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Electronics
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High-Performance Antenna Design and Applications
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High-Performance Antenna Design and Applications

A special issue of Electronics (ISSN 2079-9292). This special issue belongs to the section "Microwave and Wireless Communications".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 August 2022) | Viewed by 17571

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Iván González

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Computer Science, University of Alcalá, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
Interests: numerical methods applied to electromagnetics: rigorous and asymptotic, computational geometry; optimization techniques; design, analysis and optimization of antennas
Prof. Dr. Lorena Lozano Plata

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Computer Science, University of Alcalá, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
Interests: numerical methods and ray-tracing techniques applied to electromagnetic problems; optimization techniques; design, analysis and optimization of antennas

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue is intended to present research and scholarly papers related to “High-Performance Antenna Design and Applications”. Nowadays, most of the new electromagnetic applications that are being designed require high-performance antennas; hence, there is a substantial need for this kind of antenna. Therefore, there is a vast range of applications where this kind of antenna is used, covering a wide range of frequency bands from VHF to millimeter-wave. Likewise, novel numerical methods developed for the analysis and design of this kind of antenna are welcome.

The topics covered in this Special Issue include, but are not limited to, analysis, design, and optimization of antennas for new emerging applications, such as:

  • Radar antennas.
  • Automotive applications related to autonomous vehicular.
  • Communications V2X: safe driving, positioning, navigation, locations.
  • Mobile communications: 5G networks, etc.
  • Medical services.
  • Antenna design for IoT.
  • GNSS applications.
  • Aerospace applications.

We invite contributions related to this Special Issue from experimentalists and theorists to submit their high-quality manuscripts for publication.

Prof. Iván González
Prof. Dr. Lorena Lozano Plata
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Electronics is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • High-performance antenna
  • Antenna analysis, design and optimization
  • Novel numerical techniques applied to antenna design
  • Implementing and developing new applications

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

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16 pages, 8554 KiB  
Article
Development of Metamaterial Inspired Non-Uniform Circular Array Superstate Antenna Using Characteristic Mode Analysis
by Kothakonda Durga Bhavani, Boddapati Taraka Phani Madhav, Sudipta Das, Niamat Hussain, Syed Samser Ali and Kommanaboyina Vasu Babu
Electronics 2022, 11(16), 2517; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11162517 - 11 Aug 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1614
Abstract
In this work, using characteristic mode analysis, a multi-layered nonuniform metasurface structured antenna has been optimized. The driven patch of square structure and the parasitic patch elements of circular radiating cross-slotted meta-structure are used in the proposed model. The modal significance characteristic angles [...] Read more.
In this work, using characteristic mode analysis, a multi-layered nonuniform metasurface structured antenna has been optimized. The driven patch of square structure and the parasitic patch elements of circular radiating cross-slotted meta-structure are used in the proposed model. The modal significance characteristic angles and surface currents are analyzed based on characteristic mode to optimize the nonuniform structures. The antenna is resonating between 5.5–6.1 GHz, covering WLAN applications with an average gain of 7.9 dBi and efficiency greater than 90%. Transient mode, terminal mode, and eigenmode-based analyses are performed on the proposed design, and comparative analysis has been presented in this work. The prototype model fabrication and real-time measurement analysis with simulation results matching are presented for application validation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue High-Performance Antenna Design and Applications)
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22 pages, 6043 KiB  
Article
A New Beamforming Approach Using 60 GHz Antenna Arrays for Multi-Beams 5G Applications
by Mohammed A. G. Al-Sadoon, Mohammad N. Patwary, Yasser Zahedi, Naser Ojaroudi Parchin, Ahmad Aldelemy and Raed A. Abd-Alhameed
Electronics 2022, 11(11), 1739; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11111739 - 30 May 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3150
Abstract
Recent studies and research have centred on new solutions in different elements and stages to the increasing energy and data rate demands for the fifth generation and beyond (B5G). Based on a new-efficient digital beamforming approach for 5G wireless communication networks, this work [...] Read more.
Recent studies and research have centred on new solutions in different elements and stages to the increasing energy and data rate demands for the fifth generation and beyond (B5G). Based on a new-efficient digital beamforming approach for 5G wireless communication networks, this work offers a compact-size circular patch antenna operating at 60 GHz and covering a 4 GHz spectrum bandwidth. Massive Multiple Input Multiple Output (M–MIMO) and beamforming technology build and simulate an active multiple beams antenna system. Thirty-two linear and sixty-four planar antenna array configurations are modelled and constructed to work as base stations for 5G mobile communication networks. Furthermore, a new beamforming approach called Projection Noise Correlation Matrix (PNCM) is presented to compute and optimise the fed weights of the array elements. The key idea of the PNCM method is to sample a portion of the measured noise correlation matrix uniformly in order to provide the best representation of the entire measured matrix. The sampled data will then be utilised to build a projected matrix using the pseudoinverse approach in order to determine the best fit solution for a system and prevent any potential singularities caused by the matrix inversion process. The PNCM is a low-complexity method since it avoids eigenvalue decomposition and computing the entire matrix inversion procedure and does not require including signal and interference correlation matrices in the weight optimisation process. The suggested approach is compared to three standard beamforming methods based on an intensive Monte Carlo simulation to demonstrate its advantage. The experiment results reveal that the proposed method delivers the best Signal to Interference Ratio (SIR) augmentation among the compared beamformers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue High-Performance Antenna Design and Applications)
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13 pages, 22208 KiB  
Article
An Optimal Procedure for the Design of Discrete Constrained Lens Antennas with Minimized Optical Aberrations. Part III: Three-Dimensional Architectures with an Extended Field of View
by Giovanni Toso and Piero Angeletti
Electronics 2022, 11(5), 687; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11050687 - 23 Feb 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1101
Abstract
In this paper, an innovative procedure is proposed for the design of three-dimensional discrete lens antennas characterized by an extended field of view. While in a companion paper the design procedure was based on the definition of multifocal constrained lenses and on their [...] Read more.
In this paper, an innovative procedure is proposed for the design of three-dimensional discrete lens antennas characterized by an extended field of view. While in a companion paper the design procedure was based on the definition of multifocal constrained lenses and on their evolution in rotationally symmetric ones, in this paper, lenses are assumed from the beginning to be rotationally symmetric and are derived by enforcing minimized optical aberrations specifically for the largest scanning directions. It is shown that, for discrete lenses exhibiting a feeding array with a cross section, projected in a plane perpendicular to the main lens axis, larger as compared to the back lens cross section, there are significant improvements (15–20%) in terms of maximum aberrations and, at the same time, similar or slightly improved accommodation in terms of volume can be obtained as compared to the architectures considered in the companion paper. Because of this property, the proposed lens antennas may be particularly useful in emerging applications requiring an extended field of view. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue High-Performance Antenna Design and Applications)
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23 pages, 7157 KiB  
Article
An Optimal Procedure for the Design of Discrete Constrained Lens Antennas with Minimized Optical Aberrations. Part II: Three-Dimensional Multifocal Architectures
by Giovanni Toso and Piero Angeletti
Electronics 2022, 11(3), 503; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11030503 - 08 Feb 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1678
Abstract
Novel three-dimensional discrete lens antennas characterized by a number of focal points ranging from one to five and defined explicitly via analytical equations are presented in the paper. A procedure to derive rotationally symmetric afocal lenses starting from multifocal lenses that are not [...] Read more.
Novel three-dimensional discrete lens antennas characterized by a number of focal points ranging from one to five and defined explicitly via analytical equations are presented in the paper. A procedure to derive rotationally symmetric afocal lenses starting from multifocal lenses that are not rotationally symmetric is proposed as well. In addition, an innovative method to identify the focal surface minimizing the optical aberrations is derived. The lenses are compared in terms of optical aberrations and accommodation constraints. The most suitable lens architectures depend mainly on the required angular field of view and magnification factor. It is shown that a reduction by a factor close to 3 in the optical aberrations can be obtained when selecting the most appropriate lens architecture and keeping comparable accommodation constraints. The results, derived exploiting a geometrical optics (GO) formulation, provide useful indications for the preliminary design of constrained lens antennas before adopting full wave rigorous techniques. Three-dimensional discrete lens antennas can offer significant advantages as compared to conventional analog beamforming networks (as those based on Butler matrixes) in terms of frequency bandwidth, number of beams and number of radiating elements. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue High-Performance Antenna Design and Applications)
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21 pages, 22080 KiB  
Article
An Optimal Procedure for the Design of Discrete Constrained Lens Antennas with Minimized Optical Aberrations. Part I: Two-Dimensional Architectures
by Giovanni Toso and Piero Angeletti
Electronics 2022, 11(3), 493; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11030493 - 08 Feb 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1363
Abstract
Despite to the significant literature available on the design and applications of two-dimensional constrained lens antennas, and in particular on the Rotman–Turner lens, a rigorous study focused on the minimization of optical aberrations does not seem to be available. A general procedure for [...] Read more.
Despite to the significant literature available on the design and applications of two-dimensional constrained lens antennas, and in particular on the Rotman–Turner lens, a rigorous study focused on the minimization of optical aberrations does not seem to be available. A general procedure for the design of two-dimensional bootlace lens antennas with a flat front profile is proposed in this paper. For the 3-foci lens, the best performance is achievable when, in addition to the three nominal focal points, two additional symmetric quasi foci are present. For the 4-foci lens the best performance is obtained when the presence of one additional quasi focus on the lens axis is guaranteed. Both the 3- and 4-foci lenses, when optimized, converge to the same configuration which exhibits aberrations following a Chebyshev-like behavior and guarantees quasi 5 foci. The optimized lens architecture is such that, for every scanning angle, the aberrations in the two extreme points are the most significant and exhibit opposite values. Any variation from this optimal condition implies increased aberrations. Although a 5-foci lens with flat front profile cannot be derived, one quasi-5-foci lens is derived asymptotically starting from two completely different lens architectures. A maximization of the number of foci combined with a rigorous derivation of the focal curve turned to be the key driver to identify an optimal two-dimensional bootlace lens. The quasi 5-foci lens presented can be considered the optimum Rotman–Turner lens in terms of optical aberrations allowing to reduce the optical aberrations by about one order of magnitude as compared to the best results available in the literature. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue High-Performance Antenna Design and Applications)
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12 pages, 5052 KiB  
Article
Parametric Analysis of Linear Periodic Arrays Generating Flat-Top Beams
by Piero Angeletti, Giulia Buttazzoni, Giovanni Toso and Roberto Vescovo
Electronics 2021, 10(20), 2452; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics10202452 - 09 Oct 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1342
Abstract
Several synthesis techniques are available to optimize amplitude and phase excitations of periodic linear arrays to generate flat-top beams. Clearly, the optimal tapering depends on design parameters such as the array length, the number of array elements, the beam flatness, the beam width, [...] Read more.
Several synthesis techniques are available to optimize amplitude and phase excitations of periodic linear arrays to generate flat-top beams. Clearly, the optimal tapering depends on design parameters such as the array length, the number of array elements, the beam flatness, the beam width, the side lobe levels, and others. In this paper, in order to derive useful guidelines and rule of thumb for the synthesis of periodic array antennas, relations between these parameters are derived employing linear programming techniques, which guarantee optimality of the solutions. Such relations are then plotted and used in some design examples. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue High-Performance Antenna Design and Applications)
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Review

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23 pages, 3453 KiB  
Review
Application of Machine Learning in Electromagnetics: Mini-Review
by Md. Samiul Islam Sagar, Hassna Ouassal, Asif I. Omi, Anna Wisniewska, Harikrishnan M. Jalajamony, Renny E. Fernandez and Praveen K. Sekhar
Electronics 2021, 10(22), 2752; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics10222752 - 11 Nov 2021
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 6111
Abstract
As an integral part of the electromagnetic system, antennas are becoming more advanced and versatile than ever before, thus making it necessary to adopt new techniques to enhance their performance. Machine Learning (ML), a branch of artificial intelligence, is a method of data [...] Read more.
As an integral part of the electromagnetic system, antennas are becoming more advanced and versatile than ever before, thus making it necessary to adopt new techniques to enhance their performance. Machine Learning (ML), a branch of artificial intelligence, is a method of data analysis that automates analytical model building with minimal human intervention. The potential for ML to solve unpredictable and non-linear complex challenges is attracting researchers in the field of electromagnetics (EM), especially in antenna and antenna-based systems. Numerous antenna simulations, synthesis, and pattern recognition of radiations as well as non-linear inverse scattering-based object identifications are now leveraging ML techniques. Although the accuracy of ML algorithms depends on the availability of sufficient data and expert handling of the model and hyperparameters, it is gradually becoming the desired solution when researchers are aiming for a cost-effective solution without excessive time consumption. In this context, this paper aims to present an overview of machine learning, and its applications in Electromagnetics, including communication, radar, and sensing. It extensively discusses recent research progress in the development and use of intelligent algorithms for antenna design, synthesis and analysis, electromagnetic inverse scattering, synthetic aperture radar target recognition, and fault detection systems. It also provides limitations of this emerging field of study. The unique aspect of this work is that it surveys the state-of the art and recent advances in ML techniques as applied to EM. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue High-Performance Antenna Design and Applications)
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