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Materials and Methods in Cultural Heritage: The role of Archaeometry...
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Materials and Methods in Cultural Heritage: The role of Archaeometry in Museums

A special issue of Heritage (ISSN 2571-9408).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 June 2019) | Viewed by 49177

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Rosina Celeste Ponterio

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Guest Editor
CNR-IPCF, Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres, 37 - 98158 Messina, Italy
Interests: vibrational spectroscopy; archaeometry; neutron studies; instrument development
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Maria Luisa Saladino

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Guest Editor
STEBICEF Department, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
Interests: luminescent nanoparticles; mesoporous silica materials; controlled release systems; polymeric nanocomposites; innovative materials for conservation of cultural heritage; non invasive methods and multi
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Giulia Festa

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Guest Editor
CREF - Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche “Enrico Fermi”, Via Panisperna 89 a, c/o Piazza del Viminale 1, 00189 Rome, Italy
Interests: neutron and X-ray techniques for cultural heritage; imaging; diffraction; gamma spectroscopy; FTIR spectroscopy; Raman spectroscopy; XRF spectroscopy; chemometrics; machine learning; instrument development
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Carmine Lubritto

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Guest Editor
Dipartimeto di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali Biologiche e Farmaceutiche (DISTABIF), Università degli Studi della Campania - Luigi Vanvitelli, 81100 Caserta, Italy
Interests: waste water; life cycle assessment; archaeological; cultural heritage; climate
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue of Heritage aims to gather high-quality original research articles and technical notes in the field of cultural heritage focusing on new technologies, innovative materials, and strategies adopted for diagnostics and both the conservation of preserved archaeological sites and archaeological exhibits in museums. This synergic approach sheds new light on our knowledge of the complex and heterogeneous materials constituting the objects and artefacts of artistic and archaeological interest, suggesting new strategies for result dissemination and the education of the common citizen. This Special Issue will highlight the most recent advances of successful scientific studies in the field of cultural heritage, the advancement of new materials and nanotechnologies for arts, and new dissemination and valorisation strategies.

In this framework the AIAr (Associazione Italiana di Archeometria—Italian Archaeometric Society) is organising the thematic conference “Dalla conoscenza alla valorizzazione: il ruolo dell’archeometria nei Musei—From knowledge to valorisation: the role of archeometry in museums” in March 2019. The mission of the conference is to bring together scientists, archaeologists, conservators, and museums by creating a stimulating environment to exchange ideas and to promote this interdisciplinary research field. For the first time, this thematic conference will be organised in a museum and in particular within the splendid location of the National Archaeological Museum of Reggio Calabria, recently included among the five most beautiful and exciting museums of ancient art in Italy.

The Special Issue is focused on experimental research and case studies on the following topics:

  • Characterization and diagnostics;
  • Conservation, monitoring, restoration;
  • Nanotechnologies and new materials;
  • Provenance and dating;
  • Protection and valorisation;
  • Dissemination in cultural heritage and the dissemination of scientific culture;
  • Mobile laboratories inside museums;
  • Digitization and 3D reconstruction;
  • Materials of contemporary art;
  • Knowledge, enhancement, and dissemination of underwater heritage.

Dr. Rosina Celeste Ponterio
Dr. Giulia Festa
Dr. Maria Luisa Saladino
Prof Carmine Lubritto
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Heritage is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Published Papers (11 papers)

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10 pages, 1925 KiB  
Article
Non-Invasive Investigation of Pigments of Wall Painting in S. Maria Delle Palate di Tusa (Messina, Italy)
by Viviana Mollica Nardo, Vincenzo Renda, Sara Bonanno, Francesco Parrotta, Gianfranco Anastasio, Eugenio Caponetti, Maria Luisa Saladino, Cirino Salvatore Vasi and Rosina Celeste Ponterio
Heritage 2019, 2(3), 2398-2407; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage2030147 - 12 Aug 2019
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2797
Abstract
The characterization of materials used in the archaeological field needs an experimental approach in order to avoid the destruction or perturbation of artworks. In order to afford this purpose, a multi-analytical spectroscopic approach is regularly used. We combined non-invasive analysis by using handheld [...] Read more.
The characterization of materials used in the archaeological field needs an experimental approach in order to avoid the destruction or perturbation of artworks. In order to afford this purpose, a multi-analytical spectroscopic approach is regularly used. We combined non-invasive analysis by using handheld spectroscopic instrumentations (mainly XRF and Raman spectrometers) in order to characterize the wall painting preserved in the church of S. Maria delle Palate at Halaesa Arconidea archeological site (Tusa, Messina, Italy). The aim of the work is the characterization of the nature of pigments used for the realization of the wall painting. The wall painting, probably representing St. Francis in the act of receiving the stigmata, has been subject to cleaning and restoration. Thanks to use of in situ measurement, we have identified hematite and goethite for the red and yellow respectively, and lazurite for the blue. In addition, some relevant information about the black pigment, the technique used for the realization and the conservation state were also obtained. The results obtained during the diagnostic campaign have been a support for the work of restorers. For the first time, the wall painting has been studied, increasing the knowledge of Halaesa Arconidea archaeological site. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials and Methods in Cultural Heritage: The role of Archaeometry in Museums)
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14 pages, 13960 KiB  
Article
Combined Methodologies for the Survey and Documentation of Historical Buildings: The Castle of Scalea (CS, Italy)
by Eugenio Donato and Dario Giuffrida
Heritage 2019, 2(3), 2384-2397; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage2030146 - 09 Aug 2019
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4065
Abstract
In the last few years, new technologies have become indispensable tools for specialists in the field of cultural heritage for the analysis, reconstruction and interpretation of data but also for promotion of artefacts or buildings sometimes inaccessible or in a bad state of [...] Read more.
In the last few years, new technologies have become indispensable tools for specialists in the field of cultural heritage for the analysis, reconstruction and interpretation of data but also for promotion of artefacts or buildings sometimes inaccessible or in a bad state of conservation. The discipline of geomatics offer many opportunities and solutions for integrated digital surveys and the documentation of heritage (point-based methods, image-based photogrammetry and their combination): These data can be processed in order to derive metric information and share them using databases or GIS (geographic information system) tools. This paper is focused on the description of combined survey methodologies adopted for the geometric and architectural documentation of the site and surviving structures of the Castel of Scalea (Cosenza, Italy). It is a typical context where traditional survey procedures do not fully succeed or require a longer amount of time and great effort if a high level of accuracy is requested: For this reason, aerial close-range digital photogrammetry enhanced by the GNSS (global navigation satellite system), and total station positioning systems have been used at various levels of detail for the production of a detailed 3D model and 2D thematic maps with an excellent level of in the positioning of the structures and in the architectural drawing. Thanks to the collected dataset, it was possible to better identify the building units (CF), to digitize the limits of the masonry stratigraphic units (USM), and to draw up a first constructive diachronic sequence hypothesis on which to base chronology. Moreover, some particular masonry techniques have been sampled and compared at the regional level with the aim to better dating of constructive expedients. It was finally demonstrated how the use of integrated methodologies allows us to obtain a complete and detailed documentation including information regarding not only architectural and geometrical features but also archaeological and historical elements, building materials and decay evidences—all useful as support of the interpretation of data. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials and Methods in Cultural Heritage: The role of Archaeometry in Museums)
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14 pages, 11116 KiB  
Article
How Many Secret Details Could a Systematic Multi-Analytical Study Reveal About the Mysterious Fresco Trionfo della Morte?
by Maria Francesca Alberghina, Salvatore Schiavone, Caterina Greco, Maria Luisa Saladino, Francesco Armetta, Vincenzo Renda and Eugenio Caponetti
Heritage 2019, 2(3), 2370-2383; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage2030145 - 07 Aug 2019
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2882
Abstract
The “Trionfo della morte” is a detached fresco painting dated at the half of the XV century. Its history is strictly connected with the history of Palermo and it is considered a symbol of the late Gothic period. Some small areas of the [...] Read more.
The “Trionfo della morte” is a detached fresco painting dated at the half of the XV century. Its history is strictly connected with the history of Palermo and it is considered a symbol of the late Gothic period. Some small areas of the fresco were analyzed using a combination of non-invasive techniques and hand-held instrumentations (multispectral imaging analysis, X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and IR spectroscopy). The characterization of the nature of pigments used in its realization and restoration works was performed and some indications about its conservation state were obtained. More interestingly, some hidden details were revealed on the mysterious painting. They constitute additional evidence of the preciousness of the fresco. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials and Methods in Cultural Heritage: The role of Archaeometry in Museums)
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12 pages, 8258 KiB  
Article
Post-Processing of VIS, NIR, and SWIR Multispectral Images of Paintings. New Discovery on the The Drunkenness of Noah, Painted by Andrea Sacchi, Stored at Palazzo Chigi (Ariccia, Rome)
by Lucilla Pronti, Martina Romani, Gianluca Verona-Rinati, Ombretta Tarquini, Francesco Colao, Marcello Colapietro, Augusto Pifferi, Mariangela Cestelli-Guidi and Marco Marinelli
Heritage 2019, 2(3), 2275-2286; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage2030139 - 02 Aug 2019
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 4546
Abstract
IR Reflectography applied to the identification of hidden details of paintings is extremely useful for authentication purposes and for revealing technical hidden features. Recently, multispectral imaging has replaced traditional imaging techniques thanks to the possibility to select specific spectral ranges bringing out interesting [...] Read more.
IR Reflectography applied to the identification of hidden details of paintings is extremely useful for authentication purposes and for revealing technical hidden features. Recently, multispectral imaging has replaced traditional imaging techniques thanks to the possibility to select specific spectral ranges bringing out interesting details of the paintings. VIS–NIR–SWIR images of one of the The Drunkenness of Noah versions painted by Andrea Sacchi, acquired with a modified reflex and InGaAs cameras, are presented in this research. Starting from multispectral images we performed post-processing analysis, using visible and infrared false-color images and principal component analysis (PCA) in order to highlight pentimenti and underdrawings. Radiography was performed in some areas to better investigate the inner pictorial layers. This study represents the first published scientific investigation of The Drunkenness of Noah’s artistic production, painted by Andrea Sacchi. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials and Methods in Cultural Heritage: The role of Archaeometry in Museums)
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12 pages, 4611 KiB  
Article
Geomatics Techniques for Cultural Heritage Dissemination in Augmented Reality: Bronzi di Riace Case Study
by Vincenzo Barrile, Antonino Fotia, Gabriele Candela and Ernesto Bernardo
Heritage 2019, 2(3), 2243-2254; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage2030136 - 29 Jul 2019
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3934
Abstract
The Riace Bronzes are two full-size bronzes cast around the 5th century BC, located at the ‘Museo Archeologico Nazionale della Magna Grecia’ in Reggio Calabria; they truly represent significant sculptural masterpieces of Greek art in the world due to their outstanding manufacture. This [...] Read more.
The Riace Bronzes are two full-size bronzes cast around the 5th century BC, located at the ‘Museo Archeologico Nazionale della Magna Grecia’ in Reggio Calabria; they truly represent significant sculptural masterpieces of Greek art in the world due to their outstanding manufacture. This paper describes the methodology for the achievement of a 3D model of the two sculptures lead by the Geomatics Laboratory of the Department of Civil, Energetic, Environmental and Material Engineering (DICEAM) of the Mediterranean University of Reggio Calabria. 3D modeling is based on the use of imaging techniques such as digital photogrammetry and computer vision. The achieved results demonstrate the effectiveness of the technique used in the cultural heritage field for the creation of a digital production and replication through 3D printing. Moreover, when considering renewed interest in the context of international museological studies, augmented reality (AR) innovation represents a new method for amplifying visitor numbers into museums despite concerns over returns on investment. Thus, in order to further valorize and disseminate archaeological heritage, we are developing an app for tourism purposes. The created app allows the user, in real time, to obtain additional information on the object of investigation, even allowing them to view the 3D model in AR. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials and Methods in Cultural Heritage: The role of Archaeometry in Museums)
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10 pages, 4814 KiB  
Article
Judith and Holofernes: Reconstructing the History of a Painting Attributed to Artemisia Gentileschi
by Anna Impallaria, Ferruccio Petrucci and Simone Bruno
Heritage 2019, 2(3), 2183-2192; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage2030132 - 25 Jul 2019
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 11795
Abstract
Recently, a new painting attributed to Artemisia Gentileschi was found in Ferrara, representing Judith exposing the head of Holofernes. Some analyses have been required to verify the history of this canvas, because another known painting is very similar to this one with the [...] Read more.
Recently, a new painting attributed to Artemisia Gentileschi was found in Ferrara, representing Judith exposing the head of Holofernes. Some analyses have been required to verify the history of this canvas, because another known painting is very similar to this one with the exception of the heads of Judith and Holofernes. This last has been attributed to the father of Artemisia, Orazio Gentileschi. Many diagnostics were performed, starting from imaging techniques: from raking light, to UV fluorescence and X-ray radiography. All of them highlighted peculiarities concerning above all the head of the main female protagonist. The results suggest that the face of Judith was subjected to various reworks in the same artistic period because of the original materials still present. This is the reason for the peculiar fragility and, due to this, the restoration of the 20th Century focused on Judith’s face. However, in this contribution, we want to highlight the results obtained with XRF spot analysis. Indeed, the artistic palette and the restoration materials have been characterized. For example, reds are in cinnabar, while Judith’s lips have been restored with cadmium red. The more interesting results regard the use of umber earths. In the painting, this iron-based pigment, rich in manganese, was revealed several times, and the correlation between Fe and Mn was easily verified. More than one correlation has been found due to the use of this pigment to darken the hues. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials and Methods in Cultural Heritage: The role of Archaeometry in Museums)
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12 pages, 6824 KiB  
Communication
Geological and Cultural Heritage: Dissemination Experiences in Tuscany
by Sonia La Felice, Tsegaye Abebe, Andrea Aquino, Simone Landi, Marco Lezzerini and Claudia Principe
Heritage 2019, 2(3), 2171-2182; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage2030131 - 25 Jul 2019
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2568
Abstract
We report on some recent experiences of scientific dissemination activities on geomaterials carried out by a network of scientific organizations in Tuscany (Italy). The primary message we want to disseminate is that even the most “insignificant” rock (e.g., those constituting the bar or [...] Read more.
We report on some recent experiences of scientific dissemination activities on geomaterials carried out by a network of scientific organizations in Tuscany (Italy). The primary message we want to disseminate is that even the most “insignificant” rock (e.g., those constituting the bar or kitchen counter-tops) stores in their interior very useful information beyond the beautiful colors and their aesthetic appearance. These rocks can tell stories of very old geological periods on how they were formed. Their structures, texture and shape, as well as their chemistry and mineralogy provide clues to the reconstruction of geological events. Moreover, the rocks used in urban architecture and monuments are an inexhaustible archive containing a lot of historical and economic information on the development of a city and its surrounding area. The role of geologists, in this context, is to provide to the public, in clear and engaging language, the tools necessary to solve the puzzle (i.e., identify the most important types of rocks and rock-forming minerals, know their physico-chemical properties, their textures and structures and discover the environments in which they formed). A specific objective of this work is to stimulate an exchange between various research organizations (universities, public research institutions, museums, associations, etc.) and the civil society. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials and Methods in Cultural Heritage: The role of Archaeometry in Museums)
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14 pages, 3514 KiB  
Article
Climate and Cultural Heritage: The Case Study of “Real Sito di Carditello”
by Antonio Spagnuolo, Carmela Vetromile, Antonio Masiello, Maria Francesca Alberghina, Salvatore Schiavone and Carmine Lubritto
Heritage 2019, 2(3), 2053-2066; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage2030124 - 23 Jul 2019
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3273
Abstract
A monitoring campaign performed on the Real Site of Carditello (found in the commune of San Tammaro, province of Caserta, Italy) was aimed to evaluate the parameters related to air quality and then to control and prevent the degradation risk. The analyses were [...] Read more.
A monitoring campaign performed on the Real Site of Carditello (found in the commune of San Tammaro, province of Caserta, Italy) was aimed to evaluate the parameters related to air quality and then to control and prevent the degradation risk. The analyses were carried out in the context of the project “Innovative methods and technologies for the conservation, valorisation and use of cultural heritage: environmental and archaeological analyses”, within the CULTURA CREA-MIBAC program, which aims to provide innovative methods for conservation and enhancement of cultural heritage through environmental and archaeometric analyses. Preliminarily, using field equipment, non-destructive investigations were carried out to identify constituent, restoration, and/or degradation materials belonging to the wall paintings on the main floor and to assess their conservation state under the current environmental conditions. Environmental monitoring was performed both outdoor (to assess the effects of atmospheric pollution and changes in the climate of the structure) and indoor the rooms of the site (to evaluate the conditions of conservation and fruition). The collected data are reported in a web platform, where one can check the real time monitoring data. The platform integrates both environmental data and information regarding the "health status" of site in order to provide a detailed analysis useful for its protection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials and Methods in Cultural Heritage: The role of Archaeometry in Museums)
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11 pages, 8289 KiB  
Article
X-Ray Computed Tomography In Situ: An Opportunity for Museums and Restoration Laboratories
by Fauzia Albertin, Matteo Bettuzzi, Rosa Brancaccio, Maria Pia Morigi and Franco Casali
Heritage 2019, 2(3), 2028-2038; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage2030122 - 19 Jul 2019
Cited by 31 | Viewed by 5239
Abstract
X-ray Computed Tomography (X-ray CT) is a sophisticated non-destructive imaging technique to investigate structures and materials of complex objects, and its application can answer many conservation and restoration questions. However, for Cultural Heritage investigations, medical CT scanners are not optimized for many case-studies: [...] Read more.
X-ray Computed Tomography (X-ray CT) is a sophisticated non-destructive imaging technique to investigate structures and materials of complex objects, and its application can answer many conservation and restoration questions. However, for Cultural Heritage investigations, medical CT scanners are not optimized for many case-studies: These instruments are designed for the human body, are not flexible and are difficult to use in situ. To overcome these limitations and to safely investigate works of art on site—in a restoration laboratory or in a museum—the X-ray Tomography Laboratory of the University of Bologna designed several CT systems. Here we present two of these facilities and the results of important measurement campaigns performed in situ. The first instrument, light and flexible, is designed to investigate medium-size objects with a resolution of a few tens of microns and was used for the CT analysis of several Japanese theater masks belonging to the collection of the “L. Pigorini” Museum (Rome). The second is designed to analyze larger objects, up to 200 cm and was used to investigate the collection of the so-called “Statue Vestite” (devotional dressed statues) of the Diocesan Museum of Massa. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials and Methods in Cultural Heritage: The role of Archaeometry in Museums)
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11 pages, 16893 KiB  
Article
Combined 3D Surveying and Raman Spectroscopy Techniques on Artifacts Preserved at Archaeological Museum of Lipari
by Dario Giuffrida, Viviana Mollica Nardo, Fausta Giacobello, Oreste Adinolfi, Maria Amalia Mastelloni, Giovanna Toscano and Rosina Celeste Ponterio
Heritage 2019, 2(3), 2017-2027; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage2030121 - 18 Jul 2019
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4132
Abstract
Over the last years, the documentation of Heritage has been increasingly enriched with new forms of data representation and contents deriving from technological applications on artifacts and the progress of computer graphics: if, on the one hand, 3D survey has become an effective [...] Read more.
Over the last years, the documentation of Heritage has been increasingly enriched with new forms of data representation and contents deriving from technological applications on artifacts and the progress of computer graphics: if, on the one hand, 3D survey has become an effective tool supplementing and supporting traditional study activities, as it can generate accurate and high-resolution digital models (available especially when physical access to materials is not possible, but also for enhancement or to formulate hypothetic reconstruction), on the other, archaeometry investigations can provide all that information (about composition, firing temperature of clay, etc.) that autopsy, comparison, formal, contextual, or bibliographic analysis cannot do on their own. This paper aims to show the potentialities of combined use of these non-destructive and non-contact approaches on the archaeological artifacts preserved at the Regional Museum of Lipari "L. Bernabò Brea" for the analysis, diagnostic, fruition, and forthcoming restoration purposes. Different methodologies, such as laser-based surveying, sfm digital photogrammetry, and Raman spectroscopy have been, respectively, adopted and combined to get reconstruction and characterize several clay masks and two figured calyx-kraters. The latter technique, in particular, has proved to be useful in compositional analysis of dyes and pigments contained in the clay. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials and Methods in Cultural Heritage: The role of Archaeometry in Museums)
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7 pages, 1295 KiB  
Letter
Detecting the NIR Fingerprint of Colors: The Characteristic Response of Modern Blue Pigments
by Rossella Yivlialin, Anna Galli, Luisa Raimondo, Marco Martini and Adele Sassella
Heritage 2019, 2(3), 2255-2261; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage2030137 - 30 Jul 2019
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2876
Abstract
Reflectance spectroscopy in the ultraviolet (UV), visible (Vis), and near infrared (NIR) range is widely applied to art studies for the characterization of paints and pigments, with the advantages of non-invasive techniques. Isolating and detecting the fingerprint of pigments, especially in the NIR [...] Read more.
Reflectance spectroscopy in the ultraviolet (UV), visible (Vis), and near infrared (NIR) range is widely applied to art studies for the characterization of paints and pigments, with the advantages of non-invasive techniques. Isolating and detecting the fingerprint of pigments, especially in the NIR range, is quite challenging, since the presence of vibrational transitions of the most common organic functional groups prevents to relate the optical spectrum of a composite sample, as an artwork is, to each one of its elements (i.e., support, binder, and specific pigment). In this work, a method is presented to obtain the UV-Vis-NIR optical response of the single components of a model composite sample reproducing an artwork, i.e., the support, the binder, and the pigment or dye, by using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. This allowed us to obtain the NIR spectral fingerprint of blue pigments and to identify specific features possibly applicable for detecting cobalt and phthalocyanine blue colors in artwork analysis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials and Methods in Cultural Heritage: The role of Archaeometry in Museums)
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