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Diversity
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Fungal Diversity
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Fungal Diversity

A special issue of Diversity (ISSN 1424-2818). This special issue belongs to the section "Microbial Diversity and Culture Collections".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 June 2020) | Viewed by 23880

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Sunshine A. Van Bael

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Tulane University, 6823 St Charles Ave, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
Interests: endophytic fungi; mycorrhizal fungi; plant–animal–fungal interactions; coastal ecology; tropical ecology

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The Diversity Journal is about to launch a Special Issue dedicated to Fungal Diversity.
Fungi play key roles at two levels of organization: in communities, fungi are symbionts of plants and animals, while in ecosystems, fungi are decomposers that recycle nutrients to other organisms. Connections occur between the community and ecosystem levels, however, as some symbioses result in nutrient acquisition to increase primary productivity. As fungi interact with diverse hosts and substrates, Kingdom Fungi encompass high levels of diversity, with recent estimates that range from 2.2 to 3.8 million species on the planet (Hawksworth and Lücking 2017). In this Special Issue, trends in fungal diversity are described, as well as empirical demonstrations of how fungal diversity functions at the population, community, and ecosystem levels. For example, at the community level, the outcome of fungal symbioses can range along a spectrum from parasitic to mutualistic for the host. Submissions to this Special Issue can include discussions of fungal species diversity, genotypic diversity or functional diversity in any habitat type or experimental/observational setting. Increasing our understanding of fungal diversity will aid in outlining the challenges involved in fungal conservation.

Hawksworth, D. L.; Lücking, R. Fungal diversity revisited: 2.2 to 3.8 million species. Microbiology Spectrum 2017; 5, doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.FUNK-0052-2016.

Dr. Sunshine A. Van Bael
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Diversity is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Ascomycota
  • Basidiomycota
  • community ecology
  • diversity
  • endophytic fungi
  • functional diversity
  • fungal biology
  • host–fungal interactions
  • mycorrhizal fungi

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Editorial

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2 pages, 157 KiB  
Editorial
Fungal Diversity
by Sunshine A. Van Bael
Diversity 2020, 12(11), 437; https://doi.org/10.3390/d12110437 - 19 Nov 2020
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3056
Abstract
Fungi play key roles at two levels of ecological organization: in communities, fungi are symbionts of plants and animals, while in ecosystems, fungi are decomposers that recycle nutrients to other organisms [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fungal Diversity)

Research

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15 pages, 1591 KiB  
Article
Relationships between Foliar Fungal Endophyte Communities and Ecophysiological Traits of CAM and C3 Epiphytic Bromeliads in a Neotropical Rainforest
by Peter H. Tellez, Carrie L. Woods, Stephen Formel and Sunshine A. Van Bael
Diversity 2020, 12(10), 378; https://doi.org/10.3390/d12100378 - 30 Sep 2020
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3169
Abstract
Vascular epiphytes contribute up to 35% of the plant diversity and foliar biomass of flowering plants. The family Bromeliaceae is a monophyletic group of plants native to the Neotropics. Epiphytic bromeliads form associations with distinct groups of organisms but their relationship with foliar [...] Read more.
Vascular epiphytes contribute up to 35% of the plant diversity and foliar biomass of flowering plants. The family Bromeliaceae is a monophyletic group of plants native to the Neotropics. Epiphytic bromeliads form associations with distinct groups of organisms but their relationship with foliar fungal endophytes remain underexplored. In this study we examined the relationship of foliar fungal endophytes to host photosynthetic pathways and associated ecophysiological traits. We sampled the fungal endophyte communities of 67 host individuals in six epiphytic bromeliad species differing in C3 and crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) photosynthetic pathways. We tested whether endophyte assemblages were associated with ecophysiological leaf traits related to host photosynthetic pathways. Our results indicate that (1) C3 and CAM bromeliads host dissimilar endophyte assemblages, (2) endophyte communities in C3 bromeliads are characterized by variable relative abundances of fungal orders; conversely, CAM associated endophyte communities were characterized by consistent relative abundances of fungal orders, and (3) endophyte communities in bromeliads are distributed along a continuum of leaf toughness and leaf water content. Taken together, our study suggests that host physiology and associated ecophysiological traits of epiphytic bromeliads may represent biotic filters for communities of fungal endophytes in the tropics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fungal Diversity)
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16 pages, 2528 KiB  
Article
Phragmites australis Associates with Belowground Fungal Communities Characterized by High Diversity and Pathogen Abundance
by Carolyn S. Schroeder, Susannah Halbrook, Christina Birnbaum, Paweł Waryszak, William Wilber and Emily C. Farrer
Diversity 2020, 12(9), 363; https://doi.org/10.3390/d12090363 - 22 Sep 2020
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4500
Abstract
Microbial symbionts are gaining attention as crucial drivers of invasive species spread and dominance. To date, much research has quantified the net effects of plant–microbe interactions on the relative success of native and invasive species. However, little is known about how the structure [...] Read more.
Microbial symbionts are gaining attention as crucial drivers of invasive species spread and dominance. To date, much research has quantified the net effects of plant–microbe interactions on the relative success of native and invasive species. However, little is known about how the structure (composition and diversity) of microbial symbionts can differ among native and invasive species, or vary across the invasive landscape. Here, we explore the structure of endosphere and soil fungal communities associated with a monoculture-forming widespread invader, Phragmites australis, and co-occurring native species. Using field survey data from marshes in coastal Louisiana, we tested three hypotheses: (1) Phragmites australis root and soil fungal communities differ from that of co-occurring natives, (2) Phragmites australis monocultures harbor distinct fungal communities at the expanding edge compared to the monodominant center, and (3) proximity to the P. australis invading front alters native root endosphere and soil fungal community structure. We found that P. australis cultivates root and soil fungal communities with higher richness, diversity, and pathogen abundances compared to native species. While P. australis was found to have higher endosphere pathogen abundances at its expanding edge compared to the monodominant center, we found no evidence of compositional changes or pathogen spillover in native species in close proximity to the invasion front. This work suggests that field measurements of fungal endosphere communities in native and invasive plants are useful to help understand (or rule out) mechanisms of invasion. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fungal Diversity)
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21 pages, 5068 KiB  
Article
Dark Septate Endophytic Fungi Associated with Sugarcane Plants Cultivated in São Paulo, Brazil
by Rosalba Ortega Fors, Camila Maistro Patreze, Ricardo Luis Louro Berbara, Marco Aurélio Carbone Carneiro and Orivaldo José Saggin-Júnior
Diversity 2020, 12(9), 351; https://doi.org/10.3390/d12090351 - 14 Sep 2020
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3582
Abstract
Dark septate endophytes (DSEs) constitute a polyphyletic group within the Ascomycota, with global distribution and a wide range of host plant species. The present study evaluated the diversity of DSE in sugarcane roots of the varieties RB867515, RB966928, and RB92579, and four varieties [...] Read more.
Dark septate endophytes (DSEs) constitute a polyphyletic group within the Ascomycota, with global distribution and a wide range of host plant species. The present study evaluated the diversity of DSE in sugarcane roots of the varieties RB867515, RB966928, and RB92579, and four varieties of not commercialized energy cane. A total of 16 DSE strains were isolated, mostly from the varieties RB966928 and RB867515, with six and five isolates, respectively. Just one of the four energy cane varieties had fungi with DSE appearance. The analyses of the DNA sequences from the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and the large subunit (LSU), in association with the micromorphology of the isolates, allowed the differentiation of the 16 isolates in at least five species, within the families Periconiaceae, Pleosporaceae, Lentitheciaceae, Vibrisseaceae, and Apiosporaceae and the orders Pleosporales, Helotiales, and Xylariales. The order Pleosporales represented 80% of the isolates, and the species Periconia macrospinosa, with six isolates, accounted for the highest isolation frequency. The results confirm the natural occurrence of the DSE symbiosis in sugarcane varieties and the generalist character of these fungi as some of the detected species have already been reported associated with other host plants, ecosystems, and regions of the world. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fungal Diversity)
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17 pages, 1398 KiB  
Article
Diversity and Structure of Soil Fungal Communities across Experimental Everglades Tree Islands
by Brianna K. Almeida, Michael S. Ross, Susana L. Stoffella, Jay P. Sah, Eric Cline, Fred Sklar and Michelle E. Afkhami
Diversity 2020, 12(9), 324; https://doi.org/10.3390/d12090324 - 25 Aug 2020
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2984
Abstract
Fungi play prominent roles in ecosystem services (e.g., nutrient cycling, decomposition) and thus have increasingly garnered attention in restoration ecology. However, it is unclear how most management decisions impact fungal communities, making it difficult to protect fungal diversity and utilize fungi to improve [...] Read more.
Fungi play prominent roles in ecosystem services (e.g., nutrient cycling, decomposition) and thus have increasingly garnered attention in restoration ecology. However, it is unclear how most management decisions impact fungal communities, making it difficult to protect fungal diversity and utilize fungi to improve restoration success. To understand the effects of restoration decisions and environmental variation on fungal communities, we sequenced soil fungal microbiomes from 96 sites across eight experimental Everglades tree islands approximately 15 years after restoration occurred. We found that early restoration decisions can have enduring consequences for fungal communities. Factors experimentally manipulated in 2003–2007 (e.g., type of island core) had significant legacy effects on fungal community composition. Our results also emphasized the role of water regime in fungal diversity, composition, and function. As the relative water level decreased, so did fungal diversity, with an approximately 25% decline in the driest sites. Further, as the water level decreased, the abundance of the plant pathogen–saprotroph guild increased, suggesting that low water may increase plant-pathogen interactions. Our results indicate that early restoration decisions can have long-term consequences for fungal community composition and function and suggest that a drier future in the Everglades could reduce fungal diversity on imperiled tree islands. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fungal Diversity)
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17 pages, 3112 KiB  
Article
The Yeast Atlas of Appalachia: Species and Phenotypic Diversity of Herbicide Resistance in Wild Yeast
by Jordan B. Barney, Matthew J. Winans, Catherine B. Blackwood, Amaury Pupo and Jennifer E.G. Gallagher
Diversity 2020, 12(4), 139; https://doi.org/10.3390/d12040139 - 03 Apr 2020
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3805
Abstract
Glyphosate and copper-based herbicides/fungicides affect non-target organisms, and these incidental exposures can impact microbial populations. In this study, glyphosate resistance was found in the historical collection of S. cerevisiae, which was collected over the last century, but only in yeast isolated after [...] Read more.
Glyphosate and copper-based herbicides/fungicides affect non-target organisms, and these incidental exposures can impact microbial populations. In this study, glyphosate resistance was found in the historical collection of S. cerevisiae, which was collected over the last century, but only in yeast isolated after the introduction of glyphosate. Although herbicide application was not recorded, the highest glyphosate-resistant S. cerevisiae were isolated from agricultural sites. In an effort to assess glyphosate resistance and impact on non-target microorganisms, different yeast species were harvested from 15 areas with known herbicidal histories, including an organic farm, conventional farm, remediated coal mine, suburban locations, state park, and a national forest. Yeast representing 23 genera were isolated from 237 samples of plant, soil, spontaneous fermentation, nut, flower, fruit, feces, and tree material samples. Saccharomyces, Candida, Metschnikowia, Kluyveromyces, Hanseniaspora, and Pichia were other genera commonly found across our sampled environments. Managed areas had less species diversity, and at the brewery only Saccharomyces and Pichia were isolated. A conventional farm growing RoundUp Ready™ corn had the lowest phylogenetic diversity and the highest glyphosate resistance. The mine was sprayed with multiple herbicides including a commercial formulation of glyphosate; however, the S. cerevisiae did not have elevated glyphosate resistance. In contrast to the conventional farm, the mine was exposed to glyphosate only one year prior to sample isolation. Glyphosate resistance is an example of the anthropogenic selection of nontarget organisms. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fungal Diversity)
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Other

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1 pages, 150 KiB  
Addendum
Addendum: Tellez, P.H.; et al. Relationships between Foliar Fungal Endophyte Communities and Ecophysiological Traits of CAM and C3 Epiphytic Bromeliads in a Neotropical Rainforest. Diversity 2020, 12, 378
by Peter H. Tellez, Carrie L. Woods, Stephen Formel and Sunshine A. Van Bael
Diversity 2021, 13(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/d13010004 - 22 Dec 2020
Viewed by 1187
Abstract
In the original article [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fungal Diversity)
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