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The Advances in Wave Energy Extraction Systems
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The Advances in Wave Energy Extraction Systems

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "A3: Wind, Wave and Tidal Energy".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (13 October 2023) | Viewed by 10911

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Mário José Gonçalves Cavaco Mendes

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. Polytechnic Institute of Lisbon, Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa (ISEL), Mechanical Engineering Department, Rua Conselheiro Emídio Navarro 1, 1959-007 Lisbon, Portugal
2. CENTEC–Centre for Marine Technology and Ocean Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico (IST), University of Lisbon, Avenida Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
Interests: renewable energy; wave energy converters; fault-tolerant control systems; multi-agent systems; soft robotics; digital factories
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue on “The Advances in Wave Energy Extraction Systems” aims to contribute to emerging wave energy converter (WEC) technologies (onshore, nearshore, and offshore), including new devices and their design, modeling and simulation approaches, new control systems or fault-tolerant design in WECs, and new advances in increasing their efficiency, reliability, controllability, and survivability. Review or research papers in these areas are welcome.

Dr. Mário José Gonçalves Cavaco Mendes
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • renewable energy
  • wave energy converters
  • power take-off
  • onshore, nearshore, or offshore
  • WEC designs
  • new control systems
  • fault-tolerant control
  • efficiency and reliability

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

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12 pages, 5243 KiB  
Article
Design and Evaluation of the Compact and Autonomous Energy Subsystem of a Wave Energy Converter
by Marcin Drzewiecki and Jarosław Guziński
Energies 2023, 16(23), 7699; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16237699 - 21 Nov 2023
Viewed by 761
Abstract
This paper presents the results of the design process focused on the development of the energy subsystem (ES) of a wave energy converter (WEC). The ES is an important electrical part that significantly affects the energy reliability and energy efficiency of the entire [...] Read more.
This paper presents the results of the design process focused on the development of the energy subsystem (ES) of a wave energy converter (WEC). The ES is an important electrical part that significantly affects the energy reliability and energy efficiency of the entire WEC device. The designed ES was intended for compact WECs powering IoT network devices working in the distributed grid. The developed ES is an electronic circuit consisting of three cooperating subsystems used for energy conversion, energy storage, and energy management. The energy conversion subsystem was implemented as a set of single-phase bridge rectifiers. The energy storage subsystem was a battery-less implementation based on the capacitors. The energy management subsystem was implemented as a supervisory circuit and boost converter assembly. The designed ES was verified using the physical experiment method. The model experiment reflected the operation of the designed ES with a piezoelectric PZT-based WEC. The experimental results showed a 41.5% surplus of the energy supplied by ES over the energy demanded by the considered load at a duty cycle of ca. 6 min—37.2 mJ over 26.3 mJ, respectively. The obtained results have been evaluated and discussed. The results confirmed the designed ES as a convenient solution, which makes a significant contribution to the compact WECs that can be applied among others to a distributed grid of autonomous IoT network devices powered by free and renewable energy of sea waves. Finally, it will also enable sustainable development of mobile and wireless communication in those maritime areas where other forms of renewable energy may not be available. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Advances in Wave Energy Extraction Systems)
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20 pages, 4691 KiB  
Article
New Strategy on Power Absorption of a Concentric Two-Body Wave Energy Converter
by Senthil Kumar Natarajan and Ilhyoung Cho
Energies 2023, 16(9), 3791; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16093791 - 28 Apr 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 848
Abstract
The wave energy converter (WEC) system, which extracts electricity through the relative heave motion of two concentric cylinders, comprises an inner cylinder and a torus-type outer cylinder sliding along the inner cylinder. To maximize the relative heave motion between two cylinders, the natural [...] Read more.
The wave energy converter (WEC) system, which extracts electricity through the relative heave motion of two concentric cylinders, comprises an inner cylinder and a torus-type outer cylinder sliding along the inner cylinder. To maximize the relative heave motion between two cylinders, the natural frequencies of the two cylinders must be precisely tuned to resonate and be situated on each side of the peak frequency of the wave spectrum. However, the demerit of this strategy is that it demands a deep draft of each cylinder for tuning, and a large-scale PTO damping device is necessary for mechanical power amplified by resonance. As an alternative to efficient and stable WECs, we adopt a new strategy in which the outer cylinder follows the incoming waves and the motion of the inner one is restricted to be minimal using a heave disk. The viscous damping due to formation of vortices at the disk edge is realized by the drag force in the Morison equation. The developed hydrodynamic model of two-body WEC based on a matched eigenfunction expansion method (MEEM) is applied to irregular waves characterized by significant wave height and peak period. It is found that the present two-body WEC with heave disk produces wave energy stably across a wide range of wave frequencies compared to the previous two-body WECs using resonance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Advances in Wave Energy Extraction Systems)
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19 pages, 5833 KiB  
Article
Improving the Efficiency of the Blow-Jet WEC
by Erik Villagómez-Reyes, Edgar Mendoza and Rodolfo Silva
Energies 2023, 16(8), 3553; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16083553 - 20 Apr 2023
Viewed by 1049
Abstract
Establishing a renewable marine energy industry demands the development of high-efficiency devices that capture as much energy as possible. The Blow-Jet is a wave energy converter mainly composed of a sloping conical channel in the shape of a brass tube, which concentrates the [...] Read more.
Establishing a renewable marine energy industry demands the development of high-efficiency devices that capture as much energy as possible. The Blow-Jet is a wave energy converter mainly composed of a sloping conical channel in the shape of a brass tube, which concentrates the waves at its widest part and expels a jet of water at its narrow upper end through an orifice that can be turbined. The device has no moving parts and great flexibility in its placement. This research presents an improvement of its geometry, increasing efficiency by minimizing undesired hydrodynamic interactions. The performance of the Blow-Jet was characterized using 3D numerical modeling and laboratory tests in a wave flume. Sixteen geometric configurations of the Blow-Jet were numerically tested, and that showing the best performance was 3D printed and assessed experimentally. The twofold objective was to evaluate the performance of the new Blow-Jet geometry and to validate a numerical tool for further geometrical improvements of the device. The novel geometry is nearly 20% more efficient than the original. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Advances in Wave Energy Extraction Systems)
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14 pages, 5287 KiB  
Article
Design and CFD Analysis of the Energy Efficiency of a Point Wave Energy Converter Using Passive Morphing Blades
by Changlei Wang, Zirong Luo, Zhongyue Lu, Jianzhong Shang, Mangkuan Wang and Yiming Zhu
Energies 2023, 16(1), 204; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16010204 - 25 Dec 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1167
Abstract
A wave energy converter features the ability to convert wave energy into the electrical energy required by unmanned devices, and its energy-conversion efficiency is an essential aspect in practical applications. This paper proposes a novel point-absorption wave energy converter with passive morphing blades [...] Read more.
A wave energy converter features the ability to convert wave energy into the electrical energy required by unmanned devices, and its energy-conversion efficiency is an essential aspect in practical applications. This paper proposes a novel point-absorption wave energy converter with passive morphing blades to meet the demand for improved energy-conversion efficiency. We first introduce its concept and design, with its blades forming their shape by adaptive changes with the direction of the water flow. Next, the three-dimensional geometrical-morphing model, energy-conversion model, and energy-conversion-efficiency model of the wave energy converter were established. Then, the CFD model was built to optimize the design parameters, and the simulation results revealed that the maximum conversion efficiency can be obtained at 90% solidity with 10 blades, a 40–60% load, and 20~25 degrees for the external deflection angle. The simulations also showed that the passive morphing-blade group provides ~40% higher torque and ~60% higher hydraulic efficiency than the flat-blade group. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Advances in Wave Energy Extraction Systems)
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18 pages, 559 KiB  
Article
Optimisation of Control Algorithm for Hydraulic Power Take-Off System in Wave Energy Converter
by Niklas Enoch Andersen, Jakob Blåbjerg Mathiasen, Maja Grankær Carøe, Chen Chen, Christian-Emil Helver, Allan Lynggaard Ludvigsen, Nis Frededal Ebsen and Anders Hedegaard Hansen
Energies 2022, 15(19), 7084; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15197084 - 27 Sep 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1672
Abstract
Wave energy converters are still a maturing technology and, as such, still face a series of challenges before they can compete with already-established technologies. One of these challenges is optimising the amount of energy extracted from the waves and delivered to the power [...] Read more.
Wave energy converters are still a maturing technology and, as such, still face a series of challenges before they can compete with already-established technologies. One of these challenges is optimising the amount of energy extracted from the waves and delivered to the power grid. This study investigates the possibility of increasing the energy output of the existing hydraulic power take-off system of a wave energy converter made by Floating Power Plant during small-scale testing of their hybrid wind and wave energy platform. This system consists of a floater arm that rotates an axle when displaced by the waves. When the axle rotates, two hydraulic cylinders are actuated, displacing oil to run through a hydraulic motor driving an electric generator. The energy extraction is controlled by implementing a control algorithm on a series of on/off valves, which decouples the two hydraulic cylinders driving the hydraulic motor, and by varying the applied torque from the generator to match the wave conditions. Finally, it is investigated whether adding high-pressure pathways to the cylinder pressure chambers is beneficial for maximum power point tracking with reactive control. The analysis is conducted through a numerical model developed in Simulink and verified by comparison to the experimental setup supplied by Floating Power Plant. The study finds that a continuous valve switching strategy is optimal compared to end-point switching and reactive control with high-pressure pathways. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Advances in Wave Energy Extraction Systems)
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Review

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16 pages, 1662 KiB  
Review
Fault Diagnosis and Condition Monitoring in Wave Energy Converters: A Review
by Seyed Abolfazl Mortazavizadeh, Reza Yazdanpanah, David Campos Gaona and Olimpo Anaya-Lara
Energies 2023, 16(19), 6777; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16196777 - 23 Sep 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1182
Abstract
The technology used in wave energy conversion systems is still in the early stages of research and development. There are a number of challenges associated with becoming a commercially viable source of renewable energy due to the high operating and maintenance (O&M) costs. [...] Read more.
The technology used in wave energy conversion systems is still in the early stages of research and development. There are a number of challenges associated with becoming a commercially viable source of renewable energy due to the high operating and maintenance (O&M) costs. A potential solution for increasing the availability of wave energy converters (WECs) and reducing operating and maintenance costs might involve the implementation of condition monitoring and fault-tolerant control systems, because in some reported WEC systems, 57% of total operational expenses go to maintenance activities. The use of condition monitoring techniques in wind energy systems has, for instance, shown the ability to detect failures months in advance, resulting in savings of 15–20% during the operational phase. This paper reviews the methods proposed (and some used) by researchers to monitor WEC’s condition and diagnose faults. Fault-tolerant control methods developed to improve the reliability of WECs and hence their commercial viability are also reviewed and discussed. In addition, a future research plan is provided here. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Advances in Wave Energy Extraction Systems)
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17 pages, 6355 KiB  
Review
The Possibility of a High-Efficiency Wave Power Generation System Using Dielectric Elastomers
by Seiki Chiba, Mikio Waki, Changqing Jiang, Makoto Takeshita, Mitsugu Uejima, Kohei Arakawa and Kazuhiro Ohyama
Energies 2021, 14(12), 3414; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14123414 - 09 Jun 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2486
Abstract
Power generation using dielectric elastomer (DE) artificial muscle is attracting attention because of its light weight, low cost, and high-efficiency. Since this method is a system that produces electricity without emitting carbon dioxide nor using rare earths, it would contribute to the goal [...] Read more.
Power generation using dielectric elastomer (DE) artificial muscle is attracting attention because of its light weight, low cost, and high-efficiency. Since this method is a system that produces electricity without emitting carbon dioxide nor using rare earths, it would contribute to the goal of environmental sustainability. In this paper, the background of DEs, the associated high efficiency wave energy generation (WEG) systems that we developed using DEs, as well as the latest development of its material are summarized. By covering both the challenges and achievements, this paper discusses the opportunities to build the foundation of an energy recycling society through the usage of these WEGs. To make these possibilities commercially successful, the advantages of DEs need to be integrated with traditional technologies. To achieve this, the method of using DEs alone and a system used in combination with an oscillating water column were also considered. Finally, the current status and future of DE generators (DEGs) are discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Advances in Wave Energy Extraction Systems)
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