entropy-logo

Journal Browser

Journal Browser

Quantum Communications Networks & Cryptography: From Devices to Industrial Practice

A special issue of Entropy (ISSN 1099-4300). This special issue belongs to the section "Quantum Information".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (22 August 2023) | Viewed by 11004

Special Issue Editors


E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Center for Computational Simulation and ETSI Informáticos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28660 Madrid, Spain
Interests: quantum networks; quantum cryptography; integration of QKD in classical networks; SDN-QKD networks; standardization in quantum communications

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Munich Research Center, Huawei Technologies Duesseldorf GmbH (HWDU), MRC, Riesstrasse 25, 80992 Munich, Germany
Interests: quantum cryptography; CV-QKD; security of QKD; quantum communication (and QKD) networks; standardization and certification of QKD and quantum communication networks

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The ability to manipulate systems at the level of quantum states is enabling a host of novel applications. The technology closest to industrial practice is probably quantum communications and, in particular, quantum key distribution. QKD methods have the distinct advantage of creating symmetric keys between distant locations with an upper bound on overall information leakage. This security is independent regarding the computational power of a hypothetical attacker; QKD is unbreakable as an algorithm. The only source of insecurity can be related to implementation. In this sense, we deal with information theoretical security that does not degrade over time. This is in contrast to state-of-the-art crypto schemes that are based on assumptions on computational hardness, inevitably leading to continuous updates. This problem is urgent, as there are quantum computing algorithms able to break the most widely used public cryptography schemes. However, QKD requires a physical implementation, which makes it harder to deploy and has additional issues, such as a limited reach or difficulties of integration into current infrastructures.

Quantum communication technologies have steadily improved over the last decade; novel QKD protocols have allowed optical fiber to increase its reach to a hitherto unthinkable 800 km. Satellite connections, networks combining classical and quantum communications, are being demonstrated, and large infrastructures are being planned. Eventually, quantum repeaters are predicted to overcome distance limitations, making it possible to communicate to distant quantum devices, not only to ensure security, but to enable distant quantum computing or sensing, allowing for currently impossible applications. To make this a reality, current communication infrastructures have to be augmented with quantum capabilities, and a full ecosystem of services and devices must be created, involving research in the field of quantum technologies as well as in cryptography and networking, further requiring standardization to grow an industry. We are starting to see the shape of a variety of novel opportunities coming into quantum communications. This Special Issue intends to present a panorama of current developments in this area.

We look forward to receiving outstanding contributions dealing with the following topics:

  • Novel protocols and systems in quantum communications;
  • Quantum key distribution and quantum communications networks;
  • Long distance and satellite quantum networks;
  • Standardization in quantum communications;
  • Security and certification of quantum communication networks;
  • Integration of quantum communications in traditional communication networks;
  • Hybrid quantum and postquantum security;
  • Quantum network deployment policies;
  • Quantum network applications.

Prof. Dr. Vicente Martin
Dr. Momtchil Peev
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Entropy is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Published Papers (6 papers)

Order results
Result details
Select all
Export citation of selected articles as:

Research

Jump to: Review

23 pages, 12133 KiB  
Article
Linking QKD Testbeds across Europe
by Max Brauer, Rafael J. Vicente, Jaime S. Buruaga, Rubén B. Méndez, Ralf-Peter Braun, Marc Geitz, Piotr Rydlichkowski, Hans H. Brunner, Fred Fung, Momtchil Peev, Antonio Pastor, Diego R. Lopez, Vicente Martin and Juan P. Brito
Entropy 2024, 26(2), 123; https://doi.org/10.3390/e26020123 - 31 Jan 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 942
Abstract
Quantum-key-distribution (QKD) networks are gaining importance and it has become necessary to analyze the most appropriate methods for their long-distance interconnection. In this paper, four different methods of interconnecting remote QKD networks are proposed. The methods are used to link three different QKD [...] Read more.
Quantum-key-distribution (QKD) networks are gaining importance and it has become necessary to analyze the most appropriate methods for their long-distance interconnection. In this paper, four different methods of interconnecting remote QKD networks are proposed. The methods are used to link three different QKD testbeds in Europe, located in Berlin, Madrid, and Poznan. Although long-distance QKD links are only emulated, the methods used can serve as a blueprint for the secure interconnection of distant QKD networks in the future. Specifically, the presented approaches combine, in a transparent way, different fiber and satellite physical media, as well as common standards of key delivery interfaces. The testbed interconnections are designed to increase the security by utilizing multipath techniques and multiple hybridizations of QKD and post-quantum cryptography (PQC) algorithms. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 6525 KiB  
Article
Quantum Communications Feasibility Tests over a UK-Ireland 224 km Undersea Link
by Ben Amies-King, Karolina P. Schatz, Haofan Duan, Ayan Biswas, Jack Bailey, Adrian Felvinti, Jaimes Winward, Mike Dixon, Mariella Minder, Rupesh Kumar, Sophie Albosh and Marco Lucamarini
Entropy 2023, 25(12), 1572; https://doi.org/10.3390/e25121572 - 22 Nov 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1136
Abstract
The future quantum internet will leverage existing communication infrastructures, including deployed optical fibre networks, to enable novel applications that outperform current information technology. In this scenario, we perform a feasibility study of quantum communications over an industrial 224 km submarine optical fibre link [...] Read more.
The future quantum internet will leverage existing communication infrastructures, including deployed optical fibre networks, to enable novel applications that outperform current information technology. In this scenario, we perform a feasibility study of quantum communications over an industrial 224 km submarine optical fibre link deployed between Southport in the United Kingdom (UK) and Portrane in the Republic of Ireland (IE). With a characterisation of phase drift, polarisation stability and the arrival time of entangled photons, we demonstrate the suitability of the link to enable international UK–IE quantum communications for the first time. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 6404 KiB  
Article
Software-Defined Networking Orchestration for Interoperable Key Management of Quantum Key Distribution Networks
by Dong-Hi Sim, Jongyoon Shin and Min Hyung Kim
Entropy 2023, 25(6), 943; https://doi.org/10.3390/e25060943 - 15 Jun 2023
Viewed by 1598
Abstract
This paper demonstrates the use of software-defined networking (SDN) orchestration to integrate regionally separated networks in which different network parts use incompatible key management systems (KMSs) managed by different SDN controllers to ensure end-to-end QKD service provisioning to deliver the QKD keys between [...] Read more.
This paper demonstrates the use of software-defined networking (SDN) orchestration to integrate regionally separated networks in which different network parts use incompatible key management systems (KMSs) managed by different SDN controllers to ensure end-to-end QKD service provisioning to deliver the QKD keys between geographically different QKD networks. The study focuses on scenarios in which different parts of the network are managed separately by different SDN controllers, requiring an SDN orchestrator to coordinate and manage these controllers. In practical network deployments, operators often utilize multiple vendors for their network equipment. This practice also enables the expansion of the QKD network’s coverage by interconnecting various QKD networks equipped with devices from different vendors. However, as coordinating different parts of the QKD network is a complex task, this paper proposes the implementation of an SDN orchestrator which acts as a central entity to manage multiple SDN controllers, ensuring end-to-end QKD service provisioning to address this challenge. For instance, when there are multiple border nodes to interconnect different networks, the SDN orchestrator calculates the path in advance for the end-to-end delivery of keys between initiating and target applications belonging to different networks. This path selection requires the SDN orchestrator to gather information from each SDN controller managing the respective parts of the QKD network. This work shows the practical implementation of SDN orchestration for interoperable KMS in commercial QKD networks in South Korea. By employing an SDN orchestrator, it becomes possible to coordinate multiple SDN controllers and ensure the efficient and secure delivery of QKD keys between different QKD networks with varying vendor equipment. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 1032 KiB  
Article
Improving the Capacity of Quantum Dense Coding and the Fidelity of Quantum Teleportation by Weak Measurement and Measurement Reversal
by Meijiao Wang, Bing Sun, Lianzhen Cao, Yang Yang, Xia Liu, Xinle Wang and Jiaqiang Zhao
Entropy 2023, 25(5), 736; https://doi.org/10.3390/e25050736 - 29 Apr 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1023
Abstract
A protective scheme of quantum dense coding and quantum teleportation of the X-type initial state is proposed in amplitude damping noisy channel with memory using weak measurement and measurement reversal. Compared with the noisy channel without memory, the memory factor improves both the [...] Read more.
A protective scheme of quantum dense coding and quantum teleportation of the X-type initial state is proposed in amplitude damping noisy channel with memory using weak measurement and measurement reversal. Compared with the noisy channel without memory, the memory factor improves both the capacity of quantum dense coding and the fidelity of the quantum teleportation to a certain extent for the given damping coefficient. Although the memory factor can inhibit decoherence in some degree, it cannot eliminate it completely. In order to further overcome the influence of the damping coefficient, the weak measurement protective scheme is proposed, which found that the capacity and the fidelity can be efficiently improved by adjusting weak measurement parameter. Another practical conclusion is that, among the three initial states, the weak measurement protective scheme has the best protective effect on the Bell-state in terms of the capacity and the fidelity. For the channel with no memory and full memory, the channel capacity of quantum dense coding reaches two and the fidelity of quantum teleportation reaches one for the bit system; the Bell system can recover the initial state completely with a certain probability. It can be seen that the entanglement of the system can be well protected by the weak measurement scheme, which provides a good support for the realization of quantum communication. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

8 pages, 814 KiB  
Article
Development of a High Min-Entropy Quantum Random Number Generator Based on Amplified Spontaneous Emission
by Charlotte K. Duda, Kristina A. Meier and Raymond T. Newell
Entropy 2023, 25(5), 731; https://doi.org/10.3390/e25050731 - 28 Apr 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1256
Abstract
We present the theory, architecture, and performance characteristics of a quantum random number generator (QRNG) which operates in a PCI express form factor-compatible plug-and-play design. The QRNG relies on a thermal light source (in this case, amplified spontaneous emission), which exhibits photon bunching [...] Read more.
We present the theory, architecture, and performance characteristics of a quantum random number generator (QRNG) which operates in a PCI express form factor-compatible plug-and-play design. The QRNG relies on a thermal light source (in this case, amplified spontaneous emission), which exhibits photon bunching according to the Bose–Einstein (BE) statistics. We demonstrate that 98.7% of the unprocessed random bit stream min-entropy is traceable to the BE (quantum) signal. The classical component is then removed using a non-reuse shift-XOR protocol, and the final random numbers are generated at a 200 Mbps rate and shown to pass the statistical randomness test suites FIPS 140-2, Alphabit, SmallCrush, DIEHARD, and Rabbit of the TestU01 library. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

Review

Jump to: Research

18 pages, 495 KiB  
Review
Application and Development of QKD-Based Quantum Secure Communication
by Junsen Lai, Fei Yao, Jing Wang, Meng Zhang, Fang Li, Wenyu Zhao and Haiyi Zhang
Entropy 2023, 25(4), 627; https://doi.org/10.3390/e25040627 - 06 Apr 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 4014
Abstract
Quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols have unique advantages of enabling symmetric key sharing with information-theoretic security (ITS) between remote locations, which ensure the long-term security even in the era of quantum computation. QKD-based quantum secure communication (QSC) enhancing the security of key generation [...] Read more.
Quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols have unique advantages of enabling symmetric key sharing with information-theoretic security (ITS) between remote locations, which ensure the long-term security even in the era of quantum computation. QKD-based quantum secure communication (QSC) enhancing the security of key generation and update rate of keys, which could be integrated with a variety of cryptographic applications and communication protocols, has become one of the important solutions to improve information security. In recent years, the research on QKD has been active and productive, the performance of novel protocol systems has been improved significantly, and the feasibility of satellite-based QKD has been experimentally verified. QKD network construction, application exploration, and standardization have been carried out in China as well as other countries and regions around the world. Although QKD-based QSC applications and industrialization are still in the initial stage, the research and exploration momentum is positive and more achievements could be expected in the future. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

Back to TopTop