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The Sustainable City: Advances in Renewable Energy and Energy Saving Systems

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "G: Energy and Buildings".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 September 2021) | Viewed by 19979

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Alberto Jesús Perea Moreno

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Applied Physics, Radiology and Physical Medicine, University of Cordoba, Campus de Rabanales, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
Interests: renewable energy; energy saving; biomass; sustainability; remote sensing
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Quetzalcoatl Hernández-Escobedo

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Renewable Energy, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad Juriquilla, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Queretaro 76230, Mexico
Interests: renewable energy; smartgrids; machine learnig; deep learning; energy storage; techno-economic analysis
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

According to United Nations data, half of the world's population lives in cities and forecasts indicate that by the middle of the 21st century this percentage will increase to 65%. The increase in the urban population favours the creation of a network of interactions that entails a series of material and energy flows. These cause environmental impacts that affect the quality of life of citizens and the environment as a whole.

According to data from the International Energy Agency, cities occupy 3% of the planet's surface and are responsible for 67% of global energy consumption. The effects caused by this consumption, as well as its impact on the depletion of resources, make it necessary to carry out an exhaustive study of renewable energies and new energy saving systems.

This special issue aims to present new advances and developments in renewable energy and energy saving systems that allow cities to evolve in a sustainable way.

This Special Issue seeks contributions spanning a broad range of topics related, but are not limited to:

  • Wind energy
  • Solar energy
  • Smart grids
  • Energy conversion from urban biomass or residues
  • Pressure management of water supply and distribution systems
  • Energy management for sewage water
  • Geothermal energy
  • Cogeneration
  • The use of rooftops for energy generation
  • Public and private urban energy saving
  • Zero-energy-buildings
  • Bioclimatic architecture and green buildings
  • Smart meters
  • Legislations, regulations and standards of energy

Policy for urban energy saving

Dr. Alberto Jesús Perea Moreno
Dr. Quetzalcoatl Cruz Hernández-Escobedo
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Zero-Energy-Buildings
  • Energy Saving
  • Renewable Energy
  • Sustainability and Sustainable Energy
  • Smart Grids
  • Energy Efficiency
  • Bioclimatic Architecture
  • Sustainable Transport
  • Biomass, Solar Energy, Wind Energy, Geothermal Energy

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research, Review, Other

3 pages, 178 KiB  
Editorial
The Sustainable City: Advances in Renewable Energy and Energy Saving Systems
by Alberto-Jesus Perea-Moreno and Quetzalcoatl Hernandez-Escobedo
Energies 2021, 14(24), 8382; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14248382 - 13 Dec 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1517
Abstract
According to United Nations data, half of the world’s population lives in cities and forecasts indicate that by the middle of the 21st century, this percentage will have increased to 65%. The increase in the urban population favors the creation of a network [...] Read more.
According to United Nations data, half of the world’s population lives in cities and forecasts indicate that by the middle of the 21st century, this percentage will have increased to 65%. The increase in the urban population favors the creation of a network of interactions that entails a series of material and energy flows. These cause environmental impacts that affect the quality of life of citizens and the environment as a whole. According to data from the International Energy Agency, cities occupy 3% of the planet’s surface and are responsible for 67% of global energy consumption. The effects caused by this consumption, as well as its impact on the depletion of resources, make it necessary to carry out an exhaustive study of renewable energies and new energy saving systems. This Special Issue aims to present new advances and developments in renewable energy and energy saving systems that allow cities to evolve in a sustainable way. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Sustainable City: Advances in Renewable Energy and Energy Saving Systems)

Research

Jump to: Editorial, Review, Other

13 pages, 4570 KiB  
Article
Dimensioning Optimization of the Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator for Direct Drive Wind Turbines
by Jesús Antonio Enríquez Santiago, Orlando Lastres Danguillecourt, Guillermo Ibáñez Duharte, Jorge Evaristo Conde Díaz, Antonio Verde Añorve, Quetzalcoatl Hernandez Escobedo, Joel Pantoja Enríquez, Laura Verea, Geovanni Hernández Galvez, Rafael Dorrego Portela and Alberto-Jesus Perea-Moreno
Energies 2021, 14(21), 7106; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14217106 - 01 Nov 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2694
Abstract
In the present work, a methodology that allows optimizing the permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) design by establishing limit values of magnet radius and length that maximize efficiency for the nominal parameters of the wind turbine is developed. The methodology consists of two [...] Read more.
In the present work, a methodology that allows optimizing the permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) design by establishing limit values of magnet radius and length that maximize efficiency for the nominal parameters of the wind turbine is developed. The methodology consists of two fundamental models. One model calculates the generator parameters from the radius of the magnet base, and the other optimization model determines two optimum generators according to the optimization criteria of maximum efficiency and maximum efficiency with minimum weight starting from the axial length and the radius of the magnet base. For the optimization, the numerical method of the golden section was used. The model was validated from a 10 kW PMSG and the results of two optimum generators are presented according to the optimization criteria. In addition, when the obtained results are compared with the reference electric generator, an increase in efficiency of 1.15% and 0.81% and a reduction in weight of 30.79% and 39.15% of the optimized generators are obtained for maximum efficiency and minimum weight, respectively. Intermediate options between the maximum efficiency generator and the minimum weight generator allows for the selection of the optimum dimensioning for the electric generator as a function of the parameters from the wind turbine design. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Sustainable City: Advances in Renewable Energy and Energy Saving Systems)
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20 pages, 2334 KiB  
Article
Influence of the Advancement in the LED Lighting Technologies on the Optimum Windows-to-Wall Ratio of Jordanians Residential Buildings
by Aiman Albatayneh, Adel Juaidi, Ramez Abdallah and Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro
Energies 2021, 14(17), 5446; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14175446 - 01 Sep 2021
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2402
Abstract
Based on recent developments and the predicted future advancement of lighting technologies, researchers are now questioning the extent to which daylight is effective in lowering the overall energy consumption of buildings. As light-emitting diode (LED) luminaires are highly energy efficient, the amount of [...] Read more.
Based on recent developments and the predicted future advancement of lighting technologies, researchers are now questioning the extent to which daylight is effective in lowering the overall energy consumption of buildings. As light-emitting diode (LED) luminaires are highly energy efficient, the amount of power consumed for lighting purposes can be reduced, even in situations where the lighting system is at its full power. It has already been demonstrated that LED-lighting technologies can facilitate significant energy savings through minimizing window size (the main source of heat loss in buildings), and there is considerable potential for developing the LEDs’ source efficacy and lighting-product efficiency to ultimately achieve levels of efficacy of approximately 350 lumens per Watt (lm/W). For building designs to be sustainable in the future, it is critical that the windows-to-wall ratio (WWR) is optimized to minimize both heating and cooling loads, as well as the total energy consumed by the building for lighting, according to the efficiency of the LED, while still maintaining a suitable lighting level for occupants. This research examines the influence of the WWR on the total amount of energy consumed by standard buildings in Jordan using various LED luminaires (existing and projected efficiencies). DesignBuilder software was utilized to analyze the effect of LED-technology development on optimizing the WWR for a typical residential structure in Jordan. The research presents beneficial recommendations with respect to optimizing the WWR for primary decision-makers in the design of residential buildings with enhanced energy efficiency, considering the losses and gains associated with solar heat and light to capitalize on solar energy with no adverse impacts by windows size. The outcomes suggest a WWR of 17% could be achieved by typical residential buildings in Jordan that have extremely efficient LED lighting systems (350 lm/W), which is more than 50% less than the existing level of 40% recommended by multiple standards. Additionally, this study highlighted that when the efficiency of LED technologies increases, the energy demand of the building will be reduced because of lower energy usage combined with heat gain resulting from the LED efficiency. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Sustainable City: Advances in Renewable Energy and Energy Saving Systems)
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21 pages, 2847 KiB  
Article
The Significance of the Adaptive Thermal Comfort Practice over the Structure Retrofits to Sustain Indoor Thermal Comfort
by Aiman Albatayneh, Mustafa Jaradat, Mhd Bashar AlKhatib, Ramez Abdallah, Adel Juaidi and Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro
Energies 2021, 14(10), 2946; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14102946 - 19 May 2021
Cited by 25 | Viewed by 3638
Abstract
Any building’s design should sustain thermal comfort for occupants and promote less energy usage during its lifetime using accurate building retrofits to convert existing buildings into low-energy buildings so that the heating and cooling loads can be minimized. Regarding the methodology adopted in [...] Read more.
Any building’s design should sustain thermal comfort for occupants and promote less energy usage during its lifetime using accurate building retrofits to convert existing buildings into low-energy buildings so that the heating and cooling loads can be minimized. Regarding the methodology adopted in this research, an energy model of an educational building located at the German Jordanian University in Jordan was constructed utilizing DesignBuilder computer software. In addition, it was calibrated utilizing real energy consumption data for a 12-month simulation of energy performance. Subsequently, a computerized evaluation of the roles of building envelope retrofits or the adaptive thermal comfort limits in the reduction of the overall building energy consumption was analyzed. The results of the study show that the current building’s external wall insulation, roof insulation, glazing, windows, and external shading devices are relatively energy-efficient but with high cost, resulting in significant financial losses, even though they achieved noticeable energy savings. For instance, equipping the building’s ventilation system with an economizer culminated in the highest financial profit, contributing to an annual energy savings of 155 MWh. On the other hand, in an occupant-centered approach, applying the adaptive thermal comfort model in wider ranges by adding 1 °C, 2 °C, and 3 °C to the existing operating temperatures would save a significant amount of energy with the least cost (while maintaining indoor thermal comfort), taking over any retrofit option. Using different adaptive thermal comfort scenarios (1 °C, 2 °C, and 3 °C) led to significant savings of around 5%, 12%, and 21%, respectively. However, using different retrofits techniques proved to be costly, with minimum energy savings compared to the adaptive approach. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Sustainable City: Advances in Renewable Energy and Energy Saving Systems)
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31 pages, 1688 KiB  
Article
A Multi-Level World Comprehensive Neural Network Model for Maximum Annual Solar Irradiation on a Flat Surface
by Ramez Abdallah, Emad Natsheh, Adel Juaidi, Sufyan Samara and Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro
Energies 2020, 13(23), 6422; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13236422 - 04 Dec 2020
Cited by 28 | Viewed by 2391
Abstract
With the growing demand for clean and economically feasible renewable energy, solar photovoltaic (PV) system usage has increased. Among many factors, the tilt and azimuth angles are of great importance and influence in determining the photovoltaic panel’s efficiency to generate electricity. Although much [...] Read more.
With the growing demand for clean and economically feasible renewable energy, solar photovoltaic (PV) system usage has increased. Among many factors, the tilt and azimuth angles are of great importance and influence in determining the photovoltaic panel’s efficiency to generate electricity. Although much research was conducted related to solar PV panels’ performance, this work critically determined the tilt and azimuth angles for PV panels in all countries worldwide. The optimum tilt and azimuth angles are estimated worldwide by the photovoltaic geographic information system (PVGIS). Also, annual and average daily solar irradiation incident on the tilted and oriented plate optimally (AR1 and DR1) are calculated. Besides, annual and average daily solar irradiation incident on plate tilt optimally and oriented because of the south in the northern hemisphere and because of the north in the southern hemisphere (AR2 and DR2) are estimated. PVGIS is also used to calculate the annual and average daily solar irradiation incident on the horizontal plate (AR3 and DR3). The data collected from PVGIS are used to develop an efficient and accurate artificial neural network model based on feed-forward neural network approach. This model is an essential subpart that can be used in an embedded system or an online system for further PV system analysis and optimization. The developed neural model reflected very high accuracy in predicting the PV panels’ optimal tilt and azimuth angles worldwide. The benefit of tilting is generally increased by increasing the latitude. As the latitude increases, the tilt factor (F) increases because of the increase in the optimum tilt angle by increasing the latitude. The optimal orientation is due to the north in the southern hemisphere and due to the south in the northern hemisphere for most cities worldwide. In sum, it can be concluded that the optimum tilt angle is equal to or greater than the latitude until the latitude 30°. The optimum tilt angle becomes less than the latitude, and the difference is increased until it reaches more than 20°. Hence in this study the aim is to develop a simple neural network model which can accurately predict the annual radiation and optimum tilt and azimuth angle in any region of the world and can be easily implemented in a low-cost microcontroller. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Sustainable City: Advances in Renewable Energy and Energy Saving Systems)
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Review

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25 pages, 3001 KiB  
Review
A Critical Review on Recycling Composite Waste Using Pyrolysis for Sustainable Development
by Ramez Abdallah, Adel Juaidi, Mahmut A. Savaş, Hüseyin Çamur, Aiman Albatayneh, Samer Abdala and Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro
Energies 2021, 14(18), 5748; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14185748 - 13 Sep 2021
Cited by 27 | Viewed by 5174 | Retraction
Abstract
The rising usage of carbon and glass fibers has raised awareness of scrap management options. Every year, tons of composite scrap containing precious carbon and glass fibers accumulate from numerous sectors. It is necessary to recycle them efficiently, without harming the environment. Pyrolysis [...] Read more.
The rising usage of carbon and glass fibers has raised awareness of scrap management options. Every year, tons of composite scrap containing precious carbon and glass fibers accumulate from numerous sectors. It is necessary to recycle them efficiently, without harming the environment. Pyrolysis seems to be a realistic and promising approach, not only for efficient recovery, but also for high-quality fiber production. In this paper, the essential characteristics of the pyrolysis process, their influence on fiber characteristics, and the use of recovered fibers in the creation of a new composite are highlighted. Pyrolysis, like any other recycling process, has several drawbacks, the most problematic of which is the probability of char development on the resultant fiber surface. Due to the char, the mechanical characteristics of the recovered fibers may decrease substantially. Chemically treating and post-heating the fibers both help to reduce char formation, but only to a limited degree. Thus, it was important to identify the material cost reductions that may be achieved using recovered carbon fibers as structural reinforcement, as well as the manufacture of high-value products using recycled carbon fibers on a large scale. Recycled fibers are cheaper than virgin fibers, but they inherently vary from them as well. This has hampered the entry of recycled fiber into the virgin fiber industry. Based on cost and performance, the task of the current study was to modify the material in such a way that virgin fiber was replaced with recycled fiber. In order to successfully modify the recycling process, a regulated optimum temperature and residence duration in post-pyrolysis were advantageous. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Sustainable City: Advances in Renewable Energy and Energy Saving Systems)
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Other

1 pages, 164 KiB  
Retraction
Retraction: Abdallah et al. A Critical Review on Recycling Composite Waste Using Pyrolysis for Sustainable Development. Energies 2021, 14, 5748
by Ramez Abdallah, Adel Juaidi, Mahmut A. Savaş, Hüseyin Çamur, Aiman Albatayneh, Samer Abdala and Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro
Energies 2022, 15(20), 7645; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15207645 - 17 Oct 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1171
Abstract
The journal retracts the article “A Critical Review on Recycling Composite Waste Using Pyrolysis for Sustainable Development” Energies 2021, 14(18), 5748 [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Sustainable City: Advances in Renewable Energy and Energy Saving Systems)
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