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Aboveground and Belowground Interaction and Forest Carbon Cycling

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A special issue of Forests (ISSN 1999-4907). This special issue belongs to the section "Forest Ecology and Management".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 September 2023) | Viewed by 14316

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Dr. Jiangling Zhu

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Guest Editor

Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
Interests: forest ecology; biodiversity; ecosystem functioning; carbon cycling
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Xiaokang Hu

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Guest Editor

College of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, Dali University, Dali 671003, China
Interests: forest ecology; carbon cycling; nitrogen cycling; resource strategies of wild plants; biodiversity and ecosystem functioning

Prof. Dr. Wenxuan Han

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Guest Editor

College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
Interests: ecological stoichiometry; biogeography of plant nutrients; plant functional traits; ecosystem ecology

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Forest ecosystems perform a wide range of services, such as sustaining biodiversity and providing fiber and fuel, as well as possibly mitigating climate change through carbon sequestration and local precipitation regulation. Forest biomass is crucial for these processes. Accurately measuring and estimating forest biomass and elucidating its response to climate change and human activities are thus essential for both ecology and forest management development. However, due to the complexity and variability in forest communities’ composition and structure, the measurement and estimation of forest biomass, especially belowground biomass, faces great challenges. Therefore, investigating aboveground and belowground interactions and biomass in varying forest types is vital to improve our understanding of forests’ ecosystem services and functions and to determine optimal management policies.

In this Special Issue of Forests, we aim to present the latest advances in the field of aboveground and belowground interactions and biomass surveys in diverse areas, which includes original studies, synthesis, and perspectives. This Special Issue will place particular emphasis on investigating biomass (and the carbon therein), and its turnover in forests, exploring the responses of forest biomass/productivity to environmental factors. With this aim in mind, we are inviting the submission of papers detailing advances in techniques and methodologies with respect to forest biomass determination.

Potential topics include, but are not limited to:

Aboveground and belowground interactions in forests;
Biomass/carbon allocation between above-ground and below-ground;
Forest productivity and climate change;
Biomass/carbon turnover in forests;
Litter production and decomposition;
Biomass dynamics under forest management;
Techniques and methodologies for aboveground and belowground biomass determination.

Dr. Jiangling Zhu
Dr. Xiaokang Hu
Prof. Dr. Wenxuan Han
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Forests is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

forest ecosystem
aboveground biomass
belowground biomass
root biomass
forest productivity
biomass turnover
litter production
litter decomposition
carbon cycling
forest management

Published Papers (11 papers)

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Research

16 pages, 2852 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Addressing Carbon Storage in Forested Landscape Management Planning—An Optimization Approach and Application in Northwest Portugal

by Susete Marques, Ana Raquel Rodrigues, Joana Amaral Paulo, Brigite Botequim and José G. Borges

Forests 2024, 15(3), 408; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15030408 - 21 Feb 2024

Viewed by 707

Abstract

Climate change is driving worldwide efforts to mitigate and reverse the increasing anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases. Forests can uptake considerable amounts of carbon from the atmosphere, but management decisions and resultant silvicultural practices can largely influence these ecosystems’ carbon balance. This research presents an approach to help land managers cope with the need to ensure the provision of forest products and services while contributing to mitigating climate change via carbon sequestration. The emphasis is on combining a landscape-level resource capability model with a mathematical programming (LP) optimization method to model and solve a land management problem involving timber production, carbon sequestration, and resistance to wildfire targets. The results of an application on a forested landscape in Northwest Portugal showed that this approach may contribute to analyzing and discussing synergies and trade-offs between these targets. They revealed important trade-offs between carbon sequestration and both timber production and fire resistance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Aboveground and Belowground Interaction and Forest Carbon Cycling)

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14 pages, 2003 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spatial Distribution and Determinants of Aboveground Biomass in a Subalpine Coniferous Forest in Southwestern China

by Xiaofeng Ni, Xinyu Xiong, Qiong Cai, Fan Fan, Chenqi He, Chengjun Ji, Sheng Li, Xiaoli Shen and Jiangling Zhu

Forests 2023, 14(11), 2197; https://doi.org/10.3390/f14112197 - 04 Nov 2023

Viewed by 1103

Abstract

Aboveground biomass (AGB) is the most dynamic carbon pool in forest ecosystems and is sensitive to biotic and abiotic factors. Previous studies on AGB have mostly focused on tropical and temperate forests, while studies on AGB and its determinants in subalpine coniferous forests are lacking and the mechanisms are not yet clear. Here, we systematically investigated all woody plants in 630 subplots (20 m × 20 m) in the Wanglang Plot (25.2 ha) to explore the spatial distribution of AGB and the effects of topography, soil, and stand structure on AGB. The results showed that AGB varied remarkably among different subplots with an average of 184.42 Mg/ha. AGB increased significantly with aspect, soil organic matter, maximum DBH, and important value of spruce–fir, while it decreased significantly with slope, total phosphorus, and stem density. Stand structure exerted greater influences than topography and soil factors, and especially maximum DBH determines the variation of AGB. Our results are of great significance to accurately estimate and predict the productivity of this forest type, and can provide insights into the diversity maintenance of subalpine coniferous forests as well as the conservation and management of forest ecosystems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Aboveground and Belowground Interaction and Forest Carbon Cycling)

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14 pages, 5845 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modeling Ecological Resilience of Alpine Forest under Climate Change in Western Sichuan

by Yuanyuan Li, Jiangtao Xiao, Nan Cong, Xinran Yu, Yang Lin, Tao Liu, Gang Qi and Ping Ren

Forests 2023, 14(9), 1769; https://doi.org/10.3390/f14091769 - 31 Aug 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 896

Abstract

The ecological resilience of forests is the ability to return to a stable state after being subjected to external disturbances, and it is among the critical indicators of forest status. Climate change has significant effects on forest ecological resilience and diversity. In this research, we selected Mao County as the study region, and employed the forest landscape model LANDIS-II to simulate the effect of different climate scenarios on the ecological resilience of alpine forests in western Sichuan during the next 300 years from the forest composition and structure perspective. The findings revealed that: (1) climate change will favor an increase in forest ecological resilience values in short simulations, but future climate scenarios will negatively impact the ecological resilience of forests as the simulation progresses through the middle and long term. (2) The rate of change of forest ecological resilience in the MTDF and SCF ecotones, which have a higher proportion of Fir (Abies fabri) and Spruce (Picea asperata), was greater than that in the rest of the ecotones in the short-term simulation. In contrast, it was the opposite in the medium-term simulation. The rate of change of forest ecological resilience was more significant in the long-term simulation in all four ecotones. (3) The high values of forest ecological resilience in the short- and medium-term simulations were primarily concentrated within the MTDF and SCF ecotones among the midwestern and northern parts of the study region. When the simulation proceeded to a later stage, the ecological resilience of the forests decreased significantly throughout the study region, with high values occurring only in some areas within the western parts of the study region. The research results can grasp the influence of future climate on the ecological resilience of high mountain forests within western Sichuan and provide an essential reference for the sustainable development of local forests. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Aboveground and Belowground Interaction and Forest Carbon Cycling)

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11 pages, 1831 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effects of Thinning on Tree Growth and Stand Biomass in a Chronosequence of Pinus tabulaeformis Plantations in the Loess Plateau of China

by Yuanchun Li, Huipeng Li, Wei Zhang, Baolin Chen, Lei Yang, Mengfan Li, Jianxiao Zhu and Qiong Cai

Forests 2023, 14(8), 1620; https://doi.org/10.3390/f14081620 - 11 Aug 2023

Viewed by 979

Abstract

Thinning plays a vital role in controlling stand density of plantation forests to get quality wood and more ecological function. However, the specific effects of thinning on forest biomass connected with forest age are usually overlooked especially in semi-arid regions. Here, we examined the effects of thinning on individual tree growth and stand biomass in a chronosequence of 20-, 30-, 40-, and 50-year-old Chinese pine (Pinus tabulaeformis) plantations on the Loess Plateau, China. We found that under different thinning managements, both mean diameter at breast height (DBH) and tree height followed the logistic growth pattern, and thinning promoted tree radial growth more than height. The effects of thinning on tree biomass differed between the individual tree and stand level. Thinning could promote individual tree biomass irrespective of stand ages, while stand biomass did not differ between the thinned and unthinned stands at different stand ages. Furthermore, the multiple linear regression analysis and structure equation model showed that individual tree growth was the primary contributor of stand biomass. Thus, we infer that the stand biomass loss after thinning could be mainly compensated by enhanced tree growth, especially radial growth, after a period of recovery (no more than 20 years). The results could provide helpful guidance for forest management and highlighted that reasonable thinning treatment could result in both high individual tree product and stand level harvests in the long term. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Aboveground and Belowground Interaction and Forest Carbon Cycling)

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14 pages, 2879 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Soil Microbiological Properties on the Fractional Distribution and Stability of Soil Organic Carbon under Different N Addition Treatments

by Jiaoyang Zhang, Hui Huang, Hongfei Liu, Hongmiao Wu, Zhen Zhang, Guoliang Wang, Sha Xue and Guobin Liu

Forests 2023, 14(8), 1540; https://doi.org/10.3390/f14081540 - 28 Jul 2023

Viewed by 835

Abstract

Soil organic carbon (SOC) fractions are influenced by inputs of nitrogen (N) from globally rising N deposition; however, the mechanisms of how soil microbiological properties are influenced by N deposition and its impact on the fractional distribution and stability of SOC remain unclear. In this study, we assessed the effects on SOC fraction distribution and stability from four aspects of soil microbiological properties: soil microbial biomass (SMB), soil microbial activity, structure diversity, and functional diversity of soil microbial community in a Pinus tabuliformis plantation, which received four N addition levels (0 g N m⁻² y⁻¹ (N0), 3 g N m⁻² y⁻¹ (N3, low N addition), 6 g N m⁻² y⁻¹ (N6, mid-N addition), and 9 g N m⁻² y⁻¹ (N9, high N addition)) for 2 years. The N inputs did significantly affect some soil microbiological properties, like SMB, soil phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA), and soil microbial functional diversity. Mid- and high N addition decreased the richness (H_PLFA) and evenness (E_PLFA) index of the soil microbial community, from 3.24 to 2.91 and 0.93 to 0.87, respectively. In addition, the low N addition promoted the carbon management index (CMI) to 141.35, i.e., higher than the CMIs in the mid- and high-level treatments. The SOC stability also showed significant differences among N addition treatments, and SOC could be the most stable at the mid-N addition level. Regarding the effects of the four soil microbiological attributes on the CMI and stability, SMB and soil respiration positively impacted the CMI, but did not significantly affect the stability. In addition, E_PLFA had positive effects, but E_BIOLOG had negative effects on CMI and lability. Our findings indicate that soil microbiological properties are essential in SOC fractional distributions and stability. Further identification and study of soil microbial species used to change SOC fractions would help to clarify the detailed mechanisms involved. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Aboveground and Belowground Interaction and Forest Carbon Cycling)

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18 pages, 3230 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Soil Bacteria and Soil Fungi Respond Differently to the Changes in Aboveground Plants along Slope Aspect in a Subalpine Coniferous Forest

by Luoshu He, Suhui Ma, Biao Zhu and Chengjun Ji

Forests 2023, 14(7), 1389; https://doi.org/10.3390/f14071389 - 07 Jul 2023

Viewed by 1025

Abstract

In a locale-scale mountainous forest, changes in slope aspect can cause microclimate heterogeneity, which can impact both soil environment and plant community, and influence the soil microbial communities as well. However, the relationship between the aboveground plant community and belowground soil microbial communities and the change in slope aspect is not well understood. A case study was carried out in a subalpine coniferous forest in western China to investigate the above- and belowground relationship of three slope aspects, the north-facing slope, the flat site and the south-facing slope. The plant community attributes were evaluated by the community survey, considering species diversity and the plant total basal area of trees and shrubs to represent the plant productivity. Soil bacteria were determined based on 16S rRNA gene and soil fungi on a nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) using high-throughput Illumina sequencing. The results showed that slope aspects significantly affect the aboveground plant productivity and diversity, and the community composition and structure of both aboveground plants and soil bacteria and soil fungi. Soil bacteria and soil fungi correlated differently with aboveground plant community changes in the slope aspects in terms of diversity and community composition and structure. A structural equation model (SEM) revealed that slope aspects caused by aboveground plant productivity changes correlated significantly with the soil fungal community composition and structure, while the soil bacterial community was rather weakly correlated with the plant community, and its changes in community composition and structure were mainly affected by the soil properties and soil fungal community. Further studies considering plant functional traits, soil microbial functional groups, and seasonal changes may reveal a deeper correlation between the aboveground plants and belowground soil microbials at the local scale in subalpine coniferous forests. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Aboveground and Belowground Interaction and Forest Carbon Cycling)

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11 pages, 2635 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Elevational Patterns of Tree Species Richness and Forest Biomass on Two Subtropical Mountains in China

by Qiong Cai, Suhui Ma, Lijuan Sun, Guoping Chen, Jian Xiao, Wenjing Fang, Chengjun Ji, Zhiyao Tang and Jingyun Fang

Forests 2023, 14(7), 1337; https://doi.org/10.3390/f14071337 - 29 Jun 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 987

Abstract

Increasing evidence shows that both abiotic and biotic factors affect species richness and stand biomass in forests, yet the relative and interactive impacts of these factors remain debated in different forest ecosystems. We sampled 55 forest plots (600 m² per plot) on two subtropical mountains with distinct diversity levels in China to explore the elevational patterns of tree species richness and stand biomass and examined how they were affected by climate, stand structure, and dominance of mycorrhizal types. The tree species richness of both mountains decreased with elevation, while the stand biomass exhibited unimodal or no apparent trends. On both mountains, the tree species richness was strongly shaped by climatic factors, especially the mean annual temperature, whereas the stand biomass was mainly affected by the stand structure. Specifically, on the mountain with higher species richness, both the tree height variation and maximum tree size were strongly correlated with the stand biomass. Meanwhile, on the species-poor mountain with higher elevations, only the maximum tree size correlated with the stand biomass. The dominance of ectomycorrhizal trees also had positive effects on the stand biomass of both mountains. These results suggest that climate, stand structure, and mycorrhizal dominance may jointly drive the decoupling between tree species richness and stand biomass, which should be given more attention in further research and forest management to achieve the climate change mitigation goals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Aboveground and Belowground Interaction and Forest Carbon Cycling)

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13 pages, 1396 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mixed-Species Plantation of Pinus massoniana Lamb. and Quercus variabilis Bl. and High Soil Nutrient Increase Litter Decomposition Rate

by Lixiong Zeng, Changjian Zhou, Wei He, Lei Lei, Ben Wang, Mingjun Teng, Jin Wang, Zhaogui Yan, Pengcheng Wang and Wenfa Xiao

Forests 2023, 14(4), 708; https://doi.org/10.3390/f14040708 - 30 Mar 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1154

Abstract

Changes in land use and forest planting have led to substantial changes in soil fertility and leaf litter input. The effects of mixed planting on the leaf litter decomposition rate in contrasting soil nutrient conditions are poorly understood. To elucidate the effects of litter composition and soil fertility on litter decomposition, we conducted a field litterbag-decomposition experiment with single (Pinus massoniana Lamb. or Quercus variabilis Bl.) and mixed (P. massoniana and Q. variabilis) litter treatments on soils of three nutrient levels (high, medium, and low). During the 3-year decomposition, at each decomposition stage and soil nutrient level, the mass-loss rate (MLR) was higher in mixed-litter than in the two single-litter treatments, with the exception of Q. variabilis, which recorded a higher MLR at 724 d in medium and high soil substrates. Between the two single-litter treatments, the MLR of Q. variabilis litter was higher than that of the P. massoniana litter; the MLR of the component litter of P. massoniana and Q. variabilis was higher than that of the corresponding two single-litter treatments. The k values over the 3-year-experiment period increased with the soil nutrient level for all litter treatments, as did microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen content. These findings suggest that mixed planting and high level of soil nutrient can accelerate litter decomposition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Aboveground and Belowground Interaction and Forest Carbon Cycling)

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20 pages, 5921 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Coarse Woody Debris and Carbon Stocks in Pine Forests after 50 Years of Recovery from Harvesting in Northeastern California

by Jianwei Zhang, Deborah S. Page-Dumroese, Martin F. Jurgensen, Matt Busse and Kim G. Mattson

Forests 2023, 14(3), 623; https://doi.org/10.3390/f14030623 - 20 Mar 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1264

Abstract

The long-term effects of harvesting on stand carbon (C) pools were assessed in a dry, interior pine-dominated forest at the Blacks Mountain Experimental Forest in northeastern California. Six 8-hectacre plots, established in 1938–1943, were treated as either an uncut control or a heavy-cut harvest (three-quarters of the stand volume removed). Response variables included C pools in overstory tree and shrub, coarse woody debris (CWD), forest floor, mineral soil (to 30 cm depth), cubicle brown root fragments of wood, fine roots, and ectomycorrhizal root tips. CWD was further classified as intact wood or more highly decayed brown rot or white rot types. CWD nutrient stocks (N, P, K, Ca, and Mg) and soil N content were also measured. In 1992, 50 years after harvest, total ecosystem C was 188 and 204 Mg C ha⁻¹ in the harvest and control treatments or 8% lower (p = 0.02) in the harvest stands. There were changes in the distributions of C pools between the treatments. After 50 years of recovery, most C pools showed statistically non-significant and essentially no change in C pool size from harvests. Notable reductions in C with harvests were declines of 43% in CWD including standing snags (p = 0.09) and a decline of 9% of live tree C (p = 0.35). Increases in C pools after harvest were in a 3-fold build-up of fragmented brown cubicle rot (p = 0.26) and an 11% increase in soil C (p = 0.19). We observed strong evidence of C transfers from CWD to soil C pools with two- to three-fold higher soil C and N concentrations beneath CWD compared to other cover types, and lower CWD pools associated with elevated cubicle brown rot are elevated soil C in the harvests. Our results showed that while harvest effects were subtle after 50 years of regrowth, CWD may play an important role in storing and transferring ecosystem C to soils during recovery from harvesting in these dry, eastside pine forests of California. This poses a tradeoff for managers to choose between keeping CWD for its contribution to C sequestration and its removal as the hazardous fuels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Aboveground and Belowground Interaction and Forest Carbon Cycling)

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10 pages, 1475 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Determination of Leaf pH without Grinding the Sample: Is It Closer to the Reality?

by Jiashu Chen, Sining Liu, Yufei Hou, Yan Luo and Wenxuan Han

Forests 2022, 13(10), 1640; https://doi.org/10.3390/f13101640 - 07 Oct 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2651

Abstract

This study recommends a non-grinding measurement method of leaf pH which can reduce the destructive interference to the measured fresh-leaf pH values. To verify the accuracy of this method, we measured leaf pH with the non-grinding and grinding method and further assessed the dilution effect on leaf pH in the grinding process. Compared with the non-grinding method, the grinding method significantly increased the measured pH value; leaf pH increased with decreasing leaf–water ratio in the procedure of the grinding method, but gradually stabilized. The grinding effects of severe physical damage and thereafter oxidization of leaf samples, and the dilution effects according to the Debye–Hückel limiting law and acid-base ionization theory, may both contribute to the increased leaf pH measured with the grinding method. Thus, leaf pH measured with the non-grinding method was expected to be much closer to those of leaf sap in vivo and be more suitable to indicating the dynamic variation or instant response of leaf pH to the environmental changes. Finally, considering that non-significant difference had been proved in the measured leaf pH between dried, frozen, refrigerated, and fresh ground samples, a conversion equation was provided to facilitate mutual conversion of the results with non-grinding fresh samples (y) against those with grinding dried samples (as representative) (x): y = 1.097x − 0.722. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Aboveground and Belowground Interaction and Forest Carbon Cycling)

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18 pages, 2600 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modeling Litter Stocks in Planted Forests of Northern Mexico

by Felipa de Jesús Rodríguez-Flores, José-Guadalupe Colín, José de Jesús Graciano-Luna and José Návar

Forests 2022, 13(7), 1049; https://doi.org/10.3390/f13071049 - 02 Jul 2022

Viewed by 1602

Abstract

Litter, LS, is the organic material in which locates in the top A soil horizon, playing key ecological roles in forests. Models, in contrast to common allocation factors, must be used in LS assessments as they are currently absent in the scientific literature. Its evaluation assess the mass, input and flux of several bio-geo-chemicals, rainfall interception as one component of the local hydrology, and wildfire regimes, among others, hence its importance in forestry. The aim of this study was to: (i) develop models to assess LS, accumulation, and loss rates; and (ii) assess rainfall interception and fire regimes in 133 northern forest plantations of Mexico. Two developed techniques: the statistical model (SM_LS) and the mass balance budget model (MBM_LS) tested and validated local and regional LS datasets. Models use basal area, timber, aboveground tree biomass, litter fall, accumulation, and loss sub-models. The best fitting model was used to predict rainfall interception and fire behavior in forest plantations. Results showed the SM_LS model predicted and validated LS datasets (p = 0.0001; r² = 0.82 and p = 0.0001; r² = 0.79) better than the MBM_LS model (p = 0.0001; r² = 0.32 and p = 0.0001; r² = 0.66) but the later followed well tendencies of Mexican and World datasets; counts for inputs, stocks, and losses from all processes and revealed decomposition loss may explain ≈40% of the total LS variance. SM_LS predicted forest plantations growing in high productivity 40-year-old stands accumulate LS > 30 Mg ha⁻¹ shifting to the new high-severity wildfire regime and intercepting ≈15% of the annual rainfall. SM_LS is preliminarily recommended for LS assessments and predicts the need of LS management in forest plantations (>40-year-old) to reduce rainfall interception as well as the risk of high-severity wildfires. The novel, flexible, simple, contrasting and consistent modeling approaches is a piece of scientific information required in forest management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Aboveground and Belowground Interaction and Forest Carbon Cycling)

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