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A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "F1: Electrical Power System".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (16 May 2023) | Viewed by 16792

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Prof. Dr. Yuan Liao

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Guest Editor

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
Interests: energy management system; intelligent techniques; power quality Monitoring and analysis; power system economics and optimization; protective relaying security
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Prof. Dr. Ke Xu

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Guest Editor

Department of Electric Power Engineering, Nanjing Institute of Technology, Nanjing 211167, China
Interests: power system control; smart grid; power system protection; renewable energy; AI in power system
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

To reduce carbon emissions and reliance on fossil fuels, electric power systems around the world are seeing increasing integration of renewable energies and adoption of electric vehicles and construction of needed charging infrastructure. For improved operation and resiliency, more microgrids are emerging, and storage devices are being deployed. Many of the distributed energy resources are inverter based, which has specific short circuit characteristics. The increasing number and unique characteristics of distributed energy resources and controllers, increasing volume of available measurement data and environmental constraints pose challenges for analyzing, operating, controlling and protecting the future power systems. New methods and techniques to overcome these challenges are desirable. This Special Issue calls for papers that deal with emerging techniques and algorithms, as well as practical considerations for reliable and efficient power grid performance. Papers that deal with various aspects of power system analysis, operation, optimization, control and protection considering the new power system paradigm are welcomed.

Prof. Dr. Yuan Liao
Prof. Dr. Ke Xu
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

renewable energy integration
smart grid
microgrid
power system analysis
power system operation
power system control
power system protection

Published Papers (10 papers)

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Research

18 pages, 8116 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Improved Over-Speed Deloading Control of Wind Power Systems for Primary Frequency Regulation Considering Turbulence Characteristics

by Xiaolian Zhang, Baocong Lin, Ke Xu, Yangfei Zhang, Sipeng Hao and Qi Hu

Energies 2023, 16(6), 2813; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16062813 - 17 Mar 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1328

Abstract

Wind power systems participating in primary frequency regulation have become a novel trend. In order to solve the problem of the over-speed deloading (OSD) control of wind power systems failing to provide reserved capacity for primary frequency regulation while under turbulent winds, this paper analyzes the influence mechanism of turbulence characteristics on the OSD control and the relationship between the reserve capacity of OSD control and the deloading power coefficient under turbulent wind speeds, while also quantifying the relationship between the turbulence characteristic index and deloading power coefficient. The range of the deloading power coefficient is obtained accordingly, based on which improved OSD control is proposed to dynamically optimize the deloading power coefficient according to the turbulence characteristics, which improves the frequency regulation performance of wind power systems under turbulent wind speed. According to the simulations and experimental results, the improved method proposed in this paper has good effectiveness and superiority in frequency regulation effect and rotor speed performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power System Analysis, Operation and Control)

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30 pages, 17058 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hardware-in-the-Loop Testing for Protective Relays Using Real Time Digital Simulator (RTDS)

by Gaurav Yadav, Yuan Liao and Austin D. Burfield

Energies 2023, 16(3), 1039; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16031039 - 17 Jan 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2315

Abstract

With the increasing size and complexity of power systems, it is crucial to have an effective protection system in place to ensure its reliability. One of the important components of the protection system are relays. It is important for a relay to operate dependably and securely so that any fault can be cleared in time to minimize damages to the power network. However, it is important to test a relay in a realistic environment before commissioning it to the network. Testing a relay in the actual network can be expensive with limited fault scenarios. Hence, Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) testing is an efficient method to perform closed-loop testing of a relay since numerous fault cases can be simulated to provide a realistic operating environment for the relay under test. This paper sheds light on the HIL testing done for protective relays using a sample distribution system using RTDS. Two SEL-351 relays have been used in this experiment, and proper settings for the relays are calculated for coordination. The paper also describes the procedure of configuring the relay and other RTDS components crucial for interfacing of the relay with RTDS. After test setup, a pre-fault, fault, and post-fault analysis was done for the system. The results obtained from these analyses are cross-checked with the event history of the two SEL-351 relays, obtained with AcSELerator Quickset software. This paper provides thorough information for researchers to replicate the presented study or to develop new HIL experiments. It can also help in developing a fundamental understanding of the HIL testing setup that can be further applied to a more complex power system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power System Analysis, Operation and Control)

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16 pages, 1800 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study of Short Circuit and Inrush Current Impact on the Current-Limiting Reactor Operation in an Industrial Grid

by Yuriy Varetsky and Michal Gajdzica

Energies 2023, 16(2), 811; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16020811 - 10 Jan 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1758

Abstract

Current-limiting reactors are widely used in industrial electrical grids to reduce the current amplitude in the equipment and stabilize the voltage on the busbar during short circuits. Their application is distinguished by high technical and economic efficiency. However, mechanical damage to the reactors has been observed within extensive industrial grids with many induction motors and internal synchronous generators. The article analyses a case study of the reactor damage in the true industrial grid during a short circuit. An analysis of the damaged reactor’s previous operation had shown that there was a weakening of the fastenings in the reactor design, caused by the repeated starting currents of the grid motors and generators. A study of grid transients during short circuits was carried out by Matlab/Simulink software. The simulation results showed that the reactor could be damaged by a critical peak current in an unfavourable combination of the grid configuration and the short circuit location. The results of the study prove that, for industrial networks containing powerful induction motors and internal synchronous generators, the standardized procedure for selecting current-limiting reactors should additionally consider such factors as the localization in the grid, the effect of equipment-starting currents and possible grid configurations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power System Analysis, Operation and Control)

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12 pages, 738 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Insuring a Small Retail Electric Provider’s Procurement Cost Risk in Texas

by Chi-Keung Woo, Jay Zarnikau, Asher Tishler and Kang Hua Cao

Energies 2023, 16(1), 393; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16010393 - 29 Dec 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1314

Abstract

Motivated by the relatively infrequent but very large price spikes in the day-ahead and real-time energy markets operated by the Electric Reliability Council of Texas, this paper proposes an insurance that a small and risk-averse retailer in Texas (i.e., a retail electric provider (REP)) may buy to prevent financial insolvency caused by inadequate risk management. It also demonstrates the insurance’s practical design, pricing, and implementation. As participation in the REP’s procurement auction is voluntary, the insurance is mutually beneficial for the REP and the insurance seller. Hence, the proposed insurance is a newly developed wholesale market product that deserves consideration by REPs in Texas and competitive retailers elsewhere. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power System Analysis, Operation and Control)

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22 pages, 7089 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Distribution System Reconfiguration with Soft Open Point for Power Loss Reduction in Distribution Systems Based on Hybrid Water Cycle Algorithm

by Shamam Alwash, Sarmad Ibrahim and Azher M. Abed

Energies 2023, 16(1), 199; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16010199 - 24 Dec 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1326

Abstract

In this paper, the role of soft open point (SOP) is investigated with and without system re-configuration (SR) in reducing overall system power losses and improving voltage profile, as well as the effect of increasing the number of SOPs connected to distribution systems under different scenarios using a proposed hybrid water cycle algorithm (HWCA). The HWCA is formulated to enhance the water cycle algorithm (WCA) search performance based on the genetic algorithm (GA) for a complex nonlinear problem with discrete and continuous variables represented in this paper by SOP installation and SR. The WCA is one of the most effective optimization algorithms, however, it may have difficulty striking a balance between exploration and exploitation due to the nature of the proposed nonlinear optimization problem, which mostly causes slow convergence and poor robustness. Consequently, the HWCA proposed in this paper is an efficient solution to improve the balance between exploration and exploitation, which in turn leads to improving the WCA’s overall performance without the possibility of getting trapped in local minima. Several cases are studied and conducted on an IEEE 33-node and the IEEE 69-node to investigate the real benefit gained from using SOPs alone or simultaneously with the SR. Based on the obtained results, the proposed HWCA succeeds in enhancing the performance of the proposed test systems considerably in terms of loss reduction (e.g., 31.1–63.3% for IEEE 33-node and 55.7–82.1% for IEEE 69-node compared to the base case) and voltage profile when compared to the base case while maintaining acceptable voltage magnitudes in most cases. Furthermore, the superiority of the proposed method based on the HWCA is validated when compared with the GA and WCA separately for both test systems. The obtained results show the outperformance of the proposed HWCA in attaining the best optimal solution with the least number of iterations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power System Analysis, Operation and Control)

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31 pages, 3553 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Single and Multi-Objective Optimal Power Flow Based on Hunger Games Search with Pareto Concept Optimization

by Murtadha Al-Kaabi, Virgil Dumbrava and Mircea Eremia

Energies 2022, 15(22), 8328; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15228328 - 8 Nov 2022

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 1727

Abstract

In this study, a new meta-heuristic optimization method inspired by the behavioral choices of animals and hunger-driven activities, called hunger games search (HGS), is suggested to solve and formulate the single- and multi-objective optimal power flow problem in power systems. The main aim of this study is to optimize the objective functions, which are total fuel cost of generator, active power losses in transmission lines, total emission issued by fossil-fueled thermal units, voltage deviation at PQ bus, and voltage stability index. The proposed HGS approach is optimal and easy, avoids stagnation in local optima, and can solve multi-constrained objectives. Various single-and multi-objective (conflicting) functions were proposed simultaneously to solve OPF problems. The proposed algorithm (HGS) was developed to solve the multi-objective function, called the multi-objective hunger game search (MOHGS), by incorporating the proposed optimization (HGS) with Pareto optimization. The fuzzy membership theory is the function responsible to extract the best compromise solution from non-dominated solutions. The crowding distance is the strategies carried out to determine and ordering the Pareto non-dominated set. Two standard tests (IEEE 30 bus and IEEE 57 bus systems) are the power systems that were applied to investigate the performance of the proposed approaches (HGS and MOHGS) for solving single and multiple objective functions with 25 studied cases using MATLAB software. The numerical results obtained by the proposed approaches (HGS and MOHGS) were compared to other optimization algorithms in the literature. The numerical results confirmed the efficiency and superiority of the proposed approaches by achieving an optimal solution and giving the faster convergence characteristics in single objective functions and extracting the best compromise solution and well-distributed Pareto front solutions in multi-objective functions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power System Analysis, Operation and Control)

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15 pages, 1043 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Resilience Maximization in Electrical Power Systems through Switching of Power Transmission Lines

by Jaime Pilatásig, Diego Carrión and Manuel Jaramillo

Energies 2022, 15(21), 8138; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15218138 - 1 Nov 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1271

Abstract

This research aims to maximize the resilience of an electrical power system after an

N - 1

This research aims to maximize the resilience of an electrical power system after an

N - 1

contingency, and this objective is achieved by switching the transmission lines connection using a heuristic that integrates optimal dc power flows (DCOPF), optimal transmission switching (OTS) and contingencies analysis. This paper’s methodology proposes to identify the order of re-entry of the elements that go out of the operation of an electrical power system after a contingency, for which DCOPF is used to determine the operating conditions accompanied by OTS that seeks to identify the maximum number of lines that can be disconnected seeking the most negligible impact on the contingency index J. The model allows each possible line-switching scenario to be analyzed and the one with the lowest value of J is chosen as the option to reconnect, this process is repeated until the entire power system is fully operational. As study cases, the IEEE 14, 30 and 39 bus bars were selected, in which the proposed methodology was applied and when the OTS was executed, the systems improved after the contingency; furthermore, when an adequate connection order of the disconnected lines is determined, the systems are significantly improved, therefore, the resilience of power systems is maximized, guaranteeing stable, reliable and safe behavior within operating parameters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power System Analysis, Operation and Control)

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21 pages, 4959 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ultra-Short-Term Load Dynamic Forecasting Method Considering Abnormal Data Reconstruction Based on Model Incremental Training

by Guangyu Chen, Yijie Wu, Li Yang, Ke Xu, Gang Lin, Yangfei Zhang and Yuzhuo Zhang

Energies 2022, 15(19), 7353; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15197353 - 6 Oct 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1224

Abstract

In order to reduce the influence of abnormal data on load forecasting effects and further improve the training efficiency of forecasting models when adding new samples to historical data set, an ultra-short-term load dynamic forecasting method considering abnormal data reconstruction based on model incremental training is proposed in this paper. Firstly, aiming at the abnormal data in ultra-short-term load forecasting, a load abnormal data processing method based on isolation forests and conditional adversarial generative network (IF-CGAN) is proposed. The isolation forest algorithm is used to accurately eliminate the abnormal data points, and a conditional generative adversarial network (CGAN) is constructed to interpolate the abnormal points. The load-influencing factors are taken as the condition constraints of the CGAN, and the weighted loss function is introduced to improve the reconstruction accuracy of abnormal data. Secondly, aiming at the problem of low model training efficiency caused by the new samples in the historical data set, a model incremental training method based on a bidirectional long short-term memory network (Bi-LSTM) is proposed. The historical data are used to train the Bi-LSTM, and the transfer learning is introduced to process the incremental data set to realize the adaptive and rapid adjustment of the model weight and improve the model training efficiency. Finally, the real power grid load data of a region in eastern China are used for simulation analysis. The calculation results show that the proposed method can reconstruct the abnormal data more accurately and improve the accuracy and efficiency of ultra-short-term load forecasting. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power System Analysis, Operation and Control)

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17 pages, 7232 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nonlinear Self-Synchronizing Current Control for Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Inverters

by Moath Alqatamin and Michael L. McIntyre

Energies 2022, 15(13), 4855; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15134855 - 2 Jul 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2070

Abstract

Three-phase inverters for photovoltaic grid-connected applications typically require some form of grid voltage phase-angle detection in order to properly synchronize to the grid and control real and reactive power generation. Typically, a phase-locked loop scheme is used to determine this real-time phase angle information. However, in the present work, a novel method is proposed whereby the phase angle of the grid can be accurately identified solely via the grid current feedback. This phase-angle observer is incorporated into a current controller which can manage the real and reactive power of the grid-connected PV inverter system. Moreover, the maximum power point of the photovoltaic arrays is achieved without using a DC–DC converter. The proposed method achieves the grid current and DC-link voltage control objectives without the knowledge of the grid information and without the need for a cascaded control scheme. The design of this combined observer/controller scheme is motivated and validated via a Lyapunov stability analysis. The experimental setup is prototyped utilizing a real-time Typhoon HIL 603 and National Instrument cRIO embedded controller in order to validate the proposed observer/controller scheme under different operation scenarios such as irradiation changes, frequency changes, reactive power injection, and operation with a distorted grid. The results show that the DC-link voltage and the active and reactive powers are well regulated from the proposed control scheme without the measurement of the grid phase and frequency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power System Analysis, Operation and Control)

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19 pages, 2601 KiB

Open AccessArticle

CVR Study and Active Power Loss Estimation Based on Analytical and ANN Method

by Gaurav Yadav, Yuan Liao, Nicholas Jewell and Dan M. Ionel

Energies 2022, 15(13), 4689; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15134689 - 26 Jun 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1125

Abstract

Conservation through voltage reduction (CVR) aims to reduce the peak load and energy savings in electric power systems and is being deployed at various utilities. The effectiveness of the CVR program depends on the load characteristics, i.e., the sensitivity of the load to voltage variation, and voltage regulation device settings. In the current literature, there is a lack of discussion on the CVR factor calculation using different measurements, and there is a lack of method for active power loss estimation using substation measurements. This paper provides insights into CVR factor calculation based on the measurements captured at the substation and those at the load location. This paper also proposes a new method based on curve fitting and artificial neural network to estimate the active power loss using input active power, input reactive power and input voltage at the substation. The CVR comparison study conducted in this paper helps in understanding the factors affecting CVR factor and may provide guidance in CVR implementation and impact assessment. The proposed loss estimation method sheds light on the impacts of CVR in terms of load and loss reduction. The results based on simulation studies using the IEEE 13-bus and 34-bus systems are reported in this paper, noting that the proposed methods are applicable to larger systems, as long as the required measurements at the substation are available. Future research includes testing and refining the methods using large IEEE and utility distribution systems and considering the stochastic nature of the CVR factor with changing load and voltage regulator control schemes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power System Analysis, Operation and Control)

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