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Atmosphere
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Understanding and Simulating Air–Sea Interactions under Extreme Weather and Climate...
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Understanding and Simulating Air–Sea Interactions under Extreme Weather and Climate Conditions

A special issue of Atmosphere (ISSN 2073-4433). This special issue belongs to the section "Climatology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (1 July 2022) | Viewed by 15727

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Xiangbo Feng

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
National Centre for Atmospheric Science and Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Reading P.O. Box 217, UK
Interests: extreme events; ocean–atmosphere interaction; tropical cyclones; ocean waves; sea level; model evaluation
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Air–sea interactions involve the complicated cross-medium flux exchanges at the interface between the ocean and atmosphere, and they are of key importance to our Earth system. An area of intensive research has focused on understanding the physical processes occurred at the air–sea interface under extreme conditions, such as tropical cyclones and high winds. The challenge remains due, in part, to the sparse observations, because both in situ and remote sensing planforms have difficulty in providing reliable measurements under extreme conditions.

Recently, with the rapid increase in computing capacity, high-resolution numerical models have become an important tool for simulating and predicting atmospheric and ocean extremes across multiple timescales. Significant model errors in predicting such extremes have been linked to the imperfection of air–sea interactions represented or parameterized in models, such as the over-deepening of tropical cyclone intensity in high-resolution models, and the underestimation of typhoon-caused ocean waves. Evaluating and improving the performance of models in capturing air–sea interactions has become another active area of research.

This Special Issue provides a venue for publishing the latest observational analyses and model evaluations (including model development) of the physical processes related to air–sea interaction, on timescales from hourly to climate. The main focus is on extreme weather and climate events, which include but are not limited to synoptic phenomena such as cyclones, intraseasonal phenomena such as the Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO), seasonal phenomena such as monsoons, and climate phenomena such as the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Research articles on the effects of these extreme events on the oceans, such as sea surface temperature, storm surge, and ocean waves, including oceanic feedbacks to the atmosphere, are also welcome.

This Special Issue collection will highlight recent achievements and address remaining and future challenges in understanding and predicting extreme weather and climate events, including their impacts, associated with air–sea interaction.

Dr. Xiangbo Feng
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Atmosphere is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Air–sea interaction
  • Atmospheric extremes
  • Oceanic extremes
  • Observation analysis
  • Model evaluation
  • Synoptic variability
  • Intraseasonal variability
  • Climate variability

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

22 pages, 5245 KiB  
Article
Impact of ENSO Events on Droughts in China
by Aifeng Lv, Lei Fan and Wenxiang Zhang
Atmosphere 2022, 13(11), 1764; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13111764 - 26 Oct 2022
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2923
Abstract
The El Niño Southe58rn Oscillation (ENSO) is a typical oscillation affecting climate change, and its stable periodicity, long-lasting effect, and predictable characteristics have become important indicators for regional climate prediction. In this study, we analyze the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI), the Niño3.4 [...] Read more.
The El Niño Southe58rn Oscillation (ENSO) is a typical oscillation affecting climate change, and its stable periodicity, long-lasting effect, and predictable characteristics have become important indicators for regional climate prediction. In this study, we analyze the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI), the Niño3.4 index, the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI), and the Multivariate ENSO Index (MEI). Additionally, we explore the spatial and temporal distribution of the correlation coefficients between ENSO and SPEI and the time lag between ENSO events of varying intensities and droughts. The results reveal that the use of Nino3.4, MEI, and SOI produces differences in the occurrence time, end time, and intensity of ENSO events. Nino3.4 and MEI produce similar results for identifying ENSO events, and the Nino3.4 index accurately identifies and describes ENSO events with higher reliability. In China, the drought-sensitive areas vulnerable to ENSO events include southern China, the Jiangnan region, the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, and the arid and semi-arid areas of northwestern China. Droughts in these areas correlate significantly with meteorological drought, and time-series correlations between ENSO events and droughts are significantly stronger in regions close to the ocean. Drought occurrence lags ENSO events: when using the Niño3.4 index to identify ENSO, droughts lag the strongest and weakest El Niño events by 0–12 months. However, when using the MEI as a criterion for ENSO, droughts lag the strongest and weakest El Niño events by 0–7 months. The time lag between the strongest ENSO event and drought is shorter than that for the weakest ENSO event, and droughts have a wider impact. The results of this study can provide a climate-change-compatible basis for drought monitoring and prediction. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Understanding and Simulating Air–Sea Interactions under Extreme Weather and Climate Conditions)
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25 pages, 96724 KiB  
Article
Projected Changes in the East Asian Hydrological Cycle for Different Levels of Future Global Warming
by Amulya Chevuturi, Nicholas P. Klingaman, Andrew G. Turner, Liang Guo and Pier Luigi Vidale
Atmosphere 2022, 13(3), 405; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13030405 - 01 Mar 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2363
Abstract
Recent decades have shown significant changes to the hydrological cycle over East Asia (EA), and further changes are expected due to future global warming. This study evaluates projected seasonal changes in the EA hydrological cycle using simulations that are 1.5 °C, 2.0 °C [...] Read more.
Recent decades have shown significant changes to the hydrological cycle over East Asia (EA), and further changes are expected due to future global warming. This study evaluates projected seasonal changes in the EA hydrological cycle using simulations that are 1.5 °C, 2.0 °C and 3.0 ∘C warmer than pre-industrial, from the Met Office Unified Model (MetUM) Global Ocean Mixed Layer model version 2.0 (GOML2.0), compared against present-day conditions. The moisture sources of the warming-induced precipitation changes are identified over five hydrologically unique regions within EA. Precipitation over EA increases with warming (except over southeastern EA in the spring and autumn) due to the intensified hydrological cycle. The projected seasonal changes in the hydrological cycle are usually nonlinear, with the rate of change between 1.5 ∘C and 2.0 ∘C larger than the rate of change between 2.0 ∘C and 3.0 ∘C of warming. The warming-induced precipitation increases are mainly associated with an increase in remote moisture convergence rather than local moisture recycling, except over the Tibetan Plateau. Decomposition of the changes in moisture sources by direction and flux component indicate that changes from the west are dominated by changes to moisture and changes from the north are more circulation driven. The changes from the south are moisture driven over southern EA and driven by moisture and circulation change over northern EA. Our results highlight the regionally and seasonally diverse projected changes to the EA hydrological cycle due to global warming, which will be useful for region-specific climate mitigation policies and the implementation of seasonally varying adaptation methods. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Understanding and Simulating Air–Sea Interactions under Extreme Weather and Climate Conditions)
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26 pages, 11016 KiB  
Article
Numerical Investigation of Climate Change Effects on Storm Surges and Extreme Waves on Canada’s Pacific Coast
by Julien Cousineau and Enda Murphy
Atmosphere 2022, 13(2), 311; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13020311 - 12 Feb 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2797
Abstract
Storm surges and waves are key climate-driven parameters affecting the design and operation of ports and other infrastructure on the coast. Reliable predictions of future storm surges and waves are not yet available for the west coast of Canada, and this data gap [...] Read more.
Storm surges and waves are key climate-driven parameters affecting the design and operation of ports and other infrastructure on the coast. Reliable predictions of future storm surges and waves are not yet available for the west coast of Canada, and this data gap hinders effective climate risk assessment, planning and adaptation. This paper presents numerical simulations of storm surges and waves in British Columbia coastal waters under a future climate (Representative Concentration Pathway) scenario (RCP8.5). The numerical models were first forced by wind and surface pressure fields from the ERA-5 global reanalysis, and calibrated and validated using historical wave and water level records. The models were then driven by atmospheric data from four regional climate models (RCMs) to investigate potential changes in the frequency and magnitude of storm surges and extreme waves over the 21st century. The model outputs were analyzed to determine the potential impacts of climate change on storm surges and wave effects at key ports and transportation assets in western Canada. The study is the first of its kind to utilize unstructured, computational models to simulate storm surges and waves for the entire western Canada coastal region, while maintaining the high spatial resolution in coastal sub-basins needed to capture local dynamic responses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Understanding and Simulating Air–Sea Interactions under Extreme Weather and Climate Conditions)
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9 pages, 1266 KiB  
Article
Surface Gravity Wave Effect on Hurricane Energetics
by Yalin Fan and Zhitao Yu
Atmosphere 2022, 13(2), 279; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13020279 - 07 Feb 2022
Viewed by 1322
Abstract
Theoretical researches have established that the energy dynamics of a mature tropical cyclone may be idealized to be very similar to a theoretical Carnot heat engine. Assuming the dissipative heating of the atmospheric boundary layer and the net production of mechanical energy in [...] Read more.
Theoretical researches have established that the energy dynamics of a mature tropical cyclone may be idealized to be very similar to a theoretical Carnot heat engine. Assuming the dissipative heating of the atmospheric boundary layer and the net production of mechanical energy in the cyclone dominate the energy budget of the storm, the potential maximum wind speed of the cyclone can be approximated as a function of the air–sea temperature difference (Ts − T0) and specific enthalpy (k0*−k) difference: |Vmax|2≈CkCDTs−T0T0(k0*−k). Although this theory gives a straighforward estimate of maximum tropical cyclone intensity, studies found that few real storms achieve this theoretical maximum estimated using climatological atmospheric conditions and sea surface temperatures. The discrepancies were attributed to a lack of knowledge of the values of the drag coefficient (CD) and surface exchange coefficient for enthalpy (Ck), and on insufficient upper ocean thermal measurements under hurricanes. Recent observational and numerical studies have unearthed another possible factor for these discrepancies by showing that the energy flux into surface gravity waves under extreme wind conditions can be an order of magnitude greater than formerly believed, and thus may play an important role in the energy budget of tropical cyclones. In this study, numerical experiments are performed to investigate the effect of surface gravity waves under a range of idealized tropical cyclone winds. The wave fields are simulated using the WAVEWATCH III model. Our results demonstrate that by considering the energy flux to surface gravity waves, the potential maximum wind speed can be reduced by up to 12% and this ratio varies with the storm size, intensity, and translation speed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Understanding and Simulating Air–Sea Interactions under Extreme Weather and Climate Conditions)
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16 pages, 7019 KiB  
Article
Relationships between the Southwest Monsoon Surge and the Heavy Rainfall Associated with Landfalling Super Typhoon Rammasun
by Haoyu Liu, Lijuan Wang, Yufan Dai and Hong Chen
Atmosphere 2022, 13(1), 130; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13010130 - 14 Jan 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2722
Abstract
Based on the China Meteorological Administration (CMA) best-track data, the ERA5 reanalysis, and the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) precipitation data, this paper analyzes the reasons for the heavy rainfall event of Super Typhoon Rammasun in 2014, and the results are as follows: (1) [...] Read more.
Based on the China Meteorological Administration (CMA) best-track data, the ERA5 reanalysis, and the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) precipitation data, this paper analyzes the reasons for the heavy rainfall event of Super Typhoon Rammasun in 2014, and the results are as follows: (1) Rammasun was blocked by the western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH), the continental high, and the mid-latitude westerly trough. Such a stable circulation pattern maintained the vortex circulation of Rammasun. (2) During the period of landfall, the southwest summer monsoon surge was reinforced due to the dramatic increase of the zonal wind and the cross-equatorial flow near 108° E. The results of the dynamic monsoon surge index (DMSI) and boundary water vapor budget (BWVB) show that the monsoon surge kept providing abundant water vapor for Rammasun, which led to the enhanced rainfall. (3) The East Asian monsoon manifested an obvious low-frequency oscillation with a main period of 20–40 days in the summer of 2014, which propagated northward significantly. When the low-frequency oscillation reached the extremely active phase, the monsoon surge hit the maximum and influenced the circulation of Rammasun. Meanwhile, the convergence and water vapor flux associated with the low-frequency oscillation significantly contributed to the heavy rainfall. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Understanding and Simulating Air–Sea Interactions under Extreme Weather and Climate Conditions)
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20 pages, 12743 KiB  
Article
Statistical Characteristics and Composite Environmental Conditions of Explosive Cyclones over the Japan Sea and Kuroshio/Kuroshio Extension
by Shuqin Zhang, Gang Fu, Yu Zhang, Jianjun Xu, Yufeng Xue, Ruoying Tang, Xiaoyu Gao, Chunlei Liu and Jingchao Long
Atmosphere 2022, 13(1), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13010017 - 23 Dec 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2451
Abstract
Statistical characteristics and composite synoptic-scale environmental conditions of explosive cyclones (ECs) over the Japan Sea and Kuroshio/Kuroshio Extension are examined and compared using ERA5 atmospheric reanalysis to give a better understanding of their differences. ECs over the Japan Sea frequently occur in late [...] Read more.
Statistical characteristics and composite synoptic-scale environmental conditions of explosive cyclones (ECs) over the Japan Sea and Kuroshio/Kuroshio Extension are examined and compared using ERA5 atmospheric reanalysis to give a better understanding of their differences. ECs over the Japan Sea frequently occur in late autumn and early winter and those over the Kuroshio/Kuroshio Extension mainly occur in winter and early spring. The maximum deepening rate, minimum central sea level pressure and explosive-developing lifetime of ECs over the Kuroshio/Kuroshio Extension are generally larger, lower and longer, respectively, than those over the Japan Sea. ECs over the Kuroshio/Kuroshio Extension formed over the East China Sea tend to develop more rapidly, and weak and moderate ECs generally begin to develop explosively over the sea to the east of the Japan Islands, while the strong and super ECs over the sea to the south of Japan Islands have longer explosive-developing tracks. Composite analysis shows that synoptic-scale environmental conditions favoring rapid EC development over these two regions are significantly different. ECs over the Japan Sea have stronger baroclinicity and cyclonic vorticity, but weaker water vapor convergence and upper-level jet stream than those over the Kuroshio/Kuroshio Extension. The key factor contributing to the baroclinicity is the cold air intrusion over the Japan Sea and the strong warm current heating over the Kuroshio/Kuroshio Extension. The potential vorticity shows anomalies in upper and low levels for both EC areas and extends further downwards over the Japan Sea. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Understanding and Simulating Air–Sea Interactions under Extreme Weather and Climate Conditions)
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