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Horticulturae
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Advances in Ornamental Plant Cultivation and Physiology
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Advances in Ornamental Plant Cultivation and Physiology

A special issue of Horticulturae (ISSN 2311-7524). This special issue belongs to the section "Floriculture, Nursery and Landscape, and Turf".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (14 October 2022) | Viewed by 16051

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Yoon Jin Kim

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Horticulture, Biotechnology and Landscape Architecture, Seoul Women's University, Seoul 01797, Korea
Interests: CO2; flowering; photosynthesis
Prof. Dr. Byoung Ryong Jeong

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Horticulture, Division of Applied Life Science, Graduate School, Gyeongsang National University (GNU), Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
Interests: floriculture; transplants (micropropagated and plug); silicon in horticulture; plant factory; protected horticulture; hydroponics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The production of ornamental plants requires high levels of inputs from growers. However, the production practices used have changed due to these plants’ increasing sensitivity to environmental issues, including energy-saving technologies, consumer concerns about ornamental quality, as well as adaptation to the negative impacts of climate change.

The purpose of this Special Issue “Advances in Ornamental Plant Cultivation and Physiology” is to present innovative studies, concept, tools, approaches, and techniques that have been successful in addressing some of these concerns, such as the use of lighting, temperature, water, CO2, PGR, nutrients (including nitrogen uptake), soil and media properties, energy-saving growing systems, propagation, and any other innovation that has improved the efficiency and sustainability of greenhouse horticultural ornamental crops for the production of high-quality commodities.

Prof. Dr. Yoon Jin Kim 
Prof. Dr. Byoung Ryong Jeong
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Horticulturae is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2200 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • growth
  • flowering
  • CO2
  • light
  • temperature
  • water relations
  • nitrogen uptake
  • stress
  • photosynthesis
  • propagation
  • PGR

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

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18 pages, 3967 KiB  
Article
Analysis of Changes in Herbaceous Peony Growth and Soil Microbial Diversity in Different Growing and Replanting Years Based on High-Throughput Sequencing
by Yang Li, Zemiao Liu, Lijin Yang, Xiao Yang, Yajie Shi, Xue Li, Lingling Dong, Chengshu Zheng, Dongliang Zhang and Xia Sun
Horticulturae 2023, 9(2), 220; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9020220 - 07 Feb 2023
Viewed by 1394
Abstract
The herbaceous peony (Paeonia lactiflora Pall.), a perennial herbaceous flower, can grows continuously for approximately 10 years. However, a replanting problem can occur during division propagation which reduces the land use rate and restricts the development of the herbaceous peony industry. We [...] Read more.
The herbaceous peony (Paeonia lactiflora Pall.), a perennial herbaceous flower, can grows continuously for approximately 10 years. However, a replanting problem can occur during division propagation which reduces the land use rate and restricts the development of the herbaceous peony industry. We investigated microbial community changes and soil chemical properties in herbaceous peony soils during different growing and replanting years. The results indicated that the flowering rate, plant height, stem diameter, and leaf area of replanted herbaceous peony were lower, and decreased gradually with increasing replanting years. Compared with the soil after replanting herbaceous peony for one year, soil pH, nutrient contents (AN, AP, AK, and OM), enzyme activities (Inv, Ure, Pho, and Cat), diversity and richness of fungal and bacterial communities decreased after replanting for five years. Long-term replanting increased the relative abundance of harmful soil microorganisms (e.g., Gibberella), and reduced that of beneficial microorganisms (e.g., Bacillus). Overall, after the long-term replanting of herbaceous peony, the soil environment deteriorated, and the soil microbial community structure changed, resulting in the imbalance of soil microecology, damaging the normal growth of herbaceous peony. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ornamental Plant Cultivation and Physiology)
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15 pages, 3516 KiB  
Article
Morphogenesis of Stamens and Petaloid Stamens in Lilium hybrid ‘Red Twin’ under Different Temperatures and the Expression Characteristics of Two AGAMOUS-like Genes Linked to These Processes
by Xin Li, Zhen Wang, Minmin Chen, Liuyan Yang and Yongchun Zhang
Horticulturae 2022, 8(12), 1184; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8121184 - 11 Dec 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1537
Abstract
The double-flowered lily ‘Red Twin’, in which stamens are transformed into petaloid organs, sometimes exhibits normal stamens owing to an unknown mechanism and thus greatly affecting its commercial quality. In this study, the morphogenesis of stamens and petaloid stamens in this cultivar grown [...] Read more.
The double-flowered lily ‘Red Twin’, in which stamens are transformed into petaloid organs, sometimes exhibits normal stamens owing to an unknown mechanism and thus greatly affecting its commercial quality. In this study, the morphogenesis of stamens and petaloid stamens in this cultivar grown under different temperature treatments were investigated. Two AGAMOUS-like genes were isolated and their expression levels were analyzed. The results showed that relatively high temperatures induced the morphogenesis of stamens, while relatively low temperatures promoted petaloidy in ‘Red Twin’. The stage with 1–6 mm flower buds was identified as the critical development period for stamen morphogenesis; furthermore, keeping the flower buds under relatively low temperatures in the 1–3 or 3–6 mm stages would be sufficient for the formation of petaloid stamens to a high degree. In addition, LrtAG1 and LrtAG2 showed the highest expression level in whorls 3 and 4 of 3–6 mm flower buds, respectively. LrtAG1 showed a higher reduction ratio than LrtAG2 when the flower buds were transferred to low temperature, implying that the decreased LrtAG1 expression level is associated with low temperature and might be correlated with the petaloidy of the stamens. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ornamental Plant Cultivation and Physiology)
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15 pages, 2272 KiB  
Article
Germination Kinetics and Chlorophyll Fluorescence Imaging Allow for Early Detection of Alkalinity Stress in Rhododendron Species
by Shusheng Wang, Leen Leus, Peter Lootens, Johan Van Huylenbroeck and Marie-Christine Van Labeke
Horticulturae 2022, 8(9), 823; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8090823 - 07 Sep 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1518
Abstract
Rhododendron species are typical calcifuges that do not grow well in calcareous soils characterized by alkaline pH and high concentrations of Ca2+. In this study, we investigated the effects of three pH levels and a Ca2+ treatment on the in [...] Read more.
Rhododendron species are typical calcifuges that do not grow well in calcareous soils characterized by alkaline pH and high concentrations of Ca2+. In this study, we investigated the effects of three pH levels and a Ca2+ treatment on the in vitro germination and seedling growth of three Rhododendron species: R. chihsinianum, R. fortunei, and R. vernicosum. Alkaline pH had no significant effect on germination parameters (gMAX, mean germination time and germination uniformity) but significantly increased abnormal leaf development (AL) and mortality in all three species. Adding extra Ca2+ reduced the mean germination time for R. vernicosum. The negative influence of alkaline pH on seedlings was already visible on the second day of treatment as measured by chlorophyll fluorescence imaging parameters (Fv/Fm and ΦPSII) on R. fortunei. Extra Ca2+ alleviated the negative effect of alkaline pH and increased Fv/Fm 41 days after seed germination in R. fortunei and R. chihsinianum and reduced mortality for all three species. In conclusion, alkaline pH mainly influenced seedling development and growth but not the germination process itself. Chlorophyll fluorescence imaging can be an efficient way to perform high-throughput in vitro screening of Rhododendron seedlings for alkalinity tolerance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ornamental Plant Cultivation and Physiology)
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12 pages, 972 KiB  
Article
The Effects of Growth Regulators and Apical Bud Removal on Growth, Flowering, and Corms Production of Two Gladiolus Varieties
by Magdy Mohamed Khalafalla, Mahmoud Abdelnabi Hegazi, Ahmed Mohamed Eltarawy, Mohamed Refaat Magouz, Hamdy Hassan Elzaim, Flemming Yndgaard and Svein Øivind Solberg
Horticulturae 2022, 8(9), 789; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8090789 - 30 Aug 2022
Viewed by 2199
Abstract
Gladiolus is commonly propagated from corms. The multiplication rate of corms is low and to increase the propagation rate, we examined a combination of apical bud removal and the application of growth regulators. The experiments were conducted in two varieties, ‘Rose Supreme’ and [...] Read more.
Gladiolus is commonly propagated from corms. The multiplication rate of corms is low and to increase the propagation rate, we examined a combination of apical bud removal and the application of growth regulators. The experiments were conducted in two varieties, ‘Rose Supreme’ and ‘White Prosperity’, and over two seasons. The apical buds on the planting corms were either removed or left intact before the same corms were soaked in a suspension with either 100 ppm of benzyladenine (BA), 100 ppm of gibberellic acid (GA3), or pure water. The results showed that apical bud removal increased the number of corms and shoots. GA3 had limited the effect on corm and shoot production, but instead resulted in increased total leaf area and leaf weight per shoot. BA, on the other hand, increased the number of corms and shoots. Overall, the removal of the apical bud plus application of BA increased the number of corms and shoots but reduced the average corm diameter and leaf weight per shoot. This was clearer in ‘Rose Supreme’ than in ‘White Prosperity’. To maximize flower production for the coming season, farmers need to produce a high number of planting corms, but they also need to balance this with a sufficient corm size and the production of flowers of good quality. The application of growth regulators in combination with apical bud removal should be fine-tuned to avoid a situation that leads to the production of too many small or too few large corms. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ornamental Plant Cultivation and Physiology)
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13 pages, 1601 KiB  
Article
Effect of Flavonoid Dynamic Changes on Flower Coloration of Tulipa gesneiana ‘Queen of Night’ during Flower Development
by Xueying Guo, Xueqing Fu, Xin Li and Dongqin Tang
Horticulturae 2022, 8(6), 510; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8060510 - 09 Jun 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2596
Abstract
Tulipa gesneriana has rich cultivars with abundant flower colors; among them, black tulips have become precious cultivars for their rareness in nature. It is of great significance to understand its color formation mechanism for breeding new cultivars with a blackish flower color in [...] Read more.
Tulipa gesneriana has rich cultivars with abundant flower colors; among them, black tulips have become precious cultivars for their rareness in nature. It is of great significance to understand its color formation mechanism for breeding new cultivars with a blackish flower color in the future. In this present study, petals at five developmental stages of Tulipa gesneriana ‘Queen of Night’ (shorted for ‘QN’), a typical black tulip cultivar, were collected to identity the flavonoid composition and compare the accumulation along with the flower development process, aiming to explore the metabolic mechanism of its flower coloration. By using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS, three anthocyanins and nineteen anthoxanthins (including eighteen flavonols and one flavone) were detected in the petals of ‘QN’. The anthocyanins were identified as delphinidin 3-o-rutinoside, cyanidin 3-o-rutinoside and pelargonidin 3-o-rutinoside, respectively. The main flavonols were identified as quercetin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin, naringin and their glycosides. The only one flavone substance was identified as an apigenin derivative. By comparing the content, anthocyanins were the most abundant substance in the petals of ‘QN’, and showed obvious regularity in the development process. With the flower opening, the anthocyanin content accumulated continuously, and reached the highest level at 3575.9 μg·g−1·FW at S5, accounting for 80% of the total flavonoids. Among them, delphinidin 3-o-rutinoside and cyanidin 3-o-rutinoside made the main contribution to the coloration of ‘QN’. The content of anthoxanthins increased first and then decreased, reaching the highest to 1114.8 μg·g−1·FW at S3. Quercetin and its glycosides were the most important flavonol substances in the petals of ‘QN’, accounting for more than 60% of the total anthoxanthins in the five stages. The content of a flavone identified was extremely low, suggesting a limited role in the flower color of ‘QN’. Taken together, the flower color presentation of ‘QN’ was closely related to the composition and accumulation of anthocyanins and flavonols; anthocyanins were the main substances that determine the petal coloration of ‘QN’, and the high content of flavonols played a role of co-pigmentation with these anthocyanins. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ornamental Plant Cultivation and Physiology)
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11 pages, 2192 KiB  
Article
Shortening the Vegetative Growth Stage of Phalaenopsis Queen Beer ‘Mantefon’ by Controlling Light with Calcium Ammonium Nitrate Levels under Enriched CO2
by Ah Ram Cho, Sun Woo Chung and Yoon Jin Kim
Horticulturae 2022, 8(2), 157; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8020157 - 11 Feb 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1868
Abstract
The vegetative growth, photosynthetic, and stomatal characteristics were investigated in Phalaenopsis Queen Beer ‘Mantefon’ to determine light’s influence with calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) levels under 800 μmol·mol−1 CO2. Two lights (150 ± 20 and 300 ± 20 μmol·m−2·s [...] Read more.
The vegetative growth, photosynthetic, and stomatal characteristics were investigated in Phalaenopsis Queen Beer ‘Mantefon’ to determine light’s influence with calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) levels under 800 μmol·mol−1 CO2. Two lights (150 ± 20 and 300 ± 20 μmol·m−2·s−1) and CAN levels were employed for 40 weeks: calcium, ammonium, and nitrate levels by 0.90, 0.55, and 2.97 mmol·L−1 (CAN1), 8.63, 1.11, and 6.05 mmol·L−1 (CAN2), 12.80, 1.72, and 9.13 mmol·L−1 (CAN3), and 18.80, 2.27, and 12.20 mmol·L−1 (CAN4), respectively. The number of leaves increased in the plants grown at 300 ± 20 μmol·m−2·s−1 with CAN1 compared to control. Plants grown at 300 ± 20 μmol·m−2·s−1 with CAN4 had the lowest number of leaves among all plants. The time to the mature leaf span decreased in the plants grown at 300 ± 20 μmol·m−2·s−1 with CAN1. The net CO2 uptake was higher in the plants grown at 300 ± 20 μmol·m−2·s−1 than those grown at 150 ± 20 μmol·m−2·s−1 with CAN1–3 conditions. The water-use efficiency is higher in the plants grown with CAN1 than those with CAN2–4 at 300 ± 20 μmol·m−2·s−1. The maximum stomatal aperture was the largest in the plants grown at 300 ± 20 μmol·m−2·s−1 with CAN1–2 among all plants. Consequently, light levels of 300 ± 20 μmol·m−2·s−1 in Phalaenopsis Queen Beer ‘Mantefon’ must be accompanied by nutrient CAN1 to improve photosynthesis and stomatal activity and promote leaf growth under 800 μmol·mol−1 CO2 conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ornamental Plant Cultivation and Physiology)
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Review

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27 pages, 1048 KiB  
Review
Methods and Factors Influencing In Vitro Propagation Efficiency of Ornamental Tuberose (Polianthes Species): A Systematic Review of Recent Developments and Future Prospects
by Mukesh Kumar, Ujjwal Sirohi, Sunil Malik, Satendra Kumar, Gaurav Kumar Ahirwar, Veena Chaudhary, Manoj Kumar Yadav, Jitender Singh, Arvind Kumar, Virendra Pal and Satya Prakash
Horticulturae 2022, 8(11), 998; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8110998 - 26 Oct 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4074
Abstract
In vitro propagation greatly boosts the propagation rate and allows for the development of disease-free plants. In the near future, new in vitro propagation methods could make it easier to produce plants true to type on a wide scale and to use genetic [...] Read more.
In vitro propagation greatly boosts the propagation rate and allows for the development of disease-free plants. In the near future, new in vitro propagation methods could make it easier to produce plants true to type on a wide scale and to use genetic engineering to improve genotypes. Various factors, such as genotype, explant type, size of explants, position of explants on the medium, plant growth regulators and certain additives, incubation conditions, and sub-culturing time, all have a significant impact on the in vitro generation of plantlets and bulblets. However, numerous studies on in vitro propagation have been published, but there is very little information on the parameters that affect the in vitro efficiency of tuberose. The efficiency of bulblet production in ornamental tuberose as well as different physical, nutritional, and hormonal aspects are discussed in this manuscript along with several in vitro propagation strategies (direct, indirect, and somatic embryogenesis). Future research opportunities and the use of creative ways to improve ornamental tuberose are also highlighted. As a whole, this review provides an insight toward a complete protocol for in vitro propagation in tuberose, highlighting the factors influencing the in vitro efficiency and future strategies for improving in vitro plantlets and bulblets in ornamental tuberose. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ornamental Plant Cultivation and Physiology)
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