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A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "F1: Electrical Power System".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 October 2023) | Viewed by 13633

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Dr. Bing Yan

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Guest Editor

Department of Electrical and Microelectronic Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY 14623, USA
Interests: power system optimization; grid integration of renewables (wind and solar); operation optimization of microgrids and distributed energy systems; scheduling of manufacturing systems; and mixed integer linear programming optimization

Dr. Marialaura Di Somma

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Guest Editor

Department of Energy Technologies and Renewable Sources, ENEA, Rome, Italy
Interests: design and operation optimization of distributed energy resources through multiobjective approaches; multienergy systems; microgrids and smart grid modeling and analysis; electricity markets; aggregators and demand response
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Jianxiao Wang

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Guest Editor

National Engineering Laboratory for Big Data Analysis and Applications, Peking University, Beijing, China
Interests: machine learning and data analytics; data pricing and electrity market; renewable-dominated smart grid planning and operation; electrolytic hydrogen and energy storage

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

We would like to invite you to submit to a Special Issue on power system operation and control, entitled “Power System Analysis Control and Operation”, in Energies.

Due to environmental concerns and fossil fuel issues, the implementation of renewable energy resources (RERs), energy storage resources (ESRs) and electric vehicles (EVs) in power systems has increased dramatically in many countries. Demand response allows end-users to reduce their electricity usage during peak hours. Given the above, the control and operation of power systems has become more and more challenging. What is more, sector coupling, which involves the combination of energy end-use and supply sectors, has gained attention worldwide. This technique can improve the efficiency and flexibility of the energy system as well as its reliability and adequacy. More integrated approaches to energy system operation are needed to foster the full potential of sector coupling.

To tackle the ever-increasing complexity of operation and control in modern and future smart power/energy grids, new architectures, models and algorithms are essential. This Special Issue aims to encourage researchers to address technical issues and research gaps in power/energy system integration.

Topics of interest for this Special Issue include, but are not limited to:

Power grid operation
- Integration of energy storage resources;
- Integration of distributed energy resources;
- Integration of renewables;
- Integration of electric vehicles;
- Demand response;
- Optimal power flows;
- Advanced operation optimization methods;
- Data analytics and forecasting methods for load and renewable generation;
- Grid reliability, sustainability, flexibility and resiliency.
Power system and other sectors
- Coordination of power systems and transportation sectors;
- Sector coupling solutions and benefits for power systems;
- Benefits of building flexibility for power system operation.

Dr. Bing Yan
Dr. Marialaura Di Somma
Dr. Jianxiao Wang
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Published Papers (11 papers)

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Research

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21 pages, 2836 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Data Capture Conditions Effect on Reverse Electrodialysis Process Using a DC Electronic Load

by Jesus Nahum Hernandez-Perez, Marco Antonio Hernández-Nochebuena, Jéssica González-Scott, Rosa de Guadalupe González-Huerta, José Luis Reyes-Rodríguez and Alfredo Ortiz

Energies 2023, 16(21), 7282; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16217282 - 26 Oct 2023

Viewed by 769

Abstract

Reverse electrodialysis (RED), an emerging membrane-based technology, harnesses salinity gradient energy for sustainable power generation. Accurate characterization of electrical parameters in RED stacks is crucial to monitoring its performance and exploring possible applications. In this study, a DC electronic load module (DCELM) is implemented in a constant current condition (CC mode) for characterization of lab scale RED process, using a RED prototype in-house designed and manufactured (RU1), at different data capture setups (DCS), on which the total number of steps for data capture (NS) and the number of measurements per step (ρ) are the parameters that were modified to study their effect on obtained electrical parameters in RED. NS of 10, 50, and 100 and ρ of 10 and 20 were used with this purpose. The accuracy of resulting current and voltage steps can be enhanced by increasing NS and ρ values, and according to obtained results, the higher accuracy of resulting output current and voltage steps, with low uncertainty of the average output steps (AOS) inside the operational region of power curve, was obtained using a DCS of NS = 100 and ρ = 20. The developed DCELM is a low-cost alternative to commercial electronic load devices, and the proposed methodology in this study represents an adaptative and optimizable CC mode characterization of RED process. The results obtained in this study suggest that data capture conditions have a direct influence of RED performance, and the accuracy of electrical parameters can be improved by optimizing the DCS parameters, according to the required specifications and the scale of RED prototypes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power System Analysis Control and Operation)

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16 pages, 4297 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electric Vehicle Fleet Management for a Prosumer Building with Renewable Generation

by Matteo Fresia and Stefano Bracco

Energies 2023, 16(20), 7213; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16207213 - 23 Oct 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 802

Abstract

The integration of renewable energy systems in buildings leads to a reduction in energy bills for end users and a reduction in the carbon footprint of such buildings, usually referred to as prosumers. In addition, the installation of charging points for the electric vehicles of people working or living in these buildings can further improve the energy efficiency of the whole system if innovative technologies, such as vehicle-to-building (V2B) technologies, are implemented. The aim of this paper is to present an Energy Management System (EMS) based on mathematical programming that has been developed to optimally manage a prosumer building equipped with photovoltaics, a micro wind turbine and several charging points for electric vehicles. Capabilities curves of renewable power plant inverters are modelled within the EMS, as well as the possibility to apply power curtailment and V2B. The use of V2B technology reduces the amount of electricity purchased from the public grid, while the use of smart inverters for the power plants allows zero reactive power to be drawn from the grid. Levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) is used to quantify curtailment costs, while penalties on reactive power absorption from the distribution network are evaluated in accordance with the current regulatory framework. Specifically, the model is applied to a prosumer building owned by the postal service in a large city in Italy. The paper reports the main results of the study and proposes a sensitivity analysis on the number of charging stations and vehicles, as well as on the consideration of different typical days characterized by different load and generation profiles. This paper also investigates how errors in forecasting energy production from renewable sources impact the optimal operation of the whole system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power System Analysis Control and Operation)

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20 pages, 6540 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Forecast of Operational Downtime of the Generating Units for Sediment Cleaning in the Water Intakes: A Case of the Jirau Hydropower Plant

by Lenio Prado, Jr., Marcelo Fonseca, José V. Bernardes, Jr., Mateus G. Santos, Edson C. Bortoni and Guilherme S. Bastos

Energies 2023, 16(17), 6354; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16176354 - 01 Sep 2023

Viewed by 686

Abstract

Hydropower plants (HPP) in the Amazon basin suffer from issues caused by trees and sediments carried by the river. The Jirau HPP, located in the occidental Amazon basin, is directly affected by high sediment transportation. These materials accumulate in the water intakes and obstruct the trash racks installed in the intake system to prevent the entry of materials. As a result, head losses negatively impact the efficiency of the generating units and the power production capacity. The HPP operation team must monitor these losses and take action timely to clear the intakes. One of the possible actions is to stop the GU to let the sediment settle down. Therefore, intelligent methods are required to predict the downtime for sediment settling and restoring operational functionality. Thus, this work proposes a technique that utilizes hidden Markov models and Bayesian networks to predict the fifty Jirau generation units’ downtime, thereby reducing their inactive time and providing methodologies for establishing operating rules. The model is based on accurate operational data extracted from the hydropower plant, which ensures greater fidelity to the daily operational reality of the plant. The results demonstrate the model’s effectiveness and indicate the extent of the impact on downtime under varying sediment levels and when neighboring units are generating or inactive. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power System Analysis Control and Operation)

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12 pages, 1404 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Environment-Friendly Power Scheduling Based on Deep Contextual Reinforcement Learning

by Awol Seid Ebrie, Chunhyun Paik, Yongjoo Chung and Young Jin Kim

Energies 2023, 16(16), 5920; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16165920 - 10 Aug 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 775

Abstract

A novel approach to power scheduling is introduced, focusing on minimizing both economic and environmental impacts. This method utilizes deep contextual reinforcement learning (RL) within an agent-based simulation environment. Each generating unit is treated as an independent, heterogeneous agent, and the scheduling dynamics are formulated as Markov decision processes (MDPs). The MDPs are then used to train a deep RL model to determine optimal power schedules. The performance of this approach is evaluated across various power systems, including both small-scale and large-scale systems with up to 100 units. The results demonstrate that the proposed method exhibits superior performance and scalability in handling power systems with a larger number of units. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power System Analysis Control and Operation)

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14 pages, 2911 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimal Scheduling of Virtual Power Plant with Flexibility Margin Considering Demand Response and Uncertainties

by Yetuo Tan, Yongming Zhi, Zhengbin Luo, Honggang Fan, Jun Wan and Tao Zhang

Energies 2023, 16(15), 5833; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16155833 - 07 Aug 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1120

Abstract

The emission reduction of global greenhouse gases is one of the key steps towards sustainable development. Demand response utilizes the resources of the demand side as an alternative of power supply which is very important for the power network balance, and the virtual power plant (VPP) could overcome barriers to participate in the electricity market. In this paper, the optimal scheduling of a VPP with a flexibility margin considering demand response and uncertainties is proposed. Compared with a conventional power plant, the cost models of VPPs considering the impact of uncertainty and the operation constraints considering demand response and flexibility margin characteristics are constructed. The orderly charging and discharging strategy for electric vehicles considering user demands and interests is introduced in the demand response. The research results show that the method can reduce the charging cost for users participating in reverse power supply using a VPP. The optimizing strategy could prevent overload, complete load transfer, and realize peak shifting and valley filling, solving the problems of the new peak caused by disorderly power utilization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power System Analysis Control and Operation)

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19 pages, 1390 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characterizing the Wake Effects on Wind Power Generator Operation by Data-Driven Techniques

by Davide Astolfi, Fabrizio De Caro and Alfredo Vaccaro

Energies 2023, 16(15), 5818; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16155818 - 05 Aug 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1071

Abstract

Wakes between neighboring wind turbines are a significant source of energy loss in wind farm operations. Extensive research has been conducted to analyze and understand wind turbine wakes, ranging from aerodynamic descriptions to advanced control strategies. However, there is a relatively overlooked research area focused on characterizing real-world wind farm operations under wake conditions using Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA) parameters. This study aims to address this gap by presenting a detailed discussion based on SCADA data analysis from a real-world test case. The analysis focuses on two selected wind turbines within an onshore wind farm operating under wake conditions. Operation curves and data-driven methods are utilized to describe the turbines’ performance. Particularly, the analysis of the operation curves reveals that a wind turbine operating within a wake experiences reduced power production not only due to the velocity deficit but also due to increased turbulence intensity caused by the wake. This effect is particularly prominent during partial load operation when the rotational speed saturates. The turbulence intensity, manifested in the variability of rotational speed and blade pitch, emerges as the crucial factor determining the extent of wake-induced power loss. The findings indicate that turbulence intensity is strongly correlated with the proximity of the wind direction to the center of the wake sector. However, it is important to consider that these two factors may convey slightly different information, possibly influenced by terrain effects. Therefore, both turbulence intensity and wind direction should be taken into account to accurately describe the behavior of wind turbines operating within wakes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power System Analysis Control and Operation)

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14 pages, 2298 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Use of Park’s Vector Method for Monitoring the Rotor Condition of an Induction Motor as a Part of the Built-In Diagnostic System of Electric Drives of Transport

by Oleg Gubarevych, Juraj Gerlici, Oleksandr Kravchenko, Inna Melkonova and Olha Melnyk

Energies 2023, 16(13), 5109; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16135109 - 02 Jul 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1387

Abstract

The article is devoted to the use of Park’s vector method for operational control of the rotor condition of induction motors of traction and auxiliary drives of railway rolling stock. In the course of the analysis, it was established that in order to increase the reliability and efficiency of the operation of vehicles, it is necessary to improve and implement diagnostic systems for monitoring the current state of the most damaged elements of induction electric motors built into the drive. This paper presents the development of a new approach to monitoring the state of a squirrel-cage rotor, which is based on the use of Park’s vector approach. In the course of the research, the issue of taking into account the asymmetric power supply of the engine during the diagnostic period during industrial operation was solved, which affects the accuracy of determining the degree of damage to the rotor. On the basis of the conducted research, the algorithm of the module for diagnosing the state of the squirrel-cage rotor of an induction motor has been developed for practical use in the built-in on-board systems of vehicles, which allows us to determine the degree of damage and monitor the development of the rotor defect during operation, including in automated mode. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power System Analysis Control and Operation)

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18 pages, 3026 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Static Voltage Stability Zoning Analysis Based on a Sensitivity Index Reflecting the Influence Degree of Photovoltaic Power Output on Voltage Stability

by Sheng Li, Yuting Lu and Yulin Ge

Energies 2023, 16(6), 2808; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16062808 - 17 Mar 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1194

Abstract

The large-scale integration of photovoltaic (PV) power can bring a greatly negative influence on the grid-connected system’s voltage stability. To study the static voltage stability (SVS) of PV grid-connected systems, the traditional SVS index, L-index, was re-examined. It was firstly derived and proved that the PV active output P_pv is proportional to the voltage phase angle of the PV station’s POI (Point of Interconnection), based on a simplified two-node system integrated with a PV station operating in PV (active power—voltage) mode or PQ (active power—reactive power) mode with unit power factor. Then a novel voltage stability sensitivity index LPAS-index was proposed that takes the derivative of the L-index with respect to the POI’s voltage phase angle, so as to reflect the influence degree of P_pv on the SVS of each load node. A SVS zoning analysis method for the PV grid-connected system was designed according to the classification results of load nodes based on the proposed LPAS-index, the power grid can be zoned into three kinds of areas that reflect different correlations between the SVS and P_pv: strong correlation, moderate correlation and weak correlation. Since the LPAS-index is less impacted by P_pv, the SVS zoning results are relatively unchanged. On the basis of a classic 14-node system with PV, the practicability of the zoning analysis method was verified. The simulation results show that the PV access point in general falls within the strongly or moderately associated area with P_pv. When most of the load nodes fall within the weakly associated area with P_pv, it is not necessary to consider the impact of P_pv and load power is still the main influencing factor on the SVS. In the multi-PV case, owing to the expansion of areas more affected by P_pv, an excessive P_pv can cause adverse influence on the SVS of the whole power grid; and an effective PV power-shedding measure is proposed to solve this problem. The proposed SVS zoning analysis method can be used for reference by power grid dispatchers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power System Analysis Control and Operation)

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18 pages, 6504 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Comprehensive Tool for Scenario Generation of Solar Irradiance Profiles

by Amedeo Buonanno, Martina Caliano, Marialaura Di Somma, Giorgio Graditi and Maria Valenti

Energies 2022, 15(23), 8830; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15238830 - 23 Nov 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1270

Abstract

Despite their positive effects on the decarbonization of energy systems, renewable energy sources can dramatically influence the short-term scheduling of distributed energy resources (DER) in smart grids due to their intermittent and non-programmable nature. Renewables’ uncertainties need to be properly considered in order to avoid DER operation strategies that may deviate from the optimal ones. This paper presents a comprehensive tool for the scenario generation of solar irradiance profiles by using historical data for a specific location. The tool is particularly useful for creating scenarios in the context of the stochastic operation optimization of DER systems. Making use of the Roulette Wheel mechanism for generating an initial set of scenarios, the tool applies a reduction process based on the Fast-Forward method, which allows the preservation of the most representative ones while reducing the computational efforts in the next potential stochastic optimization phase. From the application of the proposed tool to a numerical case study, it emerged that plausible scenarios are generated for solar irradiance profiles to be used as input for DER stochastic optimization purposes. Moreover, the high flexibility of the proposed tool allows the estimation of the behavior of the stochastic operation optimization of DER in the presence of more fluctuating but plausible solar irradiance patterns. A sensitivity analysis has also been carried out to evaluate the impact of key parameters, such as the number of regions, a metric, and a specific parameter used for the outlier removal process on the generated solar irradiance profiles, by showing their influence on their smoothness and variability. The results of this analysis are found to be particularly suitable to guide users in the definition of scenarios with specific characteristics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power System Analysis Control and Operation)

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Review

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46 pages, 3847 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Comprehensive Review of the Design and Operation Optimization of Energy Hubs and Their Interaction with the Markets and External Networks

by Christina Papadimitriou, Marialaura Di Somma, Chrysanthos Charalambous, Martina Caliano, Valeria Palladino, Andrés Felipe Cortés Borray, Amaia González-Garrido, Nerea Ruiz and Giorgio Graditi

Energies 2023, 16(10), 4018; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16104018 - 10 May 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2476

Abstract

The European Union’s vision for energy transition not only foresees decarbonization of the electricity sector, but also requires commitment across different sectors such as gas, heating, and cooling through an integrated approach. It also sets local energy communities at the center of the energy transition as a bottom-up approach to achieve these ambitious decarbonization goals. The energy hub is seen as a promising conceptual model to foster the optimization of multi-carrier energy systems and cross-sectoral interaction. Especially in the context of local energy communities, the energy hub concept can enable the optimal design, management, and control of future integrated and digitalized networks where multiple energy carriers operate seamlessly and in complementarity with each other. In that sense, the optimal design and operation of energy hubs are of critical importance, especially under the effect of multiple objectives taking on board not only technical, but also other aspects that would enable the sustainability of local energy communities, such as economic and environmental. This paper aims to provide an in-depth review of the literature surrounding the existing state-of-the-art approaches that are related to the design and operation optimization of energy hubs by also exploring their interaction with the external network and multiple markets. As the planning and operation of an energy hub is a multifaceted research topic, this paper covers issues such as the different optimization methods, optimization problems formulation including objective functions and constraints, and the hubs’ optimal market participation, including flexibility mechanisms. By systematizing the existing literature, this paper highlights any limitations of the approaches so far and identifies the need for further research and enhancement of the existing approaches. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power System Analysis Control and Operation)

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Other

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9 pages, 1126 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

Discussion on Incentive Compatibility of Multi-Period Temporal Locational Marginal Pricing

by Farhan Hyder, Bing Yan, Peter Luh, Mikhail Bragin, Jinye Zhao, Feng Zhao, Dane Schiro and Tongxin Zheng

Energies 2023, 16(13), 4977; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16134977 - 27 Jun 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 647

Abstract

In real-time electricity markets, locational marginal prices (LMPs) can be determined by solving multi-interval economic dispatch problems to manage inter-temporal constraints (i.e., ramp rates). Under the current practice, the LMPs for the immediate interval are binding, while the prices for the subsequent intervals are advisory signals. However, a generator may miss the opportunity for higher profits, and compensatory uplift payments are needed at the settlement. To address these issues, the “temporal locational marginal pricing (TLMP)” that augments LMP by incorporating multipliers associated with generators’ reported ramp rates was developed. It was demonstrated that it would result in zero uplift payments, showing great potential as a good pricing scheme. Numerical examples also showed that “the generators had incentives to reveal their ramp rates truthfully”. In this paper, the incentive compatibility of TLMP with respect to ramp-rate reporting is discussed. Our idea is to develop numerical examples to investigate whether reporting the true ramp rates is the best option for generators. The results indicate that TLMP is not incentive compatible, and there are market-clearing scenarios where not reporting true ramp rates may be beneficial. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power System Analysis Control and Operation)

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