Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
3.5
3.2
Journals
Fire
Special Issues
Advances in Fire Suppression
share announcement

Advances in Fire Suppression

A special issue of Fire (ISSN 2571-6255). This special issue belongs to the section "Fire Risk Assessment and Safety Management in Buildings and Urban Spaces".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2023) | Viewed by 27023

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Song Lu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230022, China
Interests: aircraft halon-alternative fire-extinguishing technology; aircraft fire protection system simulation; fire extinguishing agent concentration testing technology; aircraft cargo compartment multi-criteria detection technology; fire risk assessment
Dr. Changcheng Liu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Environment and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, China
Interests: new energy safety assessment; fire suppression; aviation fireproofing technique; metals high-temperature corrosion
Dr. Guohui Li

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Tianjin Fire Science and Technology Research Institute of MEM, Tianjin 300381, China
Interests: fire suppression; building fires; wildfire; fire rescue; risk management; fires arising from power lines
Dr. Paweł Wolny

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Łódź University of Technology, 90-924 Łódź, Poland
Interests: ANFO; fire protection; fire engineering

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Fire suppression has always been an important research area in fire science. Extinguishing fires has been a problem since humans learned to use fire. In recent years, new issues have emerged with the development of clean and efficient fire suppression technology. For example, new halon alternatives have appeared in aircraft fire suppression research, but the related suppression mechanisms and system design methods still have problems. In the suppression of new energy fires, many widely used agents cannot effectively suppress the thermal runaway, and fires of energy storage equipment have attracted a great deal of attention. Compressed air foam fire-extinguishing technology has experienced rapid development. It is considered a very efficient fire-extinguishing method, but there are still problems in foam delivery and extinguishing performance evaluation. Ultrafine dry powder fire-extinguishing agents have shown the advantages of high fire suppression efficiency and suppression of reignition, but further research is needed regarding fire extinguishing concentration and effect. These emerging problems could be solved if researchers developed an understanding of these new agents’ extinguishing mechanisms and transport dynamics and develop suitable suppression verification methods and models. This Special Issue covers various research topics currently being investigated to provide this needed insight into fire suppression.

In this Special Issue, we seek articles on fire suppression dealing with halon alternatives and suppression mechanisms, agent transportation and dispersion dynamics, and system design and experimentation. Moreover, papers dealing with the development of fire-extinguishing agents, compressed air foams, ultrafine dry powders, drone/robot fire extinguishers, and new simulation models are also highly desirable. Articles using both experimental and modeling approaches are very welcome.

We look forward to receiving your contributions.

Dr. Song Lu
Dr. Changcheng Liu
Dr. Guohui Li
Dr. Paweł Wolny
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Fire is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • halon alternatives
  • fire suppression mechanism
  • ultrafine dry powder
  • compressed air foam
  • agent transportation and dispersion
  • fire suppression simulation

Published Papers (11 papers)

Download All Papers
Order results
Result details
Show export options expand_more Show export options expand_less
Select all
Export citation of selected articles as:

Research

Jump to: Review

20 pages, 4794 KiB  
Article
Optimized Machine Learning Model for Fire Consequence Prediction
by Wei Zhong, Shuangli Wang, Tan Wu, Xiaolei Gao and Tianshui Liang
Fire 2024, 7(4), 114; https://doi.org/10.3390/fire7040114 - 01 Apr 2024
Viewed by 632
Abstract
This article focuses on using machine learning to predict the distance at which a chemical storage tank fire reaches a specified thermal radiation intensity. DNV’s Process Hazard Analysis Software Tool (PHAST) is used to simulate different scenarios of tank leakage and to establish [...] Read more.
This article focuses on using machine learning to predict the distance at which a chemical storage tank fire reaches a specified thermal radiation intensity. DNV’s Process Hazard Analysis Software Tool (PHAST) is used to simulate different scenarios of tank leakage and to establish a database of tank accidents. Backpropagation (BP) neural networks, random forest models, and the optimized random forest model K-R are used for model training and consequence prediction. The regression performance of the models is evaluated using the mean squared error (MSE) and R2. The results indicate that the K-R regression prediction model outperforms the other two machine learning algorithms, accurately predicting the distance at which the thermal radiation intensity is reached after a tank fire. Compared with the simulation results, the model demonstrates higher accuracy in predicting the distance of tank fire consequences, proving the effectiveness of machine learning algorithms in predicting the range of consequences of tank storage area fire events. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Fire Suppression)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 14204 KiB  
Article
Indoor Fire Simulation in Low-Rise Teaching Buildings Based on BIM–FDS
by Mengkai Liu and Guoquan Wang
Fire 2023, 6(5), 203; https://doi.org/10.3390/fire6050203 - 14 May 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1888
Abstract
School buildings gather a large number of underage students, and the disastrous consequences of fire in such buildings are very serious, which is one of the key concerns of society in fire prevention and control. This study takes a “[” type kindergarten teaching [...] Read more.
School buildings gather a large number of underage students, and the disastrous consequences of fire in such buildings are very serious, which is one of the key concerns of society in fire prevention and control. This study takes a “[” type kindergarten teaching building as the background and constructs a BIM–FDS building fire simulation model to reveal the fire smoke dispersion law under the coupling of the typical building structure and fire protection systems. The results show that the stairwells on both sides of the “[” type building are the main channels for the diffusion of fire smoke, and the asymmetry of the stairwell structure will cause apparent differences in the diffusion of smoke. Using the natural smoke exhaust in the stairwells of low-rise buildings does not aggravate the spread of smoke in the building and is conducive to smoke emissions. The high-pressure water mist system is superior to the water spray system in fire extinguishing and controlling room temperature. While it reduces smoke exhaust performance, it does not adversely affect personnel evacuation. This study systematically reveals the law of diffusion of fire smoke from “[”-type teaching buildings, which can support the design of similar building structures, ventilation, fire protection, and the formulation of fire escape plans. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Fire Suppression)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

26 pages, 17785 KiB  
Article
Dropping Fire Retardants by Helicopter and Its Application to Wildfire Prevention near Electrical Transmission Lines
by Jiazheng Lu, Tejun Zhou, Chuanping Wu and Yangyi Ou
Fire 2023, 6(5), 176; https://doi.org/10.3390/fire6050176 - 25 Apr 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2257
Abstract
Dropping fire retardants by helicopter can effectively reduce the intensity of wildfires. This study proposes a test plan for spraying different fire retardants from a helicopter bucket fire extinguisher. In this study, pure water, 10% Class AB flame retardant, 0.3% gel flame retardant, [...] Read more.
Dropping fire retardants by helicopter can effectively reduce the intensity of wildfires. This study proposes a test plan for spraying different fire retardants from a helicopter bucket fire extinguisher. In this study, pure water, 10% Class AB flame retardant, 0.3% gel flame retardant, 10% Class A flame retardant, and 10% Class A flame retardant + 0.6% guar gum were each added to the bucket fire extinguishing device and sprayed on 4-layer, 6-layer, and 12-layer wood cribs. The radiation intensity, mass loss, and temperature were used as indicators to compare the burning intensity of the fire field and the difference in fire field combustion intensity after the wood cribs were ignited 1 h after natural air drying. The results showed that flame retardancy could be ranked from high to low as follows: 10% Class A flame retardant + 0.6% guar gum > gel flame retardant > 10% Class A flame retardant > Class AB flame retardant > pure water. During the long-term high temperature and drought period in Hunan Province, China, from August to September 2022, a field application showed that dropping fire retardants by helicopter effectively reduced the intensity of wildfires and avoided transmission line trips due to the wildfire, which reduced the number of ground personnel required when fighting large-scale forest fires. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Fire Suppression)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 2018 KiB  
Article
An Experimental Study on the Transportation Characteristics of Perfluoro(2-methyl-3-pentanone) in a Straight Pipe
by Xiaomin Ni, Ye Chen, Qiurui Huang, Chenxi Zhao, Songyang Li, Jiahui Huang and Jian Wang
Fire 2023, 6(4), 156; https://doi.org/10.3390/fire6040156 - 14 Apr 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1054
Abstract
Gaseous fire suppressants are usually stored in a vessel via pressurization, and then discharged out through pipelines. The flow behaviors of the agents in pipes greatly affect its dispersion in space, as well as the fire extinguishing results. Here, an experimental study was [...] Read more.
Gaseous fire suppressants are usually stored in a vessel via pressurization, and then discharged out through pipelines. The flow behaviors of the agents in pipes greatly affect its dispersion in space, as well as the fire extinguishing results. Here, an experimental study was carried out on the transportation characteristics of perfluoro(2-methyl-3-pentanone) (C6F12O) in a horizontal straight pipe with the temperature and pressure recorded synchronously. At a filling pressure of 1800 kPa and a filling density of 517 kg·m−3, the agent release was completed in 2.0 s with the pipeline pressure peak of 1145 kPa and the pipeline temperature nadir of −10.6 °C. In comparison to that of bromotrifluoromethane (CF3Br) under the same conditions, the temperature and pressure curves of C6F12O exhibited similar varying trajectories but a much smaller amplitude, which could be ascribed to their different thermophysical properties. When keeping the other conditions unchanged, raising the filling pressure C6F12O reduces the discharge duration and the pipeline temperatures. Increasing the filling density extends the discharge duration, but shows little influence on the pipeline temperatures. The results were expected to provide useful information for the model validation and engineering design of a C6F12O fire-suppressing system with a predictable performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Fire Suppression)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 6678 KiB  
Article
Simulation Study on Suppressing Shielded Fires by Water Mist Systems
by Azad Hamzehpour, Vittorio Verda and Romano Borchiellini
Fire 2023, 6(4), 129; https://doi.org/10.3390/fire6040129 - 23 Mar 2023
Viewed by 1559
Abstract
This article presents a numerical analysis of the performance of three water mist fire suppression systems, with different characteristics, on shielded fires as representing more realistic fire scenarios in an enclosure. A diesel pool fire with a peak heat release rate (HRR) value [...] Read more.
This article presents a numerical analysis of the performance of three water mist fire suppression systems, with different characteristics, on shielded fires as representing more realistic fire scenarios in an enclosure. A diesel pool fire with a peak heat release rate (HRR) value of 75 kW is covered by an obstacle above it with different shielding conditions to investigate the influence of the obstacle size and the vertical distance between the obstacle and the nozzle on the efficiency of the water mist systems. The obstacle prevents a large number of droplets from directly reaching the fuel surface and flames. The modeling and numerical analysis of this study were carried out by the fire dynamics simulator (FDS) programming tool, and the designed model was validated against the experimental data for both dry and wet tests. The results show that two of the analyzed mist sprays could successfully extinguish the shielded fires in a short time with an obstacle size of 25 cm × 25 cm and 50 cm × 50 cm, placed at two heights. However, the third mist system had a longer extinguishing time compared to the first two nozzles. All three nozzles failed to suppress the fire covered by the largest obstacle (1 m × 1 m). The shielding conditions and nozzle characteristics can affect the performance of water mist systems to some extent. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Fire Suppression)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

29 pages, 61893 KiB  
Article
Containment and Suppression of Class A Fires Using CO2 Hydrate
by Olga Gaidukova, Vladimir Morozov, Roman Volkov and Pavel Strizhak
Fire 2023, 6(3), 82; https://doi.org/10.3390/fire6030082 - 21 Feb 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1438
Abstract
This paper presents the experimental findings on fire containment and suppression by dropping CO2 hydrate granules and tablets on burning solid materials. We used the combustible materials typical of compartment fires—wood, linoleum, and cardboard—to determine the volume and mass of gas hydrate [...] Read more.
This paper presents the experimental findings on fire containment and suppression by dropping CO2 hydrate granules and tablets on burning solid materials. We used the combustible materials typical of compartment fires—wood, linoleum, and cardboard—to determine the volume and mass of gas hydrate powder necessary for the effective fire suppression. Gaseous emissions were recorded from the combustion with and without fire suppression using hydrates. Conditions were specified in which a fire can be extinguished with minimum air pollution. We also identified the conditions for effective fire containment and suppression using hydrates as compared to water spray, snow, and ice. The necessary volume of hydrate was determined for effective fire suppression in a compartment filled with various materials. Experimental data show that the impact of temperature on the CO2 hydrate decomposition is highly nonlinear. The carbon dioxide hydrate exhibited a much better fire suppression performance than water spray in the course of total flooding of solid combustible materials. It was established that fine water spray failed to reach the lower levels of multi-tier crib fires. Finally, key patterns of total flooding with CO2 hydrate powder were identified when applied to fires. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Fire Suppression)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 4443 KiB  
Article
Synthesis of High-Efficiency, Eco-Friendly, and Synergistic Flame Retardant for Epoxy Resin
by Jiaxiang Gao, Hanguang Wu, Yang Xiao, Wenjing Ma, Fei Xu, Rui Wang and Zhiguo Zhu
Fire 2023, 6(1), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/fire6010014 - 04 Jan 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1541
Abstract
It remains a challenge to prepare flame-retardant composites via the addition of a low content of flame retardant. In this work, a novel DOPO-functionalized reduced graphene oxide hybrid (DOPO-M-rGO) flame-retardant system was synthesized for epoxy resin (EP). The phosphorus-nitrogen-reduced graphene oxide ternary synergistic [...] Read more.
It remains a challenge to prepare flame-retardant composites via the addition of a low content of flame retardant. In this work, a novel DOPO-functionalized reduced graphene oxide hybrid (DOPO-M-rGO) flame-retardant system was synthesized for epoxy resin (EP). The phosphorus-nitrogen-reduced graphene oxide ternary synergistic effect provided DOPO-M-rGO with high flame-resistance efficiency in EP; thus, the EP-based composite exhibited superior fire-resistant performance at extremely low DOPO-M-rGO loading. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) of the EP-based composite was increased from 25% to 32% with only 1.5 wt% DOPO-M-rGO addition, and the peak heat release rate (pHRR), total heat release (THR), and total smoke production (TSP) were significantly decreased by 55%, 30%, and 20%, respectively. In addition, as a halogen-free flame-retardant system, DOPO-M-rGO presents great application potential as an eco-friendly additive for the flame-resistance improvement of thermosetting polymer materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Fire Suppression)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 3012 KiB  
Article
Full-Scale Experiments of Water-Mist Systems for Control and Suppression of Sauna Fires
by Paolo E. Santangelo, Luca Tarozzi and Paolo Tartarini
Fire 2022, 5(6), 214; https://doi.org/10.3390/fire5060214 - 10 Dec 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1498
Abstract
Sauna is a common fixture in many facilities; a specific fire-protection system is typically designed and installed for this application, as short circuits or direct contact with incandescent materials may result in a fire. Water mist has been recently considered as a promising [...] Read more.
Sauna is a common fixture in many facilities; a specific fire-protection system is typically designed and installed for this application, as short circuits or direct contact with incandescent materials may result in a fire. Water mist has been recently considered as a promising option for this purpose; so, assessing its control and suppression capability in a sauna configuration has become of paramount importance for designers and engineers. To this end, an unprecedented real-scale test rig was built and instrumented with thermocouples and a hot-plate thermometer towards the evaluation of water-mist performance against various fire scenarios and, ultimately, to provide guidelines to designers. Timber benches were employed as target materials, while the fire was initiated in a wood crib. Design parameters, such as initial room temperature, location of the ignition source, nozzle-to-wall distance, and air gap between benches and wall, were varied, also including natural ventilation in a dedicated experiment. The system proved successful in controlling and containing the fire: bench damage ratio—selected as a quantitative parameter to assess water-mist performance—was consistently lower than 5%. However, extinction was not always achieved, especially under the most challenging configuration in terms of ventilation, initial room temperature, and nozzle-to-wall distance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Fire Suppression)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 4536 KiB  
Article
The Behaviour of Water-Mists in Hot Air Induced by a Room Fire: Effect of the Initial Size of Droplets
by H. M. Iqbal Mahmud, Graham Thorpe and Khalid A. M. Moinuddin
Fire 2022, 5(4), 116; https://doi.org/10.3390/fire5040116 - 15 Aug 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2110
Abstract
This paper presents work on investigating the effect of the initial size of water mist droplets on the evaporation and removal of heat from the fire-induced hot gas layer while travelling through the air in a compartment. The histories of the temperature, diameter [...] Read more.
This paper presents work on investigating the effect of the initial size of water mist droplets on the evaporation and removal of heat from the fire-induced hot gas layer while travelling through the air in a compartment. The histories of the temperature, diameter and position of droplets with different initial diameters (varied from 100 µm to 1000 µm) are determined considering surrounding air temperatures of 75 °C and 150 °C and a room height of 3.0 m. A water droplet evaporation model (WDEM) developed in a previous study (Fire and Materials 2016; 40:190–205) is employed to navigate this work. The study reveals that tiny droplets (for example, 100 µm) have disappeared within a very short time due to evaporation and travelled a very small distance from the spray nozzle because of their tiny size. In contrast, droplets with a larger diameter (for example, 1000 µm) reached the floor with much less evaporation. In the case of this study, the relative tiny droplets (≤200 µm) have absorbed the highest amount of energy from their surroundings due to their complete evaporation, whereas the larger droplets have extracted less energy due to their smaller area/volume ratios, and their traverse times are shorter. One of the key findings of this study is that the smaller droplets of spray effectively cool the environment due to their rapid evaporation and extraction of heat from the surroundings, and the larger droplets are effective in traversing the hot air or smoke layer and reaching the floor of the compartment in a fire environment. The findings of this study might help in understanding the behaviour of water-mist droplets with different initial diameters in designing a water-mist nozzle. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Fire Suppression)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 4585 KiB  
Article
Simulation Study on Aircraft Fire Extinguishing Pipeline with Different Filling Conditions and Pipeline Characteristics
by Rulin Liu, Changyu Yuan, Weitong Ma, Shaonan Liu, Song Lu, Heping Zhang and Jun Gong
Fire 2022, 5(4), 86; https://doi.org/10.3390/fire5040086 - 23 Jun 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2466
Abstract
The filling conditions and pipeline characteristics of the aircraft fire extinguishing system determine the pressure of the fire extinguishing cylinder outlet, the discharge quality of the extinguishing agent, and the flow distribution during the discharge process. The simulation model of the fire extinguishing [...] Read more.
The filling conditions and pipeline characteristics of the aircraft fire extinguishing system determine the pressure of the fire extinguishing cylinder outlet, the discharge quality of the extinguishing agent, and the flow distribution during the discharge process. The simulation model of the fire extinguishing system pipeline of an aircraft was established by Amesim. The influence of filling conditions and pipeline characteristics was studied. It was found that the mass curves of the fire extinguishing agent were similar under filling pressures of 4, 5, and 6 MPa with a filling amount of 5.55 kg. The lower the initial temperature is, the pressure at the outlet of the cylinder decreases, but the emptying time is similar to 1.22 s. The lower the roughness is, the faster the discharge is. Under the ideal smooth pipe (ε = 0 mm), the emptying time of the fire extinguishing cylinder is 0.72 s. When the diameter of the short branch pipe is 10 mm, and the diameter of the long branch pipe is 14 mm, the discharge quality of the two pipes is close. The larger the diameter of the main pipe, the higher the discharge rate. The research results have a certain guiding significance for the pipeline design of certain aircraft. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Fire Suppression)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

Review

Jump to: Research

37 pages, 8581 KiB  
Review
Water Mist Fire Suppression Systems for Building and Industrial Applications: Issues and Challenges
by Kyle Farrell, Md Kamrul Hassan, Md Delwar Hossain, Bulbul Ahmed, Payam Rahnamayiezekavat, Grahame Douglas and Swapan Saha
Fire 2023, 6(2), 40; https://doi.org/10.3390/fire6020040 - 19 Jan 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 9097
Abstract
Interest in water mist fire suppression has increased within the fire protection industry due to its ability to control the spread and development of fire without using environmentally damaging agents. Water mist fire suppression has been used for many years in various applications [...] Read more.
Interest in water mist fire suppression has increased within the fire protection industry due to its ability to control the spread and development of fire without using environmentally damaging agents. Water mist fire suppression has been used for many years in various applications such as machinery spaces, combustion turbine enclosures, and onboard passenger sea vessels. Now there is a demand to use this firefighting method to protect other fire risks such as cooking areas, commercial buildings, residential buildings, electrical equipment, road tunnels, bushfire (wildland fire) protection, and nuclear power generation facilities. To support this industry demand, this review covers the fundamentals of water mist, its suppression mechanisms, areas of application, existing research and development, and the codes and standards related to design. This comprehensive review provides a clear history of water mist suppression. It is able to identify the issues and challenges related to the technology to help pave the way for future research and development that will improve these systems to a level so that they are suitable for these new applications and meet the industry demand for nontoxic fire suppression systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Fire Suppression)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

Show export options expand_more Show export options expand_less
Select all
Export citation of selected articles as:
 
Displaying articles 1-11
Back to TopTop