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Biomedicines
Special Issues
State-of-the-Art Endocrinology and Metabolism Research in Italy
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State-of-the-Art Endocrinology and Metabolism Research in Italy

A special issue of Biomedicines (ISSN 2227-9059). This special issue belongs to the section "Endocrinology and Metabolism Research".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 May 2023) | Viewed by 2369

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Paolo Giovanni Artini

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Division of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
Interests: embryogenesis; in vitro fertilization; oxidative stress; inflammation; endometriosis; polycystic ovarian syndrome
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue will offer an up-to-date and comprehensive overview of the state of the art of endocrinology and metabolism in Italy. Given the long-term tradition of fundamental science in Italy, it is our aim that articles in this Special Issue cover basic, translational, and clinical aspects of endocrine diseases. The Special Issue will provide comprehensive insight into recent advancements in diabetes, endocrine diseases, obesity, neuroendocrinology, immunometabolism, as well as disorders associated with growth, reproduction and hormone-regulated gene expression.

Original research contributions and reviews in the field are welcome for submission.

Prof. Dr. Paolo Giovanni Artini
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Biomedicines is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Italy
  • therapeutics
  • screening, pathophysiology
  • epidemiology
  • molecular genetics

Published Papers (1 paper)

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Review

10 pages, 806 KiB  
Review
Low-Dose Estrogens as Neuroendocrine Modulators in Functional Hypothalamic Amenorrhea (FHA): The Putative Triggering of the Positive Feedback Mechanism(s)
by Christian Battipaglia, Tabatha Petrillo, Elisa Semprini, Francesco Ricciardiello, Maria Laura Rusce, Greta Prampolini, Fedora Ambrosetti, Alessandra Sponzilli and Alessandro D. Genazzani
Biomedicines 2023, 11(6), 1763; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11061763 - 20 Jun 2023
Viewed by 2090
Abstract
Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea (FHA) is a non-organic reversible chronic endocrine disorder characterized by an impaired pulsatile secretion of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus. This impaired secretion, triggered by psychosocial and metabolic stressors, leads to an abnormal pituitary production of gonadotropins. As [...] Read more.
Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea (FHA) is a non-organic reversible chronic endocrine disorder characterized by an impaired pulsatile secretion of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus. This impaired secretion, triggered by psychosocial and metabolic stressors, leads to an abnormal pituitary production of gonadotropins. As LH and FSH release is defective, the ovarian function is steadily reduced, inducing a systemic hypoestrogenic condition characterized by amenorrhea, vaginal atrophy, mood changes and increased risk of osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease. Diagnosis of FHA is made excluding other possible causes for secondary amenorrhea, and it is based upon the findings of low serum gonadotropins and estradiol (E2) with evidence of precipitating factors (excessive exercise, low weight, stress). Treatments of women with FHA include weight gain through an appropriate diet and physical activity reduction, psychological support, and integrative approach up to estrogen replacement therapy. If no spontaneous ovarian function is restored, assisted reproductive technologies may be used when pregnancy is desired. Because subjects with FHA are hypoestrogenic, the use of low-dose estrogens has been proposed as a putative treatment to positively modulate the spontaneous restart of gonadotropin secretion, counteracting the blockade of the reproductive axis triggered by stress acting through the neuroendocrine pathways at the basis of positive feedback of estrogens. The mechanism through which low-dose estrogens acts is still unknown, but kisspeptin-secreting neurons may be involved. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Endocrinology and Metabolism Research in Italy)
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