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Biomedicines
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Pediatric Dermatology and Inherited Skin Diseases
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Pediatric Dermatology and Inherited Skin Diseases

A special issue of Biomedicines (ISSN 2227-9059). This special issue belongs to the section "Molecular and Translational Medicine".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 June 2021) | Viewed by 21822

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Domenico Bonamonte

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Guest Editor
Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology - Section of Dermatology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
Interests: dermatology; pediatric dermatology; skin inflammatory diseases; genodermatoses
Dr. Angela Filoni

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Guest Editor
Section of Dermatology, “Vito Fazzi” Hospital, 73100 Lecce, Italy
Interests: dermato oncology; inflammatory skin disease; pediatric dermatology; aesthetic medicine
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

This Special Issue will analyze the most relevant aspects and updated information about pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, comorbidities, and treatment of the main issues of pediatric dermatology, such as atopic dermatitis, allergic contact dermatitis, pediatric psoriasis, and infantile hemangiomas.

Atopic dermatitis represents a noncontagious, chronic or chronically relapsing inflammatory skin disease. The first manifestation of the disease and further flare-ups are due to genetic predisposition and also to a variety of further trigger factors. Therapy regimen should be adapted to disease symptoms.

Atopic dermatitis and allergic contact dermatitis are diseases manifesting clinically as dermatitis and pruritus. Due to the identical morphology of skin lesions, diagnosing contact allergy in atopic children may be difficult.

Allergic contact dermatitis in childhood has important repercussions for patients and may affect decisions regarding future occupation in adulthood. Morbidity from allergic contact dermatitis depends on the ability to avoid repeated or continued exposure.

Childhood-onset psoriasis has recently received increasing attention, particularly because of its significant medical, and psychological burdens and its associated comorbidities.

Treatment guidelines are still lacking in this age group. Most of the psoriasis treatments used in adults are not officially approved for the pediatric age and require off-label prescription. Moreover, efficacy and safety studies are lacking in this population, especially with long-term follow-up and outcomes.

Infantile hemangiomas are the most common pediatric vascular tumors, and despite their benign nature, they may have serious consequences, possibly affecting the aesthetic and functional outcomes as well as representing dramatic life-threatening conditions. Therefore, their potential risks and their extremely various clinical presentations justify the need for specialistic evaluations, in order to establish the best management according to the clinical manifestations.

Prof. Dr. Domenico Bonamonte
Dr. Angela Filoni
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Biomedicines is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Dermatology 
  • Atopic dermatitis 
  • Allergic contact dermatitis 
  • Pediatric dermatology 
  • Pediatric psoriasis 
  • Infantile hemangioma 
  • Immune skin disease

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Review

14 pages, 979 KiB  
Review
Refractory Pediatric Psoriasis and Atopic Dermatitis: The Importance of Therapeutical Adherence and Biological Management
by Katherine A. Kelly, Adaora Ewulu, Veronica K. Emmerich, Courtney E. Heron and Steven R. Feldman
Biomedicines 2021, 9(8), 958; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9080958 - 4 Aug 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2404
Abstract
The rates of refractory pediatric psoriasis and atopic dermatitis (AD) have steadily risen over the last few decades, demanding newer and more effective therapies. This review aims to explore the reasons for resistant disease, as well as its management; this includes the indications [...] Read more.
The rates of refractory pediatric psoriasis and atopic dermatitis (AD) have steadily risen over the last few decades, demanding newer and more effective therapies. This review aims to explore the reasons for resistant disease, as well as its management; this includes the indications for, efficacy of, and safety of current therapies for refractory pediatric dermatologic disease. A PubMed search for key phrases was performed. Poor medication adherence is the most common cause of resistant disease and may be managed with techniques such as simplified treatment regimens, more follow-ups and educational workshops, as well as framing and tailoring. Once problems with adherence are ruled out, escalating treatment to stronger biologic therapy may be indicated. Development of anti-drug antibodies (ADAs) can cause patients’ disease to be refractory in the presence of potent biologics, which may be addressed with regular medication use or concomitant methotrexate. If patients with AD fail to respond to biologic therapy, a biopsy to rule out mycosis fungoides, or patch testing to rule out allergic contact dermatitis, may be indicated. A limitation of this study is the absence of more techniques for the management of poor medication adherence. Managing medication adherence, escalating treatment when appropriate, and addressing possible anti-drug antibodies will help assure control and relief for patients with resistant disease. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pediatric Dermatology and Inherited Skin Diseases)
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17 pages, 709 KiB  
Review
Pediatric Psoriasis: From New Insights into Pathogenesis to Updates on Treatment
by Hye One Kim, Seok Young Kang, Jin Cheol Kim, Chun Wook Park and Bo Young Chung
Biomedicines 2021, 9(8), 940; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9080940 - 2 Aug 2021
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4134
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory systemic disease primarily affecting the skin, but which often involves considerable comorbidities as well. One-third of psoriasis cases start during childhood. In pediatric psoriasis, an association with several medical comorbidities is also indicated. Furthermore, because of its chronic [...] Read more.
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory systemic disease primarily affecting the skin, but which often involves considerable comorbidities as well. One-third of psoriasis cases start during childhood. In pediatric psoriasis, an association with several medical comorbidities is also indicated. Furthermore, because of its chronic nature and frequent relapses, psoriatic patients tend to require long-term treatment and experience negative impacts on their quality of life. Considering the different clinical characteristics of pediatric psoriasis, it has recently been presented that the pathogenesis of pediatric psoriasis is distinct from adult psoriasis. Treatment for pediatric psoriasis usually involves the same methods as for adults. However, most treatments in pediatric psoriasis are used off-label and research in this regard is still lacking. Targeted therapies involving newly developed biologics are also increasingly being applied to psoriasis in children. This review summarizes the clinical characteristics of pediatric psoriasis and focuses mainly on the updated concepts of pathogenesis and treatments in pediatric psoriasis. This was undertaken to widen the understanding of these relevant aspects and to provide better management of pediatric psoriasis by clinicians. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pediatric Dermatology and Inherited Skin Diseases)
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21 pages, 2069 KiB  
Review
Differential Diagnosis and Treatment of Itching in Children and Adolescents
by Seok-Young Kang, Ji-Young Um, Bo-Young Chung, Jin-Cheol Kim, Chun-Wook Park and Hye-One Kim
Biomedicines 2021, 9(8), 919; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9080919 - 30 Jul 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 6429
Abstract
Itching is prevalent in children with skin disorders and associated with effects on their mood, quality of life, and social functioning. Surprisingly, there are no data on childhood prevalence of pruritus in the general population. The aim of this article is to explore [...] Read more.
Itching is prevalent in children with skin disorders and associated with effects on their mood, quality of life, and social functioning. Surprisingly, there are no data on childhood prevalence of pruritus in the general population. The aim of this article is to explore the epidemiology, clinical manifestation, and treatment for itch (pruritus) in the pediatric population (from infancy to adolescence), and to be helpful to primary care physicians who assess and diagnose pediatric patients with itching. In this study, we searched for specific keywords using PubMed and MEDLINE (Ovid) and, then, refined the retrieved searches for each cause and treatment. As a result of reviewing the literature, atopic dermatitis was shown to be the most common cause of itching, especially during infancy and through preschool. Not only skin disorders but also systemic diseases, drugs, and postburn states can predispose an individual to itching in childhood. There are traditional and newly developed treatment modalities for itching in pediatric patients. However, because the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of childhood are different from those of adults, the medications for itching have to be applied carefully for these age groups. There are many areas to be elucidated regarding the prevalence and objective assessment of pruritus in pediatric patients. Moreover, the safety profiles of medications in the pediatric population need to be better understood. Further studies to investigate itching in childhood are warranted. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pediatric Dermatology and Inherited Skin Diseases)
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15 pages, 9710 KiB  
Review
Experimental Models for the Study of Hereditary Cornification Defects
by Dragan Copic, Maria Laggner, Polina Kalinina, Katharina Klas, Erwin Tschachler and Michael Mildner
Biomedicines 2021, 9(3), 238; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9030238 - 26 Feb 2021
Viewed by 2033
Abstract
Ichthyoses comprise a broad spectrum of keratinization disorders due to hereditary defects of cornification. Until now, mutations in more than 50 genes, mostly coding for structural proteins involved in epidermal barrier formation, have been identified as causes for different types of these keratinization [...] Read more.
Ichthyoses comprise a broad spectrum of keratinization disorders due to hereditary defects of cornification. Until now, mutations in more than 50 genes, mostly coding for structural proteins involved in epidermal barrier formation, have been identified as causes for different types of these keratinization disorders. However, due to the high heterogeneity and difficulties in the establishment of valid experimental models, research in this field remains challenging and translation of novel findings to clinical practice is difficult. In this review, we provide an overview of existing models to study hereditary cornification defects with focus on ichthyoses and palmoplantar keratodermas. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pediatric Dermatology and Inherited Skin Diseases)
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Graphical abstract

14 pages, 4619 KiB  
Review
Intractable Itch in Atopic Dermatitis: Causes and Treatments
by Yoshie Umehara, Chanisa Kiatsurayanon, Juan Valentin Trujillo-Paez, Panjit Chieosilapatham, Ge Peng, Hainan Yue, Hai Le Thanh Nguyen, Pu Song, Ko Okumura, Hideoki Ogawa and François Niyonsaba
Biomedicines 2021, 9(3), 229; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9030229 - 25 Feb 2021
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 5717
Abstract
Itch or pruritus is the hallmark of atopic dermatitis and is defined as an unpleasant sensation that evokes the desire to scratch. It is also believed that itch is a signal of danger from various environmental factors or physiological abnormalities. Because histamine is [...] Read more.
Itch or pruritus is the hallmark of atopic dermatitis and is defined as an unpleasant sensation that evokes the desire to scratch. It is also believed that itch is a signal of danger from various environmental factors or physiological abnormalities. Because histamine is a well-known substance inducing itch, H1-antihistamines are the most frequently used drugs to treat pruritus. However, H1-antihistamines are not fully effective against intractable itch in patients with atopic dermatitis. Given that intractable itch is a clinical problem that markedly decreases quality of life, its treatment in atopic dermatitis is of high importance. Histamine-independent itch may be elicited by various pruritogens, including proteases, cytokines, neuropeptides, lipids, and opioids, and their cognate receptors, such as protease-activated receptors, cytokine receptors, Mas-related G protein-coupled receptors, opioid receptors, and transient receptor potential channels. In addition, cutaneous hyperinnervation is partly involved in itch sensitization in the periphery. It is believed that dry skin is a key feature of intractable itch in atopic dermatitis. Treatment of the underlying conditions that cause itch is necessary to improve the quality of life of patients with atopic dermatitis. This review describes current insights into the pathophysiology of itch and its treatment in atopic dermatitis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pediatric Dermatology and Inherited Skin Diseases)
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