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Refrigeration Systems and Applications 2020
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Refrigeration Systems and Applications 2020

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "G: Energy and Buildings".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (10 May 2021) | Viewed by 17016

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Ciro Aprea

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Guest Editor
Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
Interests: thermal engineering; heat exchangers; heat transfer; vapour compression refrigeration systems; autocascade systems; magnetic refrigeration; elastocaloric refrigeration; electrocaloric refrigeration
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Angelo Maiorino

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
Interests: thermal engineering; refrigeration; magnetic refrigeration; elastocaloric refrigeration; electrocaloric refrigeration; artificial neural network in the field of refrigeration; natural refrgierants; transcritical refrigeration systems
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Adrián Mota Babiloni

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
ISTENER Research Group, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Construction, Universitat Jaume I, E12071 Castelló de la Plana, Spain
Interests: refrigeration; heat pumps; low global warming potential refrigerants; organic Rankine cycle; energy conversion; phase change materials; energy efficiency
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

We are pleased to invite you to submit your high-level scientific papers to a Special Issue of Energies (IF 2.707) entitled “Refrigeration Systems and Applications”.

Refrigeration applications, mostly based on vapour compression systems, represent a significant contribution to global climate change. While refrigeration is necessary for the appropriate development of humanity, it is predicted that an increase in the number of refrigeration applications will worsen the issue of climate change. Hence, energy efficient systems with a lower contribution to global warming are required. In the last years, the research and development of new working fluid, technologies, and methodologies have provided an opportunity for the transition from vapour compression systems based on fluorine fluids to more sustainable solutions.

For instance, the potential advantages and drawbacks of hydrofluoroolefins are being investigated, and mixtures with hydrofluorocarbons are being developed to find trade-off solutions. Furthtermore, the applications of hydrocarbons are being extended to installations that require a lower refrigerant charge. Lower flammability refrigerants require new flammability and risk analysis studies to determine their possible hazard. Heat and mass transfer phenomena studies are being carried out for new pure and mixture refrigerants. Ejectors are being studied to increase energy performance in particular applications. Alternative technologies based on renewable energy or solid states, such as solar cooling or magnetic refrigeration, are being developed and integrated into new processes. The integration of phase change materials and slurries is becoming a new option. Finally, nanoparticles and nanofluids have opened an entirely new world of possibilities.

The literature available on these topics is still in an early stage, and these working fluids, technologies, and methodologies cannot be considered as mature. However, this creates significant potential for improving the energy efficiency as well as the operation and capacity range of these new approaches. The Special Issue “Refrigeration Systems and Applications” aims to encourage researchers to solve the concerns associated with these topics and to further the transition to more sustainable technologies and methodologies of tomorrow through theoretical, experimental, and review research on the different applications of refrigeration and associated topics.

We look forward to your submissions, which will be peer-reviewed by international colleagues with broad expertise in this specific topic.

Prof. Dr. Ciro Aprea
Prof. Dr. Angelo Maiorino
Dr. Adrián Mota Babiloni
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • new low global warming potential refrigerants
  • natural refrigerants
  • air source and ground source heat pumps
  • energy efficiency optimisation of refrigeration systems
  • advanced refrigeration architectures
  • solid state refrigeration technologies (magnetic, elastocaloric, and electrocaloric refrigeration)
  • refrigeration technologies based on renewable energies (solar cooling)
  • heat and mass transfer in refrigeration systems
  • phase change materials and slurries
  • determination of thermophysical and transport properties
  • nanorefrigerants and nanolubricants
  • control methods in refrigeration systems

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

17 pages, 2864 KiB  
Article
Scheduling Optimization of a Cabinet Refrigerator Incorporating a Phase Change Material to Reduce Its Indirect Environmental Impact
by Angelo Maiorino, Adrián Mota-Babiloni, Manuel Gesù Del Duca and Ciro Aprea
Energies 2021, 14(8), 2154; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14082154 - 13 Apr 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1675
Abstract
Phase Change Materials (PCMs) incorporated in refrigerators can be used to shift their energy consumption from peak periods, when the electric network energy demand is the highest, to off-peak periods. While PCMs can flatten the energy demand curve, they can achieve economic savings [...] Read more.
Phase Change Materials (PCMs) incorporated in refrigerators can be used to shift their energy consumption from peak periods, when the electric network energy demand is the highest, to off-peak periods. While PCMs can flatten the energy demand curve, they can achieve economic savings if Time-of-Use (TOU) electricity tariffs are applied. However, the hourly carbon emission factor is not commonly linked to the hourly tariff, and the final CO2 emitted due to the operations of the refrigerator would not be fully optimized. In this work, a method based on the Simulated Annealing optimization technique was proposed to identify the optimal working schedule of a cabinet refrigerator incorporating a PCM to reduce its indirect carbon emissions. Data from countries with different representative carbon intensity profiles were used. The normalized standard deviation and normalized range are the best statistical indexes to predict carbon emission reduction in the proposed solution. These parameters proved that countries with a higher hourly carbon intensity variation (Uruguay, France, Denmark, and Germany) benefit from the application of the algorithm. Cost and carbon emission reduction cannot be maximized simultaneously, and a trade-off is required. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Refrigeration Systems and Applications 2020)
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12 pages, 2973 KiB  
Article
Design and Thermodynamic Analysis of Waste Heat-Driven Zeolite–Water Continuous-Adsorption Refrigeration and Heat Pump System for Ships
by Cüneyt Ezgi
Energies 2021, 14(3), 699; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14030699 - 29 Jan 2021
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2720
Abstract
Strict International Maritime Organization (IMO) rules enable ships to maximize fuel consumption and compliance with the climate. Cooling and heat-pumping technology powered by waste heat makes a substantial contribution to lowering ship gas emissions. This study explores, technically studies, and thermodynamically analyzes the [...] Read more.
Strict International Maritime Organization (IMO) rules enable ships to maximize fuel consumption and compliance with the climate. Cooling and heat-pumping technology powered by waste heat makes a substantial contribution to lowering ship gas emissions. This study explores, technically studies, and thermodynamically analyzes the efficiency of ongoing adsorption refrigeration and heating systems using a zeolite–water pair onboard a naval surface ship. An updated Dubin-in-Astakhov equation calculates the equilibrium adsorption potential of the operating pair used in the system. The coefficient of performance (COP) and specific cooling power (SCP)/specific heating power (SHP) values were between 0.109 and 0.384 and between 69.13 and 193.58 W kg−1 for cooling mode, and between 66.16 and 185.26 W kg−1 based on exhaust gas temperature and regeneration, respectively. Up to 27.64% and 52.91% met the cooling and heating load of the case vessel at a full load by the zeolite–water-adsorbed refrigeration/heat-pumping system. The COP of the heat pump and cooling systems was compared to that of adsorption cooling/heat pumps in the literature. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Refrigeration Systems and Applications 2020)
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24 pages, 541 KiB  
Article
Extending and Solving the Refrigerated Routing Problem
by Sara Ceschia, Luca Di Gaspero and Antonella Meneghetti
Energies 2020, 13(23), 6214; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13236214 - 26 Nov 2020
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1801
Abstract
In recent years, cold food chains have shown an impressive growth, mainly due to customers life style changes. Consequently, the transportation of refrigerated food is becoming a crucial aspect of the chain, aiming at ensuring efficiency and sustainability of the process while keeping [...] Read more.
In recent years, cold food chains have shown an impressive growth, mainly due to customers life style changes. Consequently, the transportation of refrigerated food is becoming a crucial aspect of the chain, aiming at ensuring efficiency and sustainability of the process while keeping a high level of product quality. The recently defined Refrigerated Routing Problem (RRP) consists of finding the optimal delivery tour that minimises the fuel consumption for both the traction and the refrigeration components. The total fuel consumption is related, in a complex way, to the distance travelled, the vehicle load and speed, and the outdoor temperature. All these factors depend, in turn, on the traffic and the climate conditions of the region where deliveries take place and they change during the day and the year. The original RRP has been extended to take into account also the total driving cost and to add the possibility to slow down the deliveries by allowing arbitrarily long waiting times when this is beneficial for the objective function. The new RRP is formulated and solved as both a Mixed Integer Programming and a novel Constraint Programming model. Moreover, a Local Search metaheuristic technique (namely Late Acceptance Hill Climbing), based on a combination of different neighborhood structures, is also proposed. The results obtained by the different solution methods on a set of benchmarks scenarios are compared and discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Refrigeration Systems and Applications 2020)
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27 pages, 8461 KiB  
Article
Experimental Analysis and Optimization of an R744 Transcritical Cycle Working with a Mechanical Subcooling System
by Daniel Sánchez, Jesús Catalán-Gil, Ramón Cabello, Daniel Calleja-Anta, Rodrigo Llopis and Laura Nebot-Andrés
Energies 2020, 13(12), 3204; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13123204 - 19 Jun 2020
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 2689
Abstract
In the last century, the refrigerant R744 (carbon dioxide) has become an environmentally friendly solution in commercial refrigeration despite its particular issues related to the low critical temperature. The use of transcritical cycles in warm and hot countries reveals the necessity of adopting [...] Read more.
In the last century, the refrigerant R744 (carbon dioxide) has become an environmentally friendly solution in commercial refrigeration despite its particular issues related to the low critical temperature. The use of transcritical cycles in warm and hot countries reveals the necessity of adopting different configurations and technologies to improve this specific cycle. Among these, subcooling methods are well-known techniques to enhance the cooling capacity and the Coefficient of Performance (COP) of the cycle. In this work, an R600a dedicated mechanical subcooling system has been experimentally tested in an R744 transcritical system at different operating conditions. The results have been compared with those obtained using a suction-to-liquid heat exchanger (IHX) to determine the degree of improvement of the mechanical subcooling system. Using the experimental tests, a computational model has been developed and validated to predict the optimal subcooling degree and the cubic capacity of the mechanical subcooling compressor. Finally, the model has been used to analyze the effect of using different refrigerants in the mechanical subcooling unit finding that the hydrocarbon R290 and the HFC R152a are the most suitable fluids. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Refrigeration Systems and Applications 2020)
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18 pages, 2214 KiB  
Article
Functional Equations for Calculating the Properties of Low-GWP R1234ze(E) Refrigerant
by Piotr Życzkowski, Marek Borowski, Rafał Łuczak, Zbigniew Kuczera and Bogusław Ptaszyński
Energies 2020, 13(12), 3052; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13123052 - 12 Jun 2020
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3591
Abstract
Legal requirements for the use of refrigerants increasingly restrict the use of high-global warming potential (GWP) refrigerants. As a result, there is a growing interest in natural refrigerants and in those belonging to the hydrofluoroolefins (HFO) class, which can be used on their [...] Read more.
Legal requirements for the use of refrigerants increasingly restrict the use of high-global warming potential (GWP) refrigerants. As a result, there is a growing interest in natural refrigerants and in those belonging to the hydrofluoroolefins (HFO) class, which can be used on their own or in mixtures. One of them is the R1234ze(E) refrigerant, an alternative to the R134a refrigerant as well as being a component of numerous mixtures. The knowledge of thermodynamic and transport properties of refrigerants is required for the analysis and calculation of refrigeration cycles in refrigeration, air conditioning, or heating systems. The paper presents analytical equations for calculating the properties of the R1234ze(E) refrigerant in the state of saturation and in the subcooled liquid and superheated vapour regions that do not require numerical calculations and are characterised by small deviations. The Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm—one of the methods for non-linear least squares estimation—was used to develop them. A total of 26 equations were formulated. The formulated equations were statistically verified by determining absolute and relative deviations between the values obtained from CoolProp software and calculated values. The maximum relative deviation was not higher than 1% in any of them. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Refrigeration Systems and Applications 2020)
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22 pages, 16926 KiB  
Article
Numerical Simulation for Flow of Rolling Piston Type of Rotary Compressor
by Li-Chieh Hsu, Guo-Wei Wong, Po-Jui Lu, Fu-Shun Hsu and Ying-Chien Chen
Energies 2020, 13(10), 2526; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13102526 - 16 May 2020
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3417
Abstract
In this numerical study, the temperature, pressure and flow structure inside the rotary compressor are obtained to analyze the work consumption and efficiency. The geometry of the compressor such as volume, inlet angle, and mass of reed valve are varied to look for [...] Read more.
In this numerical study, the temperature, pressure and flow structure inside the rotary compressor are obtained to analyze the work consumption and efficiency. The geometry of the compressor such as volume, inlet angle, and mass of reed valve are varied to look for optimal performance and design margin as the suggestions for manufacturing. The work done on refrigerant increases proportionally with the volume of the compressor. However, there is an optimal volume for efficiency. The design margin for inlet angle is determined. The best efficiency exists in a specific inlet angle. Larger mass of reed valve leads to the increase of input power due to the additional resistance from greater inertia, which causes a decrease of efficiency. The flow visualization by simulation diagnoses the potential factors, which may cause noise problem. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Refrigeration Systems and Applications 2020)
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