and gummosis of the trunk, branch canker, brown rot of fruit, [...] Read more.

Phytophthora spp. are one the most common soil-borne pathogens in citrus crops, in which Phytophthoranicotianae and P. citrophthora are the most relevant species, causing disease problems worldwide, such as foot rot and gummosis of the trunk, branch canker, brown rot of fruit, feeder root rot in orchards, and seedling damping-off in nurseries. Phytophthora-tolerant citrus rootstocks are essential for its control and for the success of the citrus industry. The aim of this study was to determine the susceptibility of new citrus rootstocks with low HLB incidence to Phytophthora diseases. Thus, plants of several commercial and new citrus rootstocks originating in different breeding programs were inoculated with an isolate of P. nicotianae. Thirty days post inoculation (DPI), the damage of lesion length in stem was measured for each plant. These results displayed a different susceptibility response to the damage caused by P. nicotianae among the citrus rootstocks tested. Thus, eleven new citrus rootstocks (B11R3T25, B11R5T25, B11R5T49, B11R5T60, B11R5T64, N40R1T18, N40R1T19, N40R3T25, WGFT + 50-7, UFR-6, and CL-5146), which have not been previously studied against Phytophthora diseases, improved the tolerance effect of Carrizo citrange. Our findings provide useful information for citrus growers on rootstock selection to address incidence problems caused by Phytophthora spp. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rootstock Genetics and Improvement in Breeding)

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15 pages, 2507 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Water-Stress Influences on Three New Promising HLB-Tolerant Citrus Rootstocks

by Lidia Aparicio-Durán, Frederick G. Gmitter Jr., Juan M. Arjona-López, Rocío Calero-Velázquez, Áurea Hervalejo and Francisco J. Arenas-Arenas

Horticulturae 2021, 7(10), 336; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7100336 - 24 Sep 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2256

Abstract

Drought and flooding conditions are increasingly common abiotic factors that affect citrus crops in both the Mediterranean Basin and Florida. Furthermore, emerging diseases, such as Huanglongbing (HLB), are a potential risk for these crops in those producing areas. This study aimed to evaluate [...] Read more.

Drought and flooding conditions are increasingly common abiotic factors that affect citrus crops in both the Mediterranean Basin and Florida. Furthermore, emerging diseases, such as Huanglongbing (HLB), are a potential risk for these crops in those producing areas. This study aimed to evaluate the behavior under water-stress treatments of three new citrus rootstocks (UFR-6, B11R5T60, and 2247 x 6070-02-2) with reported tolerance of HLB, comparing them with a common commercial citrus rootstock (Carrizo citrange). Four water conditions were established: Control, Medium Water Stress (MWS), Drought, and Flooding. Chlorophyll index (SPAD), growth in height, relative growth rate, biomass (fresh and dry weight) and plant water status were evaluated. Citru rootstock response were different for each genotype; Carrizo citrange was negatively affected by all water treatments in the chlorophyll index (SPAD) and biomass production. By contrast, UFR-6 showed a positive response in SPAD and growth under MWS and Drought, B11R5T60 displayed similar behavior to Control under all water stresses, and the response of 2247 x 6070-02-2 under MWS treatment was adequate but was not under Drought or Flooding conditions. Our study describes the behavior of these promising new citrus rootstocks against water stress; B11R5T60 exhibiting the best performance. These results can be useful for the citrus industry to address water-stress problems in these crops. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rootstock Genetics and Improvement in Breeding)

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14 pages, 2042 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

‘Garnem’ and Myrobalan ‘P.2175’: Two Different Drought Responses and Their Implications in Drought Tolerance

by Beatriz Bielsa, María Ángeles Sanz and María José Rubio-Cabetas

Horticulturae 2021, 7(9), 299; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7090299 - 09 Sep 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2160

Abstract

One of the challenges in rootstock breeding programs is the combination of tolerances to different abiotic stresses in new interspecific hybrids adapted to a wide range of environmental conditions. In this work, two Prunus L. rootstocks: Myrobalan ‘P.2175’ (P. cerasifera Ehrh.) and [...] Read more.

One of the challenges in rootstock breeding programs is the combination of tolerances to different abiotic stresses in new interspecific hybrids adapted to a wide range of environmental conditions. In this work, two Prunus L. rootstocks: Myrobalan ‘P.2175’ (P. cerasifera Ehrh.) and the almond × peach hybrid ‘Garnem’ (P. amygdalus Batsch × P. persica (L.) Batsch) were subjected to drought during 24 h to understand their drought response mechanisms. The study was conducted monitoring leaf water potential (LWP), stomatal conductance (gs), relative water content (RWC), and electrolyte leakage (EL); as well as the abscisic acid (ABA) content in roots. The relative expression of five drought-relative genes was also studied. The obtained results allowed examining the drought tolerance potential of ‘Garnem’ and Myrobalan ‘P.2175’, demonstrating the great potential of ‘Garnem’ as drought tolerance source in future selections in breeding. Furthermore, based on the obtained data, the transcription factor Myb25-like could be a good biomarker of drought sensitivity for use in Prunus rootstock breeding programs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rootstock Genetics and Improvement in Breeding)

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15 pages, 1330 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Phenotyping Almond Orchards for Architectural Traits Influenced by Rootstock Choice

by Álvaro Montesinos, Grant Thorp, Jérôme Grimplet and María José Rubio-Cabetas

Horticulturae 2021, 7(7), 159; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7070159 - 22 Jun 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2468 | Correction | Correction

Abstract

The cropping potential of almond (Prunus amygdalus (L.) Batsch, syn P. dulcis (Mill.)) cultivars is determined by their adaptation to edaphoclimatic and environmental conditions. The effects of scion–rootstock interactions on vigor have a decisive impact on this cropping success. Intensively planted orchards [...] Read more.

The cropping potential of almond (Prunus amygdalus (L.) Batsch, syn P. dulcis (Mill.)) cultivars is determined by their adaptation to edaphoclimatic and environmental conditions. The effects of scion–rootstock interactions on vigor have a decisive impact on this cropping success. Intensively planted orchards with smaller less vigorous trees present several potential benefits for increasing orchard profitability. While several studies have examined rootstock effects on tree vigor, it is less clear how rootstocks influence more specific aspects of tree architecture. The objective of this current study was to identify which architectural traits of commercially important scion cultivars are influenced by rootstock and which of these traits can be useful as descriptors of rootstock performance in breeding evaluations. To do this, 6 almond cultivars of commercial significance were grafted onto 5 hybrid rootstocks, resulting in 30 combinations that were measured after their second year of growth. We observed that rootstock choice mainly influenced branch production, but the effects were not consistent across the different scion–rootstock combinations evaluated. This lack of consistency in response highlights the importance of the unique interaction between each rootstock and its respective scion genotype. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rootstock Genetics and Improvement in Breeding)

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14 pages, 678 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Rootstocks Genotypes Impact on Tree Development and Industrial Properties of ‘Valencia’ Sweet Orange Juice

by Allan Ricardo Domingues, Ciro Daniel Marques Marcolini, Carlos Henrique da Silva Gonçalves, Juliano Tadeu Vilela de Resende, Sergio Ruffo Roberto and Eduardo Fermino Carlos

Horticulturae 2021, 7(6), 141; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7060141 - 08 Jun 2021

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2752

Abstract

The low diversification of rootstock genotypes in orchards limits the expansion of the citrus industry, restricting increases in productivity and cost-saving via phytosanitary treatments and other horticultural practices. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the impact of rootstock genotypes on [...] Read more.

The low diversification of rootstock genotypes in orchards limits the expansion of the citrus industry, restricting increases in productivity and cost-saving via phytosanitary treatments and other horticultural practices. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the impact of rootstock genotypes on tree development and industrial properties of ‘Valencia’ sweet orange juice (Citrus sinensis). Twenty rootstock genotypes were evaluated by measuring tree growth and industrial properties of orange juices, including ‘Trifoliata’ hybrids with tangerine (citrandarins) and grapefruit (citrumelos), as well ‘Rangpur’ lime and other potential rootstocks. The experimental orchard was planted in Rancho Alegre, PR, Brazil, under clay soil and subtropical rainfed conditions. A randomized block design with four replicates was used. Trees grown on IPEACS–239 and IPEACS–256 citrandarins, and on ‘US–802’ pummelo hybrid had low vigor, high production efficiency and high industrial properties of orange juice, and are therefore potential alternatives for high-density plantings. The F.80–3 and F.80–5 citrumelos also had good dwarfing potential and high production efficiency, but lower industrial properties of juice compared to the other ‘Trifoliata’ hybrid rootstocks. Trees grown on ‘US–812’ citrandarin rootstock had low vigor, good productive performance, accumulated production and production efficiency similar to ‘Rangpur’ lime, and high industrial properties of juices. Although the ‘Rangpur’ lime and the ‘Florida’ rough lemon allowed high yields, the trees are very vigorous, with low-quality fruits. A Quick Reference Chart was created to provide practical and objective identification of the best rootstock alternatives for ‘Valencia’ orange trees in terms of tree development and industrial properties of juices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rootstock Genetics and Improvement in Breeding)

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Review

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12 pages, 545 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

Deciphering Resistance to Root-Knot Nematodes in Prunus for Rootstock Breeding: Sources, Genetics and Characterization of the Ma Locus

by Daniel Esmenjaud

Horticulturae 2021, 7(12), 564; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7120564 - 09 Dec 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2353

Abstract

Root-knot nematode (RKN) species are predominant pests of crops, attacking stone fruit crops Prunus spp. under Mediterranean climate conditions worldwide. Natural resistance for rootstock breeding is a control method that is gaining interest as an alternative to the highly toxic nematicides. This review [...] Read more.

Root-knot nematode (RKN) species are predominant pests of crops, attacking stone fruit crops Prunus spp. under Mediterranean climate conditions worldwide. Natural resistance for rootstock breeding is a control method that is gaining interest as an alternative to the highly toxic nematicides. This review first reports an outline of the root-knot nematodes parasitizing stone fruit crops and the Prunus species and rootstocks. It then describes the main sources of resistance detected among the Prunus germplasm and focuses on the major resistance genes identified and their characteristics (spectrum, durability, histological mechanism, effect of temperature, interaction with other pests and diseases, etc.). In peach, besides the RMia reference gene, the new genes PkMi and Mf, also located on chromosome 2, need to be characterized regarding their spectrum and relationship. The two other Prunus reference genes, Ma from plum (complete spectrum) and RMja from almond (more restricted spectrum), are orthologs that belong to a TIR-NB-LRR (TNL) cluster on chromosome 7. The review finally summarizes the positional cloning of the Ma gene and the characterization of its unique TNL structure, encompassing a five-times repeated post-LRR domain. Deciphering how this structure is functionally involved in Ma’s remarkable biological properties is a real challenge for the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rootstock Genetics and Improvement in Breeding)

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7 pages, 243 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

Advances in Hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) Rootstocks Worldwide

by Mercè Rovira

Horticulturae 2021, 7(9), 267; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7090267 - 26 Aug 2021

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4151

Abstract

Studies on hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) rootstocks have been limited to date. However, the use of vigorous, non-suckering rootstocks for this species could increase the cost-effectiveness of orchards by reducing the annual need to prune suckers, thus facilitating mechanical harvesting, and reducing [...] Read more.

Studies on hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) rootstocks have been limited to date. However, the use of vigorous, non-suckering rootstocks for this species could increase the cost-effectiveness of orchards by reducing the annual need to prune suckers, thus facilitating mechanical harvesting, and reducing orchard management costs and environmental impact. Seedlings of the non-suckering Turkish tree hazel (C. colurna L.) have been used traditionally in Serbia. In the 1970s, the United States Department of Agriculture in Corvallis, Oregon (USA) released the first two non-suckering clonal rootstocks—‘Dundee’ and ‘Newberg’—from open-pollinated seeds of C. colurna. Moreover, selection of C. avellana cvs. with few suckers is continuing. Trials carried out in different countries with own-rooted and grafted plants have shown good performance of grafted hazelnuts. Currently, some nurseries in several countries are propagating hazelnut rootstocks and grafting trees for planting commercial orchards. Interest in these cultivar/rootstock combinations is increasing, and more new orchards of grafted trees are expected to be planted in the coming years. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rootstock Genetics and Improvement in Breeding)

Other

Jump to: Research, Review

1 pages, 201 KiB

Open AccessCorrection

Correction: Montesinos et al. Phenotyping Almond Orchards for Architectural Traits Influenced by Rootstock Choice. Horticulturae 2021, 7, 159

by Álvaro Montesinos, Grant Thorp, Jérôme Grimplet and María José Rubio-Cabetas

Horticulturae 2023, 9(9), 959; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9090959 - 24 Aug 2023

Viewed by 310

Abstract

There was an error in the original publication [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rootstock Genetics and Improvement in Breeding)

4 pages, 529 KiB

Open AccessCorrection

Correction: Montesinos et al. Phenotyping Almond Orchards for Architectural Traits Influenced by Rootstock Choice. Horticulturae 2021, 7, 159

by Álvaro Montesinos, Grant Thorp, Jérôme Grimplet and María José Rubio-Cabetas

Horticulturae 2022, 8(5), 355; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8050355 - 20 Apr 2022

Viewed by 1083

Abstract

In the original publication [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rootstock Genetics and Improvement in Breeding)

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