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Analysis for Power Quality Monitoring - Second Edition: Power Quality Measurement Systems and Big Data Analytics in the Smart Grid and the Industry 4.0

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "A1: Smart Grids and Microgrids".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 April 2023) | Viewed by 12237

Special Issue Editors


E-Mail Website1 Website2
Guest Editor
Department of Automation Engineering, Electronics, Architecture and Computer Networks, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
Interests: power quality; big data; smart instruments; computational intelligence for measurement systems; electronic instrumentation; higher-order statistics; non-destructive testing; statistical signal processing
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

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Guest Editor
Department of Automation Engineering, Electronics, Architecture and Computer Networks, Research Group in Computational Instrumentation and Industrial Electronics (ICEI) (PAIDI-TIC-168), Engineering School of Algeciras, University of Cádiz, 11003 Cádiz, Spain
Interests: smart grids; monitoring techniques; sensor networks; IoT; smart buildings; power systems; power quality; computational instrumentation technologies; smart metering; big data; statistics
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Cagliari, 09123 Cagliari, Italy
Interests: electrical and electronic measurements; distributed measurement systems; power system measurements; distribution networks; smart grids; measurement uncertainty and propagation analysis; distribution system state estimation; harmonic source estimation; fault location; power quality; power system harmonics; phasor measurement unit (PMU); wide-area measurement system (WAMS); smart metering
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The Guest Editors are welcoming submissions to this Special Issue of Energies (MDPI) on the subject area of “Analysis for Power Quality Monitoring—Second Edition: Power Quality Measurement Systems and Big Data Analytics in the Smart Grid and the Industry 4.0".

Power quality (PQ) refers to a set of characteristics related to the electricity transport, and their delivery to the end-consumers assuring both the balance between network performance and customer satisfaction. Two main normative frames have been traditionally adopted by technicians and researchers. Firstly, the UNE-EN 50160 standard defines the characteristics from which the service of a common power system could be considered secure, continuous, and constant. Secondly, the IEC 61000-4-30 standard summarises the methodologies that must be incorporated within the measurement equipment, regarding their technology and class of precision to ensure that previously established requirements or measurement characteristics are met.

However, it is widely known that electricity networks and market are currently changing and adapting to new technologies and concepts of energy usage that are emerging within two incipient frames: the smart grid (SG) and the indutrial digital revolution (Industry 4.0). This conception is based on the new capabilities of system production by non-conventional means (e.g., structural issues) with numerous distributed energy resources and loads, whose highly fluctuating demands alter the ideal power delivery conditions. Thus, modern instrumentation and computational intelligence should inform energy behaviour and its dynamics almost in real time, and specifically in the field of PQ, smart instruments should track the continuity and reliability of supply, i.e., perform a continuous and permanent monitoring, including short-term forecasting capabilities. The aim is to provide customers and industrial managers with new tools in order to be capable of interpreting measurements more accurately and flexibly according to the smart grid framework demands.

As a direct consequence of the introduction of new technologies, the massive operational data (Big Data), generated by the measurement equipment deployed during the monitoring campaigns, are usually difficult or tricky to interpret and manage due to different causes, such as complex hardware structures and communication protocols that hinder accessibility to storage units, and the limited possibilities of monitoring equipment, based on dare-to-say obsolete regulations that do not reflect the current real-life operation. Consequently, a new conception of data handling is required to be based on time, frequency, and space domains compression techniques, with the goal of offering more robust measurement solutions under real conditions.

With all of these precedents, this second edition of the Special Issue aims to gather research and review manuscripts dealing with the last advances in PQ analysis and measurement solutions. This issue also pays special attention to the human, technological, and financial consequences of a bad PQ. Topics of interest for publication include but are not limited to:

  • Power quality and reliability;
  • Statistical signal processing applied to PQ;
  • Intelligent methods for PQ analysis;
  • PQ indices and thresholds;
  • Soft computing for PQ;
  • Information theory and PQ;
  • Customized PQ for utilities, customers, and specific areas;
  • Big data in the smart grid: format, compression, and temporal and spatial scalability;
  • Modeling and forecasting of PQ time-series;
  • PQ monitoring systems: architectures and communications;
  • Distributed measurement systems;
  • New tendencies in smart instruments for PQ;
  • Sensors networks for PQ monitoring;
  • Graphical visualization of PQ: new displays and hand-held instruments;
  • PQ loss assessment and mitigation;
  • Economic impact of bad PQ losses;
  • PQ maintenance strategies in networks;
  • Industry research benchmark reports on PQ metrics;
  • Prospective introduction of new PQ monitoring norms and standards.

Dr. Juan-José González de la Rosa
Dr. Olivia Florencias-Oliveros
Prof. Dr. Sara Sulis
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Power quality (PQ) and reliability monitoring systems
  • Statistical signal processing
  • Intelligent methods for PQ analysis
  • PQ indices and thresholds
  • Customized PQ for utilities and customers
  • Big data in the smart grid: temporal and space compression and scalability
  • Graphical PQ
  • PQ mitigation
  • PQ loss assessment
  • Economic Impact of bad PQ losses
  • PQ maintenance strategies in networks
  • New tendencies in smart instruments for PQ
  • PQ norms

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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24 pages, 9010 KiB  
Article
What Else Do the Deep Learning Techniques Tell Us about Voltage Dips Validity? Regional-Level Assessments with the New QuEEN System Based on Real Network Configurations
by Michele Zanoni, Riccardo Chiumeo, Liliana Tenti and Massimo Volta
Energies 2023, 16(3), 1189; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16031189 - 21 Jan 2023
Viewed by 1251
Abstract
The paper presents the performance evaluation of the DELFI (Deep Learning for False voltage dip Identification) classifier for evaluating voltage dip validity, now available in the QuEEN monitoring system. In addition to the usual event characteristics, QuEEN now automatically classifies events in terms [...] Read more.
The paper presents the performance evaluation of the DELFI (Deep Learning for False voltage dip Identification) classifier for evaluating voltage dip validity, now available in the QuEEN monitoring system. In addition to the usual event characteristics, QuEEN now automatically classifies events in terms of validity based on criteria that make use of either a signal processing technique (current criterion) or an artificial intelligence algorithm (new criterion called DELFI). Some preliminary results obtained from the new criterion had suggested its full integration into the monitoring system. This paper deals with the comparison of the effectiveness of the DELFI criterion compared to the current one in evaluating the events validity, starting from a large set of events. To prove the enhancement achieved with the DELFI classifier, an in-depth analysis has been carried out by cross-comparing the results both with the neutral system configuration and with the events characteristics (duration/residual voltage). The results clearly show a better match of DELFI classifications with network and events characteristics. Moreover, the DELFI classifier has allowed us to highlight specific situations concerning power quality at regional level, resolving the uncertainties due to the current validity criterion. In details, three groups of regions can be highlighted with respect to the frequency of the occurrence of false events. Full article
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27 pages, 8274 KiB  
Article
Design and Evaluation of Wireless Power Monitoring IoT System for AC Appliances
by Huan-Liang Tsai, Le Phuong Truong and Wei-Hung Hsieh
Energies 2023, 16(1), 163; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16010163 - 23 Dec 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1922
Abstract
The paper is aimed to develop a wireless alternating current (AC) power monitoring module which features the advantage of cost-effectiveness and sufficient reliability for the proposed AC power monitoring Internet of Things (IoT) system. The novel wireless AC power monitoring module consists of [...] Read more.
The paper is aimed to develop a wireless alternating current (AC) power monitoring module which features the advantage of cost-effectiveness and sufficient reliability for the proposed AC power monitoring Internet of Things (IoT) system. The novel wireless AC power monitoring module consists of both ZMPT101B voltage sensor and ACS712-20 current sensor; a 16-bit analog-to-digital (ADC) ADS1114 with I2C interface and WeMos D1 Mini Wi-Fi module were integrated for monitoring refrigerator and air conditioner appliances with the ratings of single-phase 110/220 VAC, respectively. First, both analog readings of V/I sensors for AC appliances are converted into data streams in compliance with I2C (inter-integrated circuit) protocol, and are forwarded to a WeMos D1 Mini Wi-Fi module for the corresponding values of instantaneous electric power and energy, power factor (pf), and frequency well programmed in the built-in ESP8266EX IoT-based microcontroller unit (MCU) based on the well-known AC power fundamentals. All of the important AC power parameters are sent to the ThingSpeak IoT platform through Wi-Fi network. The visualization of voltage, current, electric power and energy, pf, and frequency is illustrated in the ThingSpeak IoT platform. Both close agreement and confidence of the proposed AC power monitoring IoT system for both refrigerator and air conditioner are evaluated with two CM3286-1 AC Power Meters. Taking the commercialized CM3286-1 instrument as reference, the values of mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) for above six electrical parameter readings are all less than 2%. The evaluation results illustrate sufficient closeness of agreement and confidence for the proposed wireless AC power monitoring IoT system for in situ monitoring AC appliances with single-phase 110/220 VAC ratings. Furthermore, the cost of the proposed AC power monitoring module is less than 100 USD, which makes the novel module more cost-effective than commercialized AC power meters which generally cost over 1000 USD. The novelties of the work are the following: (1) the introduction of ADS1114 provides I2C interface directly for Wi-Fi module to reduce the capital cost of the proposed wireless AC power monitoring module; (2) the sufficient confidence of the proposed AC power monitoring IoT system has been validated with closeness of agreement as compared to the commercialized CM3286-1 AC Power Meters. These make the assessment action of environmental, social, and governance (EGS) for stakeholders much more feasible with the advantages of cost-effectiveness and sufficient confidence. Full article
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15 pages, 3268 KiB  
Article
Online System for Power Quality Operational Data Management in Frequency Monitoring Using Python and Grafana
by Jose-María Sierra-Fernández, Olivia Florencias-Oliveros, Manuel-Jesús Espinosa-Gavira, Juan-José González-de-la-Rosa, Agustín Agüera-Pérez and José-Carlos Palomares-Salas
Energies 2021, 14(24), 8304; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14248304 - 09 Dec 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2392
Abstract
This article proposes a measurement solution designed to monitor the instantaneous frequency in power systems. It uses a data acquisition module and a GPS receiver for time stamping and traceability. A Python-based module receives data, computes the frequency, and finally transfers the [...] Read more.
This article proposes a measurement solution designed to monitor the instantaneous frequency in power systems. It uses a data acquisition module and a GPS receiver for time stamping and traceability. A Python-based module receives data, computes the frequency, and finally transfers the measurement results to a database. The frequency is calculated with two different methods, which are compared in the article. The stored data is visualized using the Grafana platform, thus demonstrating its potential for comparing scientific data. The system as a whole constitutes an efficient, low-cost solution as a data acquisition system. Full article
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18 pages, 10828 KiB  
Article
Reconfigurable Power Quality Analyzer Applied to Hardware-in-Loop Test Bench
by Jahangir Badar, Saddaqat Ali, Hafiz Mudassir Munir, Veer Bhan, Syed Sabir Hussain Bukhari and Jong-Suk Ro
Energies 2021, 14(16), 5134; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14165134 - 19 Aug 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1620
Abstract
Integration of renewable energy resources and conventional grids leads to an increase in power quality issues. These power quality issues require different standards to be followed for accurate measurement and monitoring of various parameters of the power system. Conventional power quality analyzers (PQAs) [...] Read more.
Integration of renewable energy resources and conventional grids leads to an increase in power quality issues. These power quality issues require different standards to be followed for accurate measurement and monitoring of various parameters of the power system. Conventional power quality analyzers (PQAs) are programmed to a particular standard and cannot be reconfigured by the end user. Therefore, conventional PQAs cannot meet the challenges of a rapidly changing grid. In this regard, a Compact RIO-based (CRIO-based) PQA was proposed, that can be easily reprogrammed and cope with the challenges faced by conventional PQAs. The salient features of the proposed PQA are a high processing speed, interactive interface, and high-quality data-storage capacity. Moreover, unlike conventional PQAs, the proposed PQA can be monitored remotely via the internet. In this research, a hardware-in-loop (HIL) simulation is used for performing the power-quality assessment in a systematic manner. Power quality indices such as apparent power, power factor, harmonics, frequency disturbance, inrush current, voltage sag and voltage swell are considered for validating the performance of the proposed PQA against the Fluke’s PQA 43-B. Full article
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Review

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18 pages, 2123 KiB  
Review
Current Status and Future Trends of Power Quality Analysis
by Paula Remigio-Carmona, Juan-José González-de-la-Rosa, Olivia Florencias-Oliveros, José-María Sierra-Fernández, Javier Fernández-Morales, Manuel-Jesús Espinosa-Gavira, Agustín Agüera-Pérez and José-Carlos Palomares-Salas
Energies 2022, 15(7), 2328; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15072328 - 23 Mar 2022
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 2901
Abstract
In this article, a systematic literature review of 153 articles on power quality analysis in PV systems published in the last 20 years is presented. This provides readers with an overview on PQ trends in several fields related to instrumental techniques that are [...] Read more.
In this article, a systematic literature review of 153 articles on power quality analysis in PV systems published in the last 20 years is presented. This provides readers with an overview on PQ trends in several fields related to instrumental techniques that are being used in the smart grid to visualize the quality of the energy, establishing a solid literature base from which to start future research. A preliminary appreciation allows us to intuit that higher-order statistics are not implemented in measurement equipment and that traditional instrumentation is still used for the performance of measurement campaigns, not yielding the expected results since the information processed does not come from an electrical network from 20 years ago. Instead, current networks contain numerous coupled load effects; thus, new disturbances are not simple; they are usually complex events, the sum of several types of disturbances. Likewise, depending on the type of installation, the objective of the PQ analysis changes, either by detecting certain events or simply focusing on seeing the state of the network. Full article
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