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Forests
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Water Resources Management and Modeling in Forestry
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Water Resources Management and Modeling in Forestry

A special issue of Forests (ISSN 1999-4907). This special issue belongs to the section "Forest Ecology and Management".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 November 2020) | Viewed by 18098

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Michael P. Strager

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Division of Resource Economics and Management, School of Natural Resources, Davis College of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Design, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26508-6108, USA
Interests: spatial data analysis; natural resources; multi-criteria decision analysis
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Sustainable management of water and forest resources is critical to quality of life for current and future human communities as well as natural ecosystems. This is especially true in the face of changing land cover, increased pollution, continued fossil fuel consumption, and other resource exploitation. Integration of water resources and forestry at various spatial scales is imperative for future conservation and sustainability. To further explore these and other related issues, we encourage studies from all relevant fields, including experimental studies, monitoring approaches, and models. This Special Issue will highlight emerging work and strategies for the preservation, management, and future development of the water and forest nexus.

Prof. Dr. Michael P. Strager
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Forests is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Watershed modeling
  • Forest management
  • Ecosystem services
  • Forests and water quality
  • Adaptive management
  • Spatial analysis
  • Sediment management from forestry

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

25 pages, 5900 KiB  
Article
Interannual Variation of Transpiration and Its Modeling of a Larch Plantation in Semiarid Northwest China
by Yanbing Wang, Yanhui Wang, Zhenhua Li, Pengtao Yu and Xinsheng Han
Forests 2020, 11(12), 1303; https://doi.org/10.3390/f11121303 - 04 Dec 2020
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 1819
Abstract
Quantifying the variation of forest transpiration (T) is important not only for understanding the water and energy budget of forest ecosystems but also for the prediction, evaluation, and management of hydrological effects as well as many other ecosystem services of forests under the [...] Read more.
Quantifying the variation of forest transpiration (T) is important not only for understanding the water and energy budget of forest ecosystems but also for the prediction, evaluation, and management of hydrological effects as well as many other ecosystem services of forests under the changes of climate, vegetation, and anthropological impacts. The accurate prediction of T, a key component of water used by forests, requires mechanism-based models describing the T response to environmental and canopy conditions. The daily T of a larch (Larix principis-rupprechtti) plantation was measured through monitoring the sap flow in the growing season (from May to September) of a dry year (2010), a normal year (2012), and a wet year (2014) at a shady slope in the semi-arid area of Liupan Mountains in northwest China. Meanwhile, the meteorological conditions, soil moisture, and forest canopy leaf area index (LAI) were monitored. To get a simple and easily applicable T model, the numerous influencing parameters were grouped into three factors: the atmospheric evapotranspiration demand indicated by the potential evapotranspiration (PET), the soil water supply ability indicated by the relative extractable soil water content (REW), and the vegetation transpiration capacity indicated by the forest canopy LAI. The T model was established as a continuous multiplication of the T response equations to individual factors, which were determined using the upper boundary lines of measured data. The effect of each factor on the T in a dry year (2010) or normal year (2012) was assessed by comparing the measured T in the baseline of the wet year (2014) and the model predicted T, which was calculated through inputting the actual data of the factor (i.e., PET) to be assessed in the dry or normal year and the measured data of other two factors (i.e., REW, LAI) in the baseline of the wet year. The results showed that the mean daily T was 0.92, 1.05, and 1.02 mm; and the maximum daily T was 1.78, 1.92, and 1.89 mm in 2010, 2012, and 2014, respectively. The T response follows a parabolic equation to PET, but a saturated exponential equation to REW and LAI. The T model parameters were calibrated using measured data in 2010 and 2012 (R2 = 0.89, Nash coefficient = 0.88) and validated using measured data in 2014 satisfactorily (R2 = 0.89, Nash coefficient = 0.79). It showed a T limitation in the dry year 2010 for all factors (18.5 mm by PET, 11.5 mm by REW, and 17.8 mm by LAI); while a promotion for PET (1.4 mm) and a limitation for REW (4.2 mm) and LAI (14.3 mm) in the normal year 2012. The daily T model established in this study can be helpful to assess the individual factor impact on T and improve the daily T prediction under changing environmental and canopy conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water Resources Management and Modeling in Forestry)
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11 pages, 2468 KiB  
Article
Application of the InVEST Model to Quantify the Water Yield of North Korean Forests
by Sang-wook Kim and Yoon-young Jung
Forests 2020, 11(8), 804; https://doi.org/10.3390/f11080804 - 25 Jul 2020
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 3524
Abstract
The calculation and mapping of water yield are of significant importance to the effective planning and management of water resources in North Korea. In this study, we quantified and assessed the water retention capacity of North Korean forests using the Integrated Valuation of [...] Read more.
The calculation and mapping of water yield are of significant importance to the effective planning and management of water resources in North Korea. In this study, we quantified and assessed the water retention capacity of North Korean forests using the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs (InVEST) water yield model; six thematic maps were constructed and two coefficients were derived for use in the modeling. Data were obtained from the following sources: average annual precipitation from WorldClim; average monthly evapotranspiration from Global Potential Evapotranspiration (Global-PET); and the soil depth data from the International Soil Reference and Information Centre (ISRIC). The plant available water fraction was calculated using a bulk density formula. Land cover was classified using the Normalized Difference Snow, Water and Vegetation Indices, using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite imagery. Data for the watershed analysis were provided by the World Wildlife Fund. The total water retention in North Korean forests was estimated to be 760,145,120 tons in the 2000s. However, previous studies from 2011 showed a much higher (by 9,409,622,083 tons) water retention capacity in South Korea. In North Korea, the largest monthly water storage volume occurred in July, followed by August, September, and June. This mirrors rainfall patterns, indicating that precipitation has a significant impact on water storage. Analysis of the annual spatial distribution of water storage by administrative district showed that Hamgyongnam-do had the highest, followed by Jagang-do and Gangwon-do Provinces. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water Resources Management and Modeling in Forestry)
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18 pages, 4135 KiB  
Article
Leaf Phenology Drives Spatio-Temporal Patterns of Throughfall under a Single Quercus castaneifolia C.A.Mey.
by Omid Fathizadeh, Seyed Mohammad Moein Sadeghi, Curtis D. Holder and Lei Su
Forests 2020, 11(6), 688; https://doi.org/10.3390/f11060688 - 18 Jun 2020
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 3102
Abstract
Throughfall (TF) makes up the majority of understory rainfall and thereby plays an important role in controlling the amount of water reaching the forest floor. TF under a single Quercus castaneifolia (C.A.Mey, chestnut-leaved oak) tree in Northern Iran was measured during [...] Read more.
Throughfall (TF) makes up the majority of understory rainfall and thereby plays an important role in controlling the amount of water reaching the forest floor. TF under a single Quercus castaneifolia (C.A.Mey, chestnut-leaved oak) tree in Northern Iran was measured during the leafed and leafless periods. TF quantity under the Q. castaneifolia canopy made up 69.3% and 88.0% of gross rainfall during leafed and leafless periods, respectively. Phenoseason influenced TF distribution patterns as TF temporal patterns during the leafed period were slightly more stable than during the leafless periods. The minimum number of TF collectors needed to yield a representative mean TF with accepted errors of 10% at 95% confidence level was twenty-six and twelve TF collectors for leafed and leafless periods, respectively. We conclude that phenoseasonality significantly affects TF spatiotemporal variability and presented the required number of collectors necessary for sampling TF under an individual Q. castaneifolia tree. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water Resources Management and Modeling in Forestry)
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16 pages, 2244 KiB  
Article
Rainfall Partitioning in Chinese Pine (Pinus tabuliformis Carr.) Stands at Three Different Ages
by Lingling Dong, Hairong Han, Fengfeng Kang, Xiaoqin Cheng, Jinlong Zhao and Xiaoshuai Song
Forests 2020, 11(2), 243; https://doi.org/10.3390/f11020243 - 22 Feb 2020
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 2927
Abstract
Chinese pine (Pinus tabuliformis Carr.) is the main forest species in northern China, with the potential to dramatically affect biotic and abiotic aspects of ecosystems in this region. To discover the rainfall partitioning patterns of different growth periods of Chinese pine forest, [...] Read more.
Chinese pine (Pinus tabuliformis Carr.) is the main forest species in northern China, with the potential to dramatically affect biotic and abiotic aspects of ecosystems in this region. To discover the rainfall partitioning patterns of different growth periods of Chinese pine forest, we studied the throughfall (Tf), stemflow (Sf) and canopy interception (I) in three stand ages (40-, 50-, 60-year-old) in Liaoheyuan Natural Reserve of Hebei Province during the growing seasons of 2013 and 2014, and analyzed effect of rainfall amount, rainfall intensity, and canopy structure on rainfall partitioning in Chinese pine forest. The results showed that throughfall decreased with the stand age, accounting for 78.8%, 74.1% and 66.7% of gross rainfall in 40-, 50- and 60-year-old Chinese pine forests, respectively. Canopy interception, on the other hand, increased with the stand age (20.4%, 24.8%, and 32.8%, respectively), while the pattern in stemflow was less clear (0.8%, 1.1%, and 0.6%, respectively). As rainfall intensity increased, the Tf and Sf increased and I declined. Additionally, our results showed that leaf area index (LAI) and the diameter at breast height (DBH) increased with age in Chinese pine stands, probably explaining the similar increase in canopy interception (I). On the other hand, the mean leaf angle, openness, gap fraction all decreased with the stand age. Stepwise regression analysis showed that the rainfall amount and LAI were the major determinants influencing the rainfall partition. Our study highlights the importance of stand age in shaping different forest canopy structures, and shows how age-related factors influence canopy rainfall partitioning. This study also significantly adds to our understanding the mechanisms of the hydrological cycle in coniferous forest ecosystems in northern China. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water Resources Management and Modeling in Forestry)
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15 pages, 4059 KiB  
Article
Influence of Root Distribution on Preferential Flow in Deciduous and Coniferous Forest Soils
by Ziteng Luo, Jianzhi Niu, Baoyuan Xie, Linus Zhang, Xiongwen Chen, Ronny Berndtsson, Jie Du, Jiakun Ao, Lan Yang and Siyu Zhu
Forests 2019, 10(11), 986; https://doi.org/10.3390/f10110986 - 05 Nov 2019
Cited by 28 | Viewed by 3419
Abstract
Root-induced channels are the primary controlling factors for rapid movement of water and solute in forest soils. To explore the effects of root distribution on preferential flow during rainfall events, deciduous (Quercus variabilis BI.) and coniferous forest (Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco) [...] Read more.
Root-induced channels are the primary controlling factors for rapid movement of water and solute in forest soils. To explore the effects of root distribution on preferential flow during rainfall events, deciduous (Quercus variabilis BI.) and coniferous forest (Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco) sites were selected to conduct dual-tracer experiments (Brilliant Blue FCF and Bromide [Br−]). Each plot (1.30 × 1.30 m) was divided into two subplots (0.65 × 1.30 m), and two rainfall simulations (40 mm, large rainfall and 70 mm, extreme rainfall) were conducted in these. Vertical soil profiles (1.00 m × 0.40 m) were excavated, and preferential flow path features were quantified based on digital image analysis. Root (fine and coarse) abundance and Br− concentration were investigated for each soil profile. In deciduous forest, accumulated roots in the upper soil layer induce larger lateral preferential flow as compared to the coniferous forest soil during large rainfall events. Compared with deciduous forest, coniferous forest soil, with higher (horizontal and vertical) spatial variability of preferential flow paths, promotes higher percolation and solute leaching to deeper soil layers during extreme rainfall events. Fine roots, accounting for a larger proportion of total roots (compared to coarse roots), facilitate preferential flow in the 0–40 cm forest soil layer. Overall, our results indicate that the root distribution pattern of different tree species can exert diverse effects on preferential flow in forest soils. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water Resources Management and Modeling in Forestry)
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20 pages, 9248 KiB  
Article
Will Human-Induced Vegetation Regreening Continually Decrease Runoff in the Loess Plateau of China?
by Yanzhong Li, Dehua Mao, Aiqing Feng and Tayler Schillerberg
Forests 2019, 10(10), 906; https://doi.org/10.3390/f10100906 - 15 Oct 2019
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2806
Abstract
China has become the largest contributing country to global vegetation regreening. However, the regreening pattern and subsequent impact on arid areas have not been comprehensively evaluated. Therefore, we selected the Loess Plateau, a representative arid region that has undergone evident vegetation restoration, to [...] Read more.
China has become the largest contributing country to global vegetation regreening. However, the regreening pattern and subsequent impact on arid areas have not been comprehensively evaluated. Therefore, we selected the Loess Plateau, a representative arid region that has undergone evident vegetation restoration, to investigate the spatial patterns and temporal trends, as well as the drivers of vegetation change. This study primarily focused on 12 afforested watersheds during 2000–2018. Furthermore, both the impacts of vegetation regreening on runoff for the past two decades and the future projections were quantified based on the fraction of photosynthetically active radiation (fPAR), the Budyko model, and the global climate models (GCMs). fPAR for the last two decades indicates that vegetation in the Loess Plateau has experienced a continuous increasing trend during the growing season, primarily in response to the implementation of the Grain for Green Project (GFGP). Of the 12 watersheds, 9 experienced significant fPAR change with a change rate above 50%, and 11 exhibited a significant increase (p < 0.05) in runoff sensitivity to vegetation regreening, which indicates that vegetation regreening plays an increasingly important role in controlling runoff variation. The decline in runoff caused by vegetation regreening was particularly noticeable before 2011 or 2012; afterwards, runoff tended to vary with precipitation. In the future (2020–2049 and 2050–2099), decrease in runoff by regreening will be limited, as runoff is anticipated to decrease by 3.5% in 2020–2049 and 4.1% in 2050–2099 with a 20% increase in fPAR. These results indicate that runoff tends to be stable even with continuous vegetation regreening. While the reduction of runoff by regreening will be limited in the future, rapid human-induced vegetation regreening may aggravate water scarcity when flash droughts occur and may result in disasters in water-limited regions to the socio-economic stability and agriculture. Our study will provide an applicable theoretical foundation for water resources decision-making and ecological restoration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water Resources Management and Modeling in Forestry)
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