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Emission Control Technology in Internal Combustion Engines

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A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "I2: Energy and Combustion Science".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 August 2024 | Viewed by 7755

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Andrzej Ziółkowski

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Guest Editor

Faculty of Civil Engineering and Transport, Poznan University of Technology, Poznan, Poland
Interests: exhaust emission; real driving emissions; energy recovery; combustion engines; heavy-duty vehicles
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Prof. Dr. Paweł Fuć

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Guest Editor

Prof. Dr. Piotr Lijewski

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Guest Editor

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

According to the data of World Health Organization, over 90% of the population worldwide is exposed to polluted air, which contributes to the death of 6 million people annually. The main pollutants are CO, CO₂, THC, particulate matter, methane and other derivatives generated as a result of combustion of fossil fuels. One of the anthropogenic sources of emissions are the exhaust gases of combustion engines used in vehicles and non-road equipment. As has been confirmed, transport is the largest consumer of oils and fossil fuel-derived products in the European Union. The greatest demand for these products comes from road transport that, in 2018, was responsible for the consumption of approx. 49% of crude oil in the EU member states. Numerous research works have confirmed the negative impact of combustion engines on the ecosystem. Transport, as one of the main sources of the emission of CO₂ (greenhouse gas) is responsible for a 30% burden of the atmosphere in the entire European Union, thus, contributing to the global increase in the temperature on the planet. The consequences of the global warming are manifested by weather anomalies, extreme weather events or rising of the sea levels, which can already be observed today. When analyzing and investigating the exhaust emissions from road transport one has to allow for the extensive range of vehicle types (passengers cars (PC), Heavy Duty Vehicles (HDV), Light Duty Vehicles (LDV), two-wheelers etc.) whose operating regimes and exhaust emissions vary widely. This is important when determining the actions aiming at reducing the emissions from road transport. Many scientific investigations have been devoted to the impact of combustion engines on the human health. Extensive work on the improvements in internal combustion engines must continue and the results must be made widely available.

This Special Issue aims to present original research papers on the latest technological advances and strategic analyses on emission control technology in internal combustion engines. Dear Colleagues, you are cordially invited to contribute to this work.

Dr. Andrzej Ziółkowski
Prof. Dr. Paweł Fuć
Prof. Dr. Piotr Lijewski
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

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Keywords

combustion engines
new trends of construction of combustion engines
fuel systems
exhaust emission
aftertreatment systems
real driving emissions
engine test bed tests
energy recovery
hybrid systems
alternative fuels
energy efficiency improvements
hydrogen technology
life-cycle assessment
marine powertrains
new emissions rules and standards
non-road mobile machineries

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

17 pages, 7624 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Chromatographic Analysis of the Chemical Composition of Exhaust Gas Samples from Urban Two-Wheeled Vehicles

by Natalia Szymlet, Łukasz Rymaniak and Beata Kurc

Energies 2024, 17(3), 709; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17030709 - 01 Feb 2024

Viewed by 535

Abstract

The subject of the article was the chemical analysis of gasoline and exhaust gas samples taken from an urban two-wheeled vehicle. The main aim of the work was to identify chemical compounds emitted by a group of urban two-wheeled vehicles depending on the engine’s operating parameters. First, engine operating parameters and driving parameters of three urban two-wheeled vehicles were measured in real operating conditions. Based on the averaged results, engine operating points were determined for exhaust gas samples that were collected into Tedlar bags. The exhaust gas composition of individual chemical substances obtained in the chromatographic separation process were subjected to a detailed analysis relating the engine operating point with their emission rate, with each individual component being assessed in terms of its impact on human health. The obtained qualitative analysis results indicated the presence of alkenes, alkanes, aliphatic aldehydes, and aromatic and cyclic hydrocarbons (cycloalkanes) in the tested samples. The experiments provided a variety of conclusions relating to the operating parameters of a two-wheeler engine. Qualitative assessment of exhaust samples showed that a two-wheeled vehicle was characterized by the most varying composition of BTX aromatic hydrocarbons derivatives, which are particularly dangerous to human health and life. Therefore, the authors suggest that in the future, approval procedures regarding toxic emissions should be extended to include chromatographic tests. The presented results are an extension of previous studies on toxic emissions from urban two-wheeled vehicles in real operating conditions that were published in other journals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emission Control Technology in Internal Combustion Engines)

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16 pages, 4172 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Feasibility Study of Exhaust Energy Recovery System for Mobile Carbon Capture Operations in Commercial Engines through 1D Simulation

by Seungchul Woo, Yusin Jeong and Kihyung Lee

Energies 2023, 16(24), 8025; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16248025 - 12 Dec 2023

Viewed by 669

Abstract

The global proportion of eco-friendly vehicles continues to increase; however, regarding hybrid vehicles, the vehicle powertrains in most countries include internal combustion engines. Therefore, research on reducing the carbon emissions from internal combustion engines must be conducted. Carbon capture technology must be developed for e-fuel, which has recently attracted attention, to achieve carbon neutrality. In this study, a turbo compound system capable of recovering waste exhaust gas energy was selected as the most appropriate energy supply system to operate a mobile carbon capture system. The feasibility was reviewed by analyzing the turbo compound speed, pressure drop, power generation, etc., using a one-dimensional simulation method. The maximum power generation of the configured turbo compound system was approximately 9 kW, and approximately 1–3 kW of energy could be recovered under medium speed and load conditions, which are the optimal operating conditions for a test engine with the displacement of a 4 L. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emission Control Technology in Internal Combustion Engines)

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25 pages, 10829 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Selection of a Particulate Filter for a Gasoline-Powered Vehicle Engine in Static and Dynamic Conditions

by Jacek Pielecha and Jerzy Merkisz

Energies 2023, 16(23), 7777; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16237777 - 26 Nov 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 565

Abstract

Current challenges in terms of exhaust emission limits are related to the reduction of the particle numbers in spark ignition direct injection engines. The article concerns the analysis of the thermodynamic parameters of engine operation, allowing the selection of the particulate filter configuration and its technical parameters. The designed system consisting of an internal combustion engine and an exhaust system with an exhaust gas treatment system should be sufficient to meet ecological requirements in the form of reducing particulate matter emissions. The analysis of particulate matter emissions for the system without a filter and with a filter installed in the engine exhaust system was carried out for the mass, number and dimensional distribution of particulate matter. The result was an assessment of filtration efficiency for the entire spectrum of particulate diameters in the identified engine operating ranges. As a result, it was found that the particulate filter used in the engine exhaust system effectively reduces the particle number due to the greater filtration efficiency of large particles. The summary of the work related to the analysis of the ecological parameters of a spark ignition engine with direct fuel injection was a simulation of road tests of a vehicle with the proposed modified vehicle exhaust system equipped with a particulate filter. For this configuration, the analysis of particulate number emissions in the parameterized engine operating areas showed that it is possible to meet the particulate number emission limits, and the obtained road emission results are fully acceptable in terms of the obtained absolute values. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emission Control Technology in Internal Combustion Engines)

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17 pages, 6954 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of the Energy Consumption and Exhaust Emissions between Hybrid and Conventional Vehicles, as Well as Electric Vehicles Fitted with a Range Extender

by Andrzej Ziółkowski, Paweł Fuć, Aleks Jagielski, Maciej Bednarek and Szymon Konieczka

Energies 2023, 16(12), 4669; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16124669 - 12 Jun 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1091

Abstract

The introduction of new Euro exhaust emission standards and CO₂ limits has forced carmakers to implement alternative hybrid and electric powertrains. We are observing a dynamic advancement of this sector. The authors’ primary motivation was to perform a series of measurements of the exhaust emissions and fuel mileages from vehicles fitted with hybrid, conventional and electric (range extender) powertrains. Three vehicles were used in the research project. The first one was a passenger car with a full hybrid powertrain. The vehicle was fitted with a 1.6 dm³ spark ignition engine. The second one was fitted with a 2.2 dm³ diesel engine. The third one was fitted with a 125 kW electric motor and a 28 kW combustion engine used as a range extender. The investigations were carried out according to the RDE (Real Driving Emission) methodology on a test route composed of urban, rural and highway portions. The test route was set in the Poznan agglomeration, and its distance was approx. 80 km. For the measurements, the authors used SEMTECH-DS from the PEMS (Portable Emissions Measurement System) equipment group. Based on the obtained results, the authors validated the test route in terms of the RDE compliance and determined the exhaust emissions and fuel mileages. The authors also analyzed the influence of the conditions of the measurements on the powertrain characteristics of each of the tested vehicles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emission Control Technology in Internal Combustion Engines)

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10 pages, 1955 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Testing the Indicators of Diesel Vehicles Operating on Diesel Oil and Diesel Biofuel

by Jonas Matijošius, Olga Orynycz, Sergii Kovbasenko, Vitalii Simonenko, Yevheniy Shuba, Valentyn Moroz, Serhiy Gutarevych, Andrzej Wasiak and Karol Tucki

Energies 2022, 15(24), 9263; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15249263 - 07 Dec 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1184

Abstract

The growth in the number of cars and the increasing demand for fuels require scientific work to develop alternative fuels. The energy crisis, which is becoming more and more evident, is not unimportant. The manuscript presents an analysis of the possibility of using agricultural biofuels to power a diesel engine. The analysis was carried out in relation to the operation of the engine on conventional fuels. The D-241 engine under investigation is mainly used for agricultural tractors. During the tests carried out, the load characteristics of the diesel engine under investigation were determined as a function of fuel type and speed. The concentrations of CO, HC and NO_x were analysed. Laboratory tests of the engine were carried out with a wide range of external loads to evaluate measurement errors for the measurement method. Experiments with the engine under investigation have shown that the hourly and specific biofuel consumption of diesel engines increases by an average of 11–16%. CO and NO_x concentrations were found to be lower with increasing load compared to conventional diesel engines, while NO_x concentrations are slightly increased. In all cases investigated, a decrease in exhaust development was observed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emission Control Technology in Internal Combustion Engines)

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21 pages, 14188 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Exhaust Emissions from Heavy-Duty Vehicles on Different Applications

by Andrzej Ziółkowski, Paweł Fuć, Piotr Lijewski, Aleks Jagielski, Maciej Bednarek and Władysław Kusiak

Energies 2022, 15(21), 7886; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15217886 - 24 Oct 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1585

Abstract

Emissions from the road transport sector are a major contributor to the climate change. Commonly used heavy vehicles powered by diesel engines emit toxic and harmful compounds that adversely affect the environment. For this reason, increasingly newer Euro emission standards are being introduced. Therefore, the emission performance of heavy-duty vehicles used in the transportation processes of diverse loads was investigated. The first research object was a set of vehicles equipped with a crane used for loading and unloading timber. The measurements were carried out in a specially designed research test reflecting the way the vehicle is used. It consisted of the drive to the loading site, the transport of timber to the destination and the processes of loading and unloading timber. The test route included driving on both unpaved forest roads and asphalt roads. The second research object was a set of vehicles used in long-distance road transport. The research route characterizing the traffic of vehicles from the cited group was selected here. There were three stages of the route–urban, extra-urban and highway. The whole trip was carried out with a load of 24,800 kg. The testing equipment consisted of SEMTECH DS and AVL Micro Soot Sensor devices belonging to the PEMS (Portable Emission Measurement System) group. Based on the obtained results, the influence of the operating conditions on the exhaust emissions and fuel consumption was determined. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emission Control Technology in Internal Combustion Engines)

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11 pages, 1664 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Particle Emissions from a Jet Engine Including Conditions of Afterburner Use

by Remigiusz Jasiński

Energies 2022, 15(20), 7696; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15207696 - 18 Oct 2022

Viewed by 1240

Abstract

Particle emissions from aircraft engines are mainly related to the emission of particles with very small diameters. The phenomena of the formation of particles in various operating conditions of turbine engines are known. However, it is difficult to find the results of research on the use of the afterburner in the literature. Increased aviation activity within military airports and situations such as air shows are associated with a very intense emission of particles, and pose a direct threat to human health. This article presents an analysis of particulate matter emissions from a military aircraft engine, with particular emphasis on operation with an afterburner. The parameters of the emission of particles determined were: PM Number Emissions Index (EI_N), Particle Number Emissions Intensity (E_N), PM Mass Emission Index (EI_M), PM Mass Emission Intensity (E_M), Differential Particle Number Emission Index, Differential Particle Volume Emission Index, and Differential Particle Mass Emission Index. The value of EI_N for the afterburner use was the lowest among the whole operation range of the engine and was equal to 1.3 × 10¹⁵ particles per kilogram. The use of an afterburner resulted in a sharp increase in the EI_M coefficient, which reached 670 mg/kg. Despite a very large increase in fuel consumption, the EI_M coefficient turned out to be over 60 times greater than in the case of 100% engine thrust. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emission Control Technology in Internal Combustion Engines)

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