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Cells
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Regulation Mechanisms of Myogenic and Cardiomyogenic Differentiation
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Regulation Mechanisms of Myogenic and Cardiomyogenic Differentiation

A special issue of Cells (ISSN 2073-4409). This special issue belongs to the section "Cellular Pathology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 August 2023) | Viewed by 10109

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Daiva Bironaite

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Regenerative Medicine, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, LT-08410 Vilnius, Lithuania
Interests: cell death; survival mechanisms; intracellular signaling pathways; oxidative stress; adult human mesenchymal stem/stromal cells; tissue regeneration
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Myogenesis and cardiomyogenesis are complex processes that encompass adaptive tissue plasticity, regionalized responsiveness, the direct or indirect contribution of various types of cells, and inflammatory and metabolic processes. The mechanisms of skeletal and cardiac muscle regeneration, despite their diversity, occur within the environment of muscle tissue and include intracellular changes, intercellular cell-cell cross-talk, and systems of interaction between cellular networks and the extracellular matrix (ECM). Myogenic cell-cell or cell–ECM interactions usually respond to the local, regional, or systemic external and internal influences that affect stem cell differentiation and further muscle functioning. In order to better understand myogenic and cardiomyogenic differentiation processes and their regulation in vivo, various in vitro myogenic model systems are playing an increasingly important role. Muscle resident and tissue-specific cell progenitors can be an ideal candidate for myogenic differentiation and/or tissue regeneration purposes, but they are rare, difficult to identify and purify, and usually impossible to expand in culture. In addition, culture-adapted pluripotent stem cells (embryonic or iPS) are promising cells, in a scientific sense, that also exhibit ultimate therapeutic potential; their engraftment, differentiation, and cycling in the body should, however, be precisely controlled. The direct (intracellular, cell-cell, cell–ECM changes), indirect (growth factor secretory, immunomodulatory activity), or complex activity of multipotent (mesenchymal stem/stromal cells and other muscle-specific cell subpopulations) also participate in myogenic or cardiomyogenic differentiation.

Therefore, the aim of this issue is to investigate the mechanisms of myogenic and cardiomyogenic differentiation both in vitro and in vivo, searching for new external or internal inductors, cell types, ECM components, scaffolds, and other biomodulators that could improve the regeneration of skeletal and cardiac muscles, increasing the safety and efficiency associated with their clinical application.

Dr. Daiva Bironaité
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Cells is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • stem cells
  • myogenic differentiation
  • cardiomyogenic differentiation
  • regeneration
  • model systems

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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20 pages, 3491 KiB  
Article
Whole-Exome Sequencing Identifies Homozygote Nonsense Variants in LMOD2 Gene Causing Infantile Dilated Cardiomyopathy
by Reiri Sono, Tania M. Larrinaga, Alden Huang, Frank Makhlouf, Xuedong Kang, Jonathan Su, Ryan Lau, Valerie A. Arboleda, Reshma Biniwale, Gregory A. Fishbein, Negar Khanlou, Ming-Sing Si, Gary M. Satou, Nancy Halnon, UCLA Congenital Heart Defects-BioCore Faculty, Glen S. Van Arsdell, Carol C. Gregorio, Stanly Nelson and Marlin Touma
Cells 2023, 12(11), 1455; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells12111455 - 23 May 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1681
Abstract
As an essential component of the sarcomere, actin thin filament stems from the Z-disk extend toward the middle of the sarcomere and overlaps with myosin thick filaments. Elongation of the cardiac thin filament is essential for normal sarcomere maturation and heart function. This [...] Read more.
As an essential component of the sarcomere, actin thin filament stems from the Z-disk extend toward the middle of the sarcomere and overlaps with myosin thick filaments. Elongation of the cardiac thin filament is essential for normal sarcomere maturation and heart function. This process is regulated by the actin-binding proteins Leiomodins (LMODs), among which LMOD2 has recently been identified as a key regulator of thin filament elongation to reach a mature length. Few reports have implicated homozygous loss of function variants of LMOD2 in neonatal dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) associated with thin filament shortening. We present the fifth case of DCM due to biallelic variants in the LMOD2 gene and the second case with the c.1193G>A (p.W398*) nonsense variant identified by whole-exome sequencing. The proband is a 4-month male infant of Hispanic descent with advanced heart failure. Consistent with previous reports, a myocardial biopsy exhibited remarkably short thin filaments. However, compared to other cases of identical or similar biallelic variants, the patient presented here has an unusually late onset of cardiomyopathy during infancy. Herein, we present the phenotypic and histological features of this variant, confirm the pathogenic impact on protein expression and sarcomere structure, and discuss the current knowledge of LMOD2-related cardiomyopathy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Regulation Mechanisms of Myogenic and Cardiomyogenic Differentiation)
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16 pages, 3833 KiB  
Article
RNA-Sequencing Reveals Upregulation and a Beneficial Role of Autophagy in Myoblast Differentiation and Fusion
by Pengcheng Lyu and Honglin Jiang
Cells 2022, 11(22), 3549; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells11223549 - 10 Nov 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2233
Abstract
Myoblast differentiation is a complex process whereby the mononuclear muscle precursor cells myoblasts express skeletal-muscle-specific genes and fuse with each other to form multinucleated myotubes. The objective of this study was to identify potentially novel mechanisms that mediate myoblast differentiation. We first compared [...] Read more.
Myoblast differentiation is a complex process whereby the mononuclear muscle precursor cells myoblasts express skeletal-muscle-specific genes and fuse with each other to form multinucleated myotubes. The objective of this study was to identify potentially novel mechanisms that mediate myoblast differentiation. We first compared transcriptomes in C2C12 myoblasts before and 6 days after induction of myogenic differentiation by RNA-seq. This analysis identified 11,046 differentially expressed genes, of which 5615 and 5431 genes were upregulated and downregulated, respectively, from before differentiation to differentiation. Functional enrichment analyses revealed that the upregulated genes were associated with skeletal muscle contraction, autophagy, and sarcomeres while the downregulated genes were associated with ribonucleoprotein complex biogenesis, mRNA processing, ribosomes, and other biological processes or cellular components. Western blot analyses showed an increased conversion of LC3-I to LC3-II protein during myoblast differentiation, further demonstrating the upregulation of autophagy during myoblast differentiation. Blocking the autophagic flux in C2C12 cells with chloroquine inhibited the expression of skeletal-muscle-specific genes and the formation of myotubes, confirming a positive role for autophagy in myoblast differentiation and fusion. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Regulation Mechanisms of Myogenic and Cardiomyogenic Differentiation)
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22 pages, 4543 KiB  
Article
The Effect of Heat Shock on Myogenic Differentiation of Human Skeletal-Muscle-Derived Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells
by Rokas Mikšiūnas, Siegfried Labeit and Daiva Bironaitė
Cells 2022, 11(20), 3209; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells11203209 - 13 Oct 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1531
Abstract
Muscle injuries, degenerative diseases and other lesions negatively affect functioning of human skeletomuscular system and thus quality of life. Therefore, the investigation of molecular mechanisms, stimulating myogenic differentiation of primary skeletal-muscle-derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (SM-MSCs), is actual and needed. The aim of the [...] Read more.
Muscle injuries, degenerative diseases and other lesions negatively affect functioning of human skeletomuscular system and thus quality of life. Therefore, the investigation of molecular mechanisms, stimulating myogenic differentiation of primary skeletal-muscle-derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (SM-MSCs), is actual and needed. The aim of the present study was to investigate the myogenic differentiation of CD56 (neural cell adhesion molecule, NCAM)-positive and -negative SM-MSCs and their response to the non-cytotoxic heat stimulus. The SM-MSCs were isolated from the post operation muscle tissue, sorted by flow cytometer according to the CD56 biomarker and morphology, surface profile, proliferation and myogenic differentiation has been investigated. Data show that CD56(+) cells were smaller in size, better proliferated and had significantly higher levels of CD146 (MCAM) and CD318 (CDCP1) compared with the CD56(−) cells. At control level, CD56(+) cells significantly more expressed myogenic differentiation markers MYOD1 and myogenin (MYOG) and better differentiated to the myogenic direction. The non-cytotoxic heat stimulus significantly stronger stimulated expression of myogenic markers in CD56(+) than in CD56(−) cells that correlated with the multinucleated cell formation. Data show that regenerative properties of CD56(+) SM-MSCs can be stimulated by an extracellular stimulus and be used as a promising skeletal muscle regenerating tool in vivo. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Regulation Mechanisms of Myogenic and Cardiomyogenic Differentiation)
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Review

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12 pages, 2276 KiB  
Review
Metabolic “Sense Relay” in Stem Cells: A Short But Impactful Life of PAS Kinase Balancing Stem Cell Fates
by Chintan K. Kikani
Cells 2023, 12(13), 1751; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells12131751 - 30 Jun 2023
Viewed by 901
Abstract
Tissue regeneration is a complex molecular and biochemical symphony. Signaling pathways establish the rhythmic proliferation and differentiation cadence of participating cells to repair the damaged tissues and repopulate the tissue-resident stem cells. Sensory proteins form a critical bridge between the environment and cellular [...] Read more.
Tissue regeneration is a complex molecular and biochemical symphony. Signaling pathways establish the rhythmic proliferation and differentiation cadence of participating cells to repair the damaged tissues and repopulate the tissue-resident stem cells. Sensory proteins form a critical bridge between the environment and cellular response machinery, enabling precise spatiotemporal control of stem cell fate. Of many sensory modules found in proteins from prokaryotes to mammals, Per-Arnt-Sim (PAS) domains are one of the most ancient and found in the most diverse physiological context. In metazoa, PAS domains are found in many transcription factors and ion channels; however, PAS domain-containing Kinase (PASK) is the only metazoan kinase where the PAS sensory domain is connected to a signaling kinase domain. PASK is predominantly expressed in undifferentiated, self-renewing embryonic and adult stem cells, and its expression is rapidly lost upon differentiation, resulting in its nearly complete absence from the adult mammalian tissues. Thus, PASK is expressed within a narrow but critical temporal window when stem cell fate is established. In this review, we discuss the emerging insight into the sensory and signaling functions of PASK as an integrator of metabolic and nutrient signaling information that serves to balance self-renewal and differentiation programs during mammalian tissue regeneration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Regulation Mechanisms of Myogenic and Cardiomyogenic Differentiation)
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20 pages, 1231 KiB  
Review
Macrophage Involvement in Aging-Associated Skeletal Muscle Regeneration
by Chang-Yi Cui, Luigi Ferrucci and Myriam Gorospe
Cells 2023, 12(9), 1214; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells12091214 - 22 Apr 2023
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3182
Abstract
The skeletal muscle is a dynamic organ composed of contractile muscle fibers, connective tissues, blood vessels and nerve endings. Its main function is to provide motility to the body, but it is also deeply involved in systemic metabolism and thermoregulation. The skeletal muscle [...] Read more.
The skeletal muscle is a dynamic organ composed of contractile muscle fibers, connective tissues, blood vessels and nerve endings. Its main function is to provide motility to the body, but it is also deeply involved in systemic metabolism and thermoregulation. The skeletal muscle frequently encounters microinjury or trauma, which is primarily repaired by the coordinated actions of muscle stem cells (satellite cells, SCs), fibro-adipogenic progenitors (FAPs), and multiple immune cells, particularly macrophages. During aging, however, the capacity of skeletal muscle to repair and regenerate declines, likely contributing to sarcopenia, an age-related condition defined as loss of muscle mass and function. Recent studies have shown that resident macrophages in skeletal muscle are highly heterogeneous, and their phenotypes shift during aging, which may exacerbate skeletal muscle deterioration and inefficient regeneration. In this review, we highlight recent insight into the heterogeneity and functional roles of macrophages in skeletal muscle regeneration, particularly as it declines with aging. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Regulation Mechanisms of Myogenic and Cardiomyogenic Differentiation)
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