Innate Immune Responses in Virus Infection

A special issue of Biomedicines (ISSN 2227-9059). This special issue belongs to the section "Immunology and Immunotherapy".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 May 2023) | Viewed by 3091

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, HR-51000 Rijeka, Croatia
Interests: immunology; virus infection

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The innate immune response to viral infection encompasses a wide range of mechanisms of body cells and tissues that limit the establishment of viral infection, viral replication, and spread. Innate immunity is also a major driver of the adaptive immune response. The innate immune system includes the antiviral response of infected cells, their recognition by effector cells, mechanisms to eliminate damaged cells, and the inflammatory response. Many viruses have evolved various mechanisms to evade the host's innate immune response, including interference with metabolic pathways, inflammasomes, autophagy, and apoptosis. These strategies are a critical basis for their virulence and cell tropism. The innate immune response to viruses, therefore, involves not only the study of classical effector mechanisms, such as natural killer cells or type I interferon-induced antiviral states, but also a broad spectrum of cell and tissue functions. The tremendous progress in understanding the physiology of cellular processes makes it necessary to also look at them from the perspective of innate immunity to viruses and to continuously upgrade innate immune functions. This Special Issue focuses on compiling a wide range of research and review articles that can reveal new aspects and advances in understanding the mechanisms of innate immune responses to various viruses. The articles that potentially define novel targets for antiviral therapies are especially welcomed.

Prof. Dr. Pero Lučin
Guest Editor

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

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16 pages, 3434 KiB  
Article
Obesity in Severe COVID-19 Patients Has a Distinct Innate Immune Phenotype
by Ayane de Sá Resende, Yrna Lorena Matos de Oliveira, Mariana Nobre Farias de Franca, Lucas Sousa Magalhães, Cristiane Bani Correa, Kiyoshi Ferreira Fukutani, Michael Wheeler Lipscomb and Tatiana Rodrigues de Moura
Biomedicines 2023, 11(8), 2116; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11082116 - 27 Jul 2023
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Abstract
Obesity alters the capacity of effective immune responses in infections. To further address this phenomenon in the context of COVID-19, this study investigated how the immunophenotype of leukocytes was altered in individuals with obesity in severe COVID-19. This cross-sectional study enrolled 27 ICU [...] Read more.
Obesity alters the capacity of effective immune responses in infections. To further address this phenomenon in the context of COVID-19, this study investigated how the immunophenotype of leukocytes was altered in individuals with obesity in severe COVID-19. This cross-sectional study enrolled 27 ICU COVID-19 patients (67% women, 56.33 ± 19.55 years) that were assigned to obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2, n = 9) or non-obese (BMI < 30kg/m2, n = 18) groups. Monocytes, NK, and both Low-Density (LD) and High-Density (HD) neutrophils were isolated from peripheral blood samples, and surface receptors’ frequency and expression patterns were analyzed by flow cytometry. Clinical status and biochemical data were additionally evaluated. The frequency of monocytes was negatively correlated with BMI, while NK cells and HD neutrophils were positively associated (p < 0.05). Patients with obesity showed a significant reduction of monocytes, and these cells expressed high levels of PD-L1 (p < 0.05). A higher frequency of NK cells and increased expression of TREM-1+ on HD neutrophils were detected in obese patients (p < 0.05). The expression of receptors related to antigen-presentation, phagocytosis, chemotaxis, inflammation and suppression were strongly correlated with clinical markers only in obese patients (p < 0.05). Collectively, these outcomes revealed that obesity differentially affected, and largely depressed, innate immune response in severe COVID-19. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innate Immune Responses in Virus Infection)
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Review

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13 pages, 2492 KiB  
Review
Alteration of the IFN-Pathway by Human Papillomavirus Proteins: Antiviral Immune Response Evasion Mechanism
by Leonardo Josué Castro-Muñoz, Leticia Rocha-Zavaleta, Marcela Lizano, Katia Montserrat Ramírez-Alcántara, Vicente Madrid-Marina and Joaquín Manzo-Merino
Biomedicines 2022, 10(11), 2965; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10112965 - 17 Nov 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1559
Abstract
A persistent infection with the so-called high-risk Human Papillomaviruses (hr-HPVs) plays a fundamental role in the development of different neoplasms. The expression of the HPV proteins throughout the different steps of the viral life cycle produce a disruption of several cellular processes, including [...] Read more.
A persistent infection with the so-called high-risk Human Papillomaviruses (hr-HPVs) plays a fundamental role in the development of different neoplasms. The expression of the HPV proteins throughout the different steps of the viral life cycle produce a disruption of several cellular processes, including immune response, which can lead to cell transformation. The interferon-mediated response plays an important role in eliminating HPV-infected and -transformed cells. The ability of HPV to disrupt the proper function of the interferon response is based on a series of molecular mechanisms coordinated by HPV proteins intended to prevent clearance of infection, ultimately producing an immunotolerant environment that facilitates the establishment of persistence and cancer. In this review, we focus on the molecular actions performed by HPV E1, E2, E5, E6 and E7 proteins on IFN signaling elements and their contribution to the establishment of infection, viral persistence and the progression to cancer. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innate Immune Responses in Virus Infection)
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