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22 pages, 3353 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Predicting the Cycle Life of Lithium-Ion Batteries Using Data-Driven Machine Learning Based on Discharge Voltage Curves

by Yinfeng Jiang and Wenxiang Song

Batteries 2023, 9(8), 413; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9080413 - 07 Aug 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2086

Abstract

Battery degradation is a complex nonlinear problem, and it is crucial to accurately predict the cycle life of lithium-ion batteries to optimize the usage of battery systems. However, diverse chemistries, designs, and degradation mechanisms, as well as dynamic cycle conditions, have remained significant [...] Read more.

Battery degradation is a complex nonlinear problem, and it is crucial to accurately predict the cycle life of lithium-ion batteries to optimize the usage of battery systems. However, diverse chemistries, designs, and degradation mechanisms, as well as dynamic cycle conditions, have remained significant challenges. We created 53 features from discharge voltage curves, 18 of which were newly developed. The maximum relevance minimum redundancy (MRMR) algorithm was used for feature selection. Robust linear regression (RLR) and Gaussian process regression (GPR) algorithms were deployed on three different datasets to estimate battery cycle life. The RLR and GPR algorithms achieved high performance, with a root-mean-square error of 6.90% and 6.33% in the worst case, respectively. This work highlights the potential of combining feature engineering and machine learning modeling based only on discharge voltage curves to estimate battery degradation and could be applied to onboard applications that require efficient estimation of battery cycle life in real time. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence-Based State-of-Health Estimation of Lithium-Ion Batteries)

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16 pages, 4400 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Online State of Health Estimation of Lithium-Ion Batteries Based on Charging Process and Long Short-Term Memory Recurrent Neural Network

by Kang Liu, Longyun Kang and Di Xie

Batteries 2023, 9(2), 94; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9020094 - 30 Jan 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3205

Abstract

Accurate state of health (SOH) estimation is critical to the operation, maintenance, and replacement of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), which have penetrated almost every aspect of our life. This paper introduces a new approach to accurately estimate the SOH for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries based [...] Read more.

Accurate state of health (SOH) estimation is critical to the operation, maintenance, and replacement of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), which have penetrated almost every aspect of our life. This paper introduces a new approach to accurately estimate the SOH for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries based on the corresponding charging process and long short-term memory recurrent neural network (LSTM-RNN). In order to learn the mapping function without employing battery models and filtering techniques, the LSTM-RNN is initially fed into the health indicators (HIs) extracted from the charging process and trained to encode the dependencies of the related data sequence. Subsequently, the trained LSTM-RNN can properly estimate online SOHs of LIBs using extracted HIs. We experiment on two public datasets for model construction, validation, and comparison. Conclusively, the trained LSTM-RNN achieves an overall root mean square error (RMSE) lower than 1% on the cases with the same discharging current rate and an RMSE of 1.1198% above 80% SOH on another testing case that underwent a different discharging current rate. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence-Based State-of-Health Estimation of Lithium-Ion Batteries)

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21 pages, 6263 KiB

Open AccessArticle

State of Health Estimation of Lithium-Ion Batteries Using a Multi-Feature-Extraction Strategy and PSO-NARXNN

by Zhong Ren, Changqing Du and Weiqun Ren

Batteries 2023, 9(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9010007 - 23 Dec 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2347

Abstract

The lithium-ion battery state of health (SOH) estimation is critical for maintaining reliable and safe working conditions for electric vehicles (EVs). However, accurate and robust SOH estimation remains a significant challenge. This paper proposes a multi-feature extraction strategy and particle swarm optimization-nonlinear autoregressive [...] Read more.

The lithium-ion battery state of health (SOH) estimation is critical for maintaining reliable and safe working conditions for electric vehicles (EVs). However, accurate and robust SOH estimation remains a significant challenge. This paper proposes a multi-feature extraction strategy and particle swarm optimization-nonlinear autoregressive with exogenous input neural network (PSO-NARXNN) for accurate and robust SOH estimation. First, eight health features (HFs) are extracted from partial voltage, capacity, differential temperature (DT), and incremental capacity (IC) curves. Then, qualitative and quantitative analyses are used to evaluate the selected HFs. Second, the PSO algorithm is adopted to optimize the hyperparameters of NARXNN, including input delays, feedback delays, and the number of hidden neurons. Third, to verify the effectiveness of the multi-feature extraction strategy, the SOH estimators based on a single feature and fusion feature are comprehensively compared. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed PSO-NARXNN, a simple three-layer backpropagation neural network (BPNN) and a conventional NARXNN are built for comparison based on the Oxford aging dataset. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method has higher accuracy and stronger robustness for SOH estimation, where the average mean absolute error (MAE) and root mean square error (RMSE) are 0.47% and 0.56%, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence-Based State-of-Health Estimation of Lithium-Ion Batteries)

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22 pages, 5265 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A State of Charge Estimation Approach for Lithium-Ion Batteries Based on the Optimized Metabolic EGM(1,1) Algorithm

by Qiang Sun, Shasha Wang, Shuang Gao, Haiying Lv, Jianghao Liu, Li Wang, Jifei Du and Kexin Wei

Batteries 2022, 8(12), 260; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries8120260 - 28 Nov 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1763

Abstract

The accurate estimation of the state of charge (SOC) for lithium-ion batteries’ performance prediction and durability evaluation is of paramount importance, which is significant to ensure reliability and stability for electric vehicles. The SOC estimation approaches based on big data collection and offline [...] Read more.

The accurate estimation of the state of charge (SOC) for lithium-ion batteries’ performance prediction and durability evaluation is of paramount importance, which is significant to ensure reliability and stability for electric vehicles. The SOC estimation approaches based on big data collection and offline adjustment could result in imprecision for SOC estimation under various driving conditions at different temperatures. In the traditional GM(1,1), the initialization condition and the identifying parameter could not be changed as soon as they are confirmed. Aiming at the requirements of battery SOC estimation with non-linear characteristics of a dynamic battery system, the paper presents a method of battery state estimation based on Metabolic Even GM(1,1) to expand battery state data and introduce temperature factors in the estimation process to make SOC estimation more accurate. The latest information data used in the optimized rolling model is introduced through the data cycle updating. The experimental results show that the optimized MEGM(1,1) effectively considers the influence of initial data, and has higher accuracy than the traditional GM(1,1) model in the application of data expansion. Furthermore, it could effectively solve the problem of incomplete battery information and battery capacity fluctuation, and the dynamic performance is satisfactory to meet the requirements of fast convergence. The SOC estimation based on the presented strategy for power batteries at different temperatures could reach the goal of the overall error within 1% under CLTC conditions with well robustness and accuracy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence-Based State-of-Health Estimation of Lithium-Ion Batteries)

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22 pages, 4164 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reducing the Computational Cost for Artificial Intelligence-Based Battery State-of-Health Estimation in Charging Events

by Alessandro Falai, Tiziano Alberto Giuliacci, Daniela Anna Misul and Pier Giuseppe Anselma

Batteries 2022, 8(11), 209; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries8110209 - 02 Nov 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3162

Abstract

Powertrain electrification is bound to pave the way for the decarbonization process and pollutant emission reduction of the automotive sector, and strong attention should hence be devoted to the electrical energy storage system. Within such a framework, the lithium-ion battery plays a key [...] Read more.

Powertrain electrification is bound to pave the way for the decarbonization process and pollutant emission reduction of the automotive sector, and strong attention should hence be devoted to the electrical energy storage system. Within such a framework, the lithium-ion battery plays a key role in the energy scenario, and the reduction of lifetime due to the cell degradation during its usage is bound to be a topical challenge. The aim of this work is to estimate the state of health (SOH) of lithium-ion battery cells with satisfactory accuracy and low computational cost. This would allow the battery management system (BMS) to guarantee optimal operation and extended cell lifetime. Artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms proved to be a promising data-driven modelling technique for the cell SOH prediction due to their great suitability and low computational demand. An accurate on-board SOH estimation is achieved through the identification of an optimal SOC window within the cell charging process. Several Bi-LSTM networks have been trained through a random-search algorithm exploiting constant current constant voltage (CCCV) test protocol data. Different analyses have been performed and evaluated as a trade-off between prediction performance (in terms of RMSE and customized accuracy) and computational burden (in terms of memory usage and elapsing time). Results reveal that the battery state of health can be predicted by a single-layer Bi-LSTM network with an error of 0.4% while just monitoring 40% of the entire charging process related to 60–100% SOC window, corresponding to the constant-voltage (CV) phase. Finally, results show that the amount of memory used for data logging and processing time has been cut by a factor of approximately 2.3. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence-Based State-of-Health Estimation of Lithium-Ion Batteries)

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12 pages, 3112 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of a Data-Driven Method for Online Battery Remaining-Useful-Life Prediction

by Sebastian Matthias Hell and Chong Dae Kim

Batteries 2022, 8(10), 192; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries8100192 - 18 Oct 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2234

Abstract

Remaining-useful-life (RUL) prediction of Li-ion batteries is used to provide an early indication of the expected lifetime of the battery, thereby reducing the risk of failure and increasing safety. In this paper, a detailed method is presented to make long-term predictions for the [...] Read more.

Remaining-useful-life (RUL) prediction of Li-ion batteries is used to provide an early indication of the expected lifetime of the battery, thereby reducing the risk of failure and increasing safety. In this paper, a detailed method is presented to make long-term predictions for the RUL based on a combination of gated recurrent unit neural network (GRU NN) and soft-sensing method. Firstly, an indirect health indicator (HI) was extracted from the charging processes using a soft-sensing method that can accurately describe power degradation instead of capacity. Then, a GRU NN with a sliding window was applied to learn the long-term performance development. The method also uses a dropout and early stopping method to prevent overfitting. To build the models and validate the effectiveness of the proposed method, a real-world NASA battery data set with various battery measurements was used. The results show that the method can produce a long-term and accurate RUL prediction at each position of the degradation progression based on several historical battery data sets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence-Based State-of-Health Estimation of Lithium-Ion Batteries)

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16 pages, 4261 KiB

Open AccessArticle

State-of-Health Prediction of Lithium-Ion Batteries Based on CNN-BiLSTM-AM

by Yukai Tian, Jie Wen, Yanru Yang, Yuanhao Shi and Jianchao Zeng

Batteries 2022, 8(10), 155; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries8100155 - 03 Oct 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3476

Abstract

State-of-Health (SOH) prediction of lithium-ion batteries is crucial in battery management systems. In order to guarantee the safe operation of lithium-ion batteries, a hybrid model based on convolutional neural network (CNN)-bidirectional long short-term memory (BiLSTM) and attention mechanism (AM) is developed to predict [...] Read more.

State-of-Health (SOH) prediction of lithium-ion batteries is crucial in battery management systems. In order to guarantee the safe operation of lithium-ion batteries, a hybrid model based on convolutional neural network (CNN)-bidirectional long short-term memory (BiLSTM) and attention mechanism (AM) is developed to predict the SOH of lithium-ion batteries. By analyzing the charging and discharging process of batteries, the indirect health indicator (HI), which is highly correlated with capacity, is extracted in this paper. HI is taken as the input of CNN, and the convolution and pooling operations of CNN layers are used to extract the features of battery time series data. On this basis, a BiLSTM depth model is built in this paper to collect the data coming from CNN forward and reverse dependencies and further emphasize the correlation between the serial data by AM to obtain an accurate SOH estimate. Experimental results based on NASA PCoE lithium-ion battery data demonstrate that the proposed hybrid model outperforms other single models, with the root mean square error (RMSE) of SOH prediction results all less than 0.01, and can accurately predict the SOH of lithium-ion batteries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence-Based State-of-Health Estimation of Lithium-Ion Batteries)

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18 pages, 13302 KiB

Open AccessArticle

State of Charge Estimation of Lithium-Ion Battery for Electric Vehicles under Extreme Operating Temperatures Based on an Adaptive Temporal Convolutional Network

by Jiazhi Miao, Zheming Tong, Shuiguang Tong, Jun Zhang and Jiale Mao

Batteries 2022, 8(10), 145; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries8100145 - 27 Sep 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2350

Abstract

The accurate estimation of state of charge (SOC) under various conditions is critical to the research and application of batteries, especially at extreme temperatures. However, few studies have examined the SOC estimation performance of estimation algorithms for several types of batteries under such [...] Read more.

The accurate estimation of state of charge (SOC) under various conditions is critical to the research and application of batteries, especially at extreme temperatures. However, few studies have examined the SOC estimation performance of estimation algorithms for several types of batteries under such conditions. In this study, a new method was derived for SOC estimation and a series of experiments were conducted covering five types of lithium-ion batteries with three kinds of cathode materials (i.e., LiFePO₄, Li(Ni_0.5Co_0.2Mn_0.3)O₂, and LiCoO₂), three test temperatures, and four real driving cycles to verify the proposed method. The test temperatures for battery operation ranges from −20 to 60 °C. Then, an adaptive machine learning (ML) framework based on the deep temporal convolutional network (TCN) and Coulomb counting method was proposed, and the structure of the estimation model was designed through the Taguchi method. The accuracy and generalizability of the proposed method were evaluated by calculating the estimation errors and their standard deviations (SDs), its average errors showed a decline of at least 49.66%, and its SDs showed a decline of at least 45.88% when compared to four popular ML methods. These traditional ML methods performed poor accuracy and stability at extreme temperatures (−20 and 60 °C) when compared to 25 °C, while the proposed adaptive method exhibited stable and high performances at different temperatures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence-Based State-of-Health Estimation of Lithium-Ion Batteries)

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13 pages, 3544 KiB

Open AccessArticle

State of Health Trajectory Prediction Based on Multi-Output Gaussian Process Regression for Lithium-Ion Battery

by Jiwei Wang, Zhongwei Deng, Jinwen Li, Kaile Peng, Lijun Xu, Guoqing Guan and Abuliti Abudula

Batteries 2022, 8(10), 134; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries8100134 - 21 Sep 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1993

Abstract

Lithium-ion battery state of health (SOH) accurate prediction is of great significance to ensure the safe reliable operation of electric vehicles and energy storage systems. However, safety issues arising from the inaccurate estimation and prediction of battery SOH have caused widespread concern in [...] Read more.

Lithium-ion battery state of health (SOH) accurate prediction is of great significance to ensure the safe reliable operation of electric vehicles and energy storage systems. However, safety issues arising from the inaccurate estimation and prediction of battery SOH have caused widespread concern in academic and industrial communities. In this paper, a method is proposed to build an accurate SOH prediction model for battery packs based on multi-output Gaussian process regression (MOGPR) by employing the initial cycle data of the battery pack and the entire life cycling data of battery cells. Firstly, a battery aging experimental platform is constructed to collect battery aging data, and health indicators (HIs) that characterize battery aging are extracted. Then, the correlation between the HIs and the battery capacity is evaluated by the Pearson correlation analysis method, and the HIs that own a strong correlation to the battery capacity are screened. Finally, two MOGPR models are constructed to predict the HIs and SOH of the battery pack. Based on the first MOGPR model and the early HIs of the battery pack, the future cycle HIs can be predicted. In addition, the predicted HIs and the second MOGPR model are used to predict the SOH of the battery pack. The experimental results verify that the approach has a competitive performance; the mean and maximum values of the mean absolute error (MAE) and root mean square error (RMSE) are 1.07% and 1.42%, and 1.77% and 2.45%, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence-Based State-of-Health Estimation of Lithium-Ion Batteries)

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15 pages, 4712 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

A Novel Evaluation Criterion for the Rapid Estimation of the Overcharge and Deep Discharge of Lithium-Ion Batteries Using Differential Capacity

by Peter Kurzweil, Bernhard Frenzel and Wolfgang Scheuerpflug

Batteries 2022, 8(8), 86; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries8080086 - 09 Aug 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2649

Abstract

Differential capacity dQ/dU (capacitance) can be used for the instant diagnosis of battery performance in common constant current applications. A novel criterion allows state-of-charge (SOC) and state-of-health (SOH) monitoring of lithium-ion batteries during cycling. Peak values indicate impeding overcharge or [...] Read more.

Differential capacity dQ/dU (capacitance) can be used for the instant diagnosis of battery performance in common constant current applications. A novel criterion allows state-of-charge (SOC) and state-of-health (SOH) monitoring of lithium-ion batteries during cycling. Peak values indicate impeding overcharge or deep discharge, while dSOC/dU = dU/dSOC = 1 is close to “full charge” or “empty” and can be used as a marker for SOC = 1 (and SOC = 0) at the instantaneous SOH of the aging battery. Instructions for simple state-of-charge control and fault diagnosis are given. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence-Based State-of-Health Estimation of Lithium-Ion Batteries)

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17 pages, 4478 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Integration of Computational Fluid Dynamics and Artificial Neural Network for Optimization Design of Battery Thermal Management System

by Ao Li, Anthony Chun Yin Yuen, Wei Wang, Timothy Bo Yuan Chen, Chun Sing Lai, Wei Yang, Wei Wu, Qing Nian Chan, Sanghoon Kook and Guan Heng Yeoh

Batteries 2022, 8(7), 69; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries8070069 - 08 Jul 2022

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 7038

Abstract

The increasing popularity of lithium-ion battery systems, particularly in electric vehicles and energy storage systems, has gained broad research interest regarding performance optimization, thermal stability, and fire safety. To enhance the battery thermal management system, a comprehensive investigation of the thermal behaviour and [...] Read more.

The increasing popularity of lithium-ion battery systems, particularly in electric vehicles and energy storage systems, has gained broad research interest regarding performance optimization, thermal stability, and fire safety. To enhance the battery thermal management system, a comprehensive investigation of the thermal behaviour and heat exchange process of battery systems is paramount. In this paper, a three-dimensional electro-thermal model coupled with fluid dynamics module was developed to comprehensively analyze the temperature distribution of battery packs and the heat carried away. The computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation results of the lumped battery model were validated and verified by considering natural ventilation speed and ambient temperature. In the artificial neural networks (ANN) model, the multilayer perceptron was applied to train the numerical outputs and optimal design of the battery setup, achieving a 1.9% decrease in maximum temperature and a 4.5% drop in temperature difference. The simulation results provide a practical compromise in optimizing the battery configuration and cooling efficiency, balancing the layout of the battery system, and safety performance. The present modelling framework demonstrates an innovative approach to utilizing high-fidelity electro-thermal/CFD numerical inputs for ANN optimization, potentially enhancing the state-of-art thermal management and reducing the risks of thermal runaway and fire outbreaks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence-Based State-of-Health Estimation of Lithium-Ion Batteries)

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Review

Jump to: Research, Other

26 pages, 5763 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Review of Lithium-Ion Battery Capacity Estimation Methods for Onboard Battery Management Systems: Recent Progress and Perspectives

by Jichang Peng, Jinhao Meng, Dan Chen, Haitao Liu, Sipeng Hao, Xin Sui and Xinghao Du

Batteries 2022, 8(11), 229; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries8110229 - 09 Nov 2022

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 8208

Abstract

With the widespread use of Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries in Electric Vehicles (EVs), Hybrid EVs and Renewable Energy Systems (RESs), much attention has been given to Battery Management System (BMSs). By monitoring the terminal voltage, current and temperature, BMS can evaluate the status of [...] Read more.

With the widespread use of Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries in Electric Vehicles (EVs), Hybrid EVs and Renewable Energy Systems (RESs), much attention has been given to Battery Management System (BMSs). By monitoring the terminal voltage, current and temperature, BMS can evaluate the status of the Li-ion batteries and manage the operation of cells in a battery pack, which is fundamental for the high efficiency operation of EVs and smart grids. Battery capacity estimation is one of the key functions in the BMS, and battery capacity indicates the maximum storage capability of a battery which is essential for the battery State-of-Charge (SOC) estimation and lifespan management. This paper mainly focusses on a review of capacity estimation methods for BMS in EVs and RES and provides practical and feasible advice for capacity estimation with onboard BMSs. In this work, the mechanisms of Li-ion batteries capacity degradation are analyzed first, and then the recent processes for capacity estimation in BMSs are reviewed, including the direct measurement method, analysis-based method, SOC-based method and data-driven method. After a comprehensive review and comparison, the future prospective of onboard capacity estimation is also discussed. This paper aims to help design and choose a suitable capacity estimation method for BMS application, which can benefit the lifespan management of Li-ion batteries in EVs and RESs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence-Based State-of-Health Estimation of Lithium-Ion Batteries)

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Other

Jump to: Research, Review

18 pages, 5362 KiB

Open AccessPerspective

Smart Battery Technology for Lifetime Improvement

by Remus Teodorescu, Xin Sui, Søren B. Vilsen, Pallavi Bharadwaj, Abhijit Kulkarni and Daniel-Ioan Stroe

Batteries 2022, 8(10), 169; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries8100169 - 09 Oct 2022

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 4254

Abstract

Applications of lithium-ion batteries are widespread, ranging from electric vehicles to energy storage systems. In spite of nearly meeting the target in terms of energy density and cost, enhanced safety, lifetime, and second-life applications, there remain challenges. As a result of the difference [...] Read more.

Applications of lithium-ion batteries are widespread, ranging from electric vehicles to energy storage systems. In spite of nearly meeting the target in terms of energy density and cost, enhanced safety, lifetime, and second-life applications, there remain challenges. As a result of the difference between the electric characteristics of the cells, the degradation process is accelerated for battery packs containing many cells. The development of new generation battery solutions for transportation and grid storage with improved performance is the goal of this paper, which introduces the novel concept of Smart Battery that brings together batteries with advanced power electronics and artificial intelligence (AI). The key feature is a bypass device attached to each cell that can insert relaxation time to individual cell operation with minimal effect on the load. An advanced AI-based performance optimizer is trained to recognize early signs of accelerated degradation modes and to decide upon the optimal insertion of relaxation time. The resulting pulsed current operation has been proven to extend lifetime by up to 80% in laboratory aging conditions. The Smart Battery unique architecture uses a digital twin to accelerate the training of performance optimizers and predict failures. The Smart Battery technology is a new technology currently at the proof-of-concept stage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence-Based State-of-Health Estimation of Lithium-Ion Batteries)

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