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Applied Sciences
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Imaging and Characterization of Applied Materials
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Imaging and Characterization of Applied Materials

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Materials Science and Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2020) | Viewed by 20878

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Marko Huttula

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Nano and Molecular Systems Research Unit, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, FIN-90014 Oulu, Finland
Interests: molecular materials; nanomaterials; spectroscopy; clusters; metal atoms; synchrotron-based characterization
Prof. Dr. Lauri Eklund

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, FIN-90014 Oulu, Finland
Interests: endothelial cell; vascular and extracellular matrix biology in basic and translational research; advanced microscopic imaging modalities and image analysis tools for biological imaging

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue of Applied Sciences presents full-length papers on Imaging and Characterization technologies and applications in a multidisciplinary view. The “International Conference on Imaging and Characterization—Future technologies and Applications” conference to be held in Oulu, Finland on 8–10 January, 2020 is at the core of the Special Issue. ICFUTURE2020 is an event that brings together experts cross-sectorally from several fields.

The ICFUTURE2020 conference is a part of the activities of the I4FUTURE doctoral program funded from the EU H2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 713606. This Special Issue also welcomes other relevant contributions affiliated to the I4FUTURE program and/or its collaborating partners.

The general topical areas of this Special Issue are recent developments in imaging and characterization, atmosphere and environment, materials and processes, as well as bio- and medical sciences. The manuscripts can be related to technology development and new or advanced application areas of the technologies or concentrate on what kind of information can be retrieved from specific materials using different imaging and characterization techniques.

Prof. Dr. Marko Huttula
Prof. Dr. Lauri Eklund
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Applied Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • recent developments in imaging and characterization
  • atmosphere and environment
  • materials and processes
  • bio- and medical sciences
  • catalysis
  • time-resolved techniques
  • online analysis
  • microscopy
  • ambient pressure techniques
  • new materials from by-products and waste
  • labile surface analysis

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

13 pages, 5053 KiB  
Article
Preparation of Synthetic Titania Slag Relevant to the Industrial Smelting Process Using an Induction Furnace
by Avishek Kumar Gupta, Matti Aula, Jouni Pihlasalo, Pasi Mäkelä, Marko Huttula and Timo Fabritius
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(3), 1153; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11031153 - 27 Jan 2021
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3165
Abstract
A high titania slag that is used as a feedstock for TiO2 manufacturing is obtained by ilmenite smelting (FeO.TiO2). The composition of the slag obtained by smelting is dependent on the composition of the mineral used for slag preparation, i.e., [...] Read more.
A high titania slag that is used as a feedstock for TiO2 manufacturing is obtained by ilmenite smelting (FeO.TiO2). The composition of the slag obtained by smelting is dependent on the composition of the mineral used for slag preparation, i.e., ilmenite in our study. At the laboratory scale, ilmenite slags are mostly obtained by using ilmenite as the raw material. An easy and simple way would be to prepare the synthetic slag using the individual components and heating them to high temperature in a furnace. The titania slag has a high oxidizing nature and requires an inert atmosphere to prevent oxidation of the slag as well as the molybdenum crucible. This paper describes the preparation of synthetic ilmenite slag using an induction furnace and the study of the composition and the phases formed in the slag. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) were used as analytical techniques for studying the slag. A comparison between obtained synthetic slag and industrial ilmenite slag was performed to test the possibility of preparing slags in the laboratory as per the required composition. The slags show similar phase formation as obtained in industrial ilmenite slags, which means that the synthetic slags are identical to the industrial slags. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Imaging and Characterization of Applied Materials)
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35 pages, 11676 KiB  
Article
Effect of Impact Velocity, Flooring Material, and Trochanteric Soft-Tissue Quality on Acetabular Fracture during a Sideways Fall: A Parametric Finite Element Approach
by Shahab Khakpour, Petri Tanska, Amir Esrafilian, Mika E. Mononen, Simo Saarakkala, Rami K. Korhonen and Timo Jämsä
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(1), 365; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11010365 - 1 Jan 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2579
Abstract
A low-energy acetabular fracture, as a result of falling from standing height, is common among elderly patients and the number of cases is increasing rapidly in developed countries. Several biomechanical factors contribute to the incidence, severity, and type of acetabular fractures, such as [...] Read more.
A low-energy acetabular fracture, as a result of falling from standing height, is common among elderly patients and the number of cases is increasing rapidly in developed countries. Several biomechanical factors contribute to the incidence, severity, and type of acetabular fractures, such as body configuration at the impact moment or bone and soft-tissue quality. The current parametric study developed a comprehensive finite element model of the pelvic girdle and simple representation of the whole body and investigated the effects of impact velocity, conventional indoor/outdoor flooring material, and trochanteric soft-tissue stiffness on an acetabular fracture. Our results show that whereas the impact velocity has a substantial influence on the incidence and type of acetabular fracture, the effects of conventional flooring materials and trochanteric soft-tissue quality are not remarkable. It seems that other factors such as the quality of bone (healthy vs. osteoporotic), the thickness of trochanteric soft-tissue, and body configuration at the impact are more critical in the occurrence and type of the acetabular fracture. These results can be valuable in the prevention of acetabular fractures and the design of protective measures such as hip pads or novel flooring materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Imaging and Characterization of Applied Materials)
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11 pages, 8576 KiB  
Article
Precipitation and Calcination of High-Capacity LiNiO2 Cathode Material for Lithium-Ion Batteries
by Juho Välikangas, Petteri Laine, Marianna Hietaniemi, Tao Hu, Pekka Tynjälä and Ulla Lassi
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(24), 8988; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10248988 - 16 Dec 2020
Cited by 24 | Viewed by 5311
Abstract
This article presents the electrochemical results that can be achieved for pure LiNiO2 cathode material prepared with a simple, low-cost, and efficient process. The results clarify the roles of the process parameters, precipitation temperature, and lithiation temperature in the performance of high-quality [...] Read more.
This article presents the electrochemical results that can be achieved for pure LiNiO2 cathode material prepared with a simple, low-cost, and efficient process. The results clarify the roles of the process parameters, precipitation temperature, and lithiation temperature in the performance of high-quality LiNiO2 cathode material. Ni(OH)2 with a spherical morphology was precipitated at different temperatures and mixed with LiOH to synthesize the LiNiO2 cathode material. The LiNiO2 calcination temperature was optimized to achieve a high initial discharge capacity of 231.7 mAh/g (0.1 C/2.6 V) with a first cycle efficiency of 91.3% and retaining a capacity of 135 mAh/g after 400 cycles. These are among the best results reported so far for pure LiNiO2 cathode material. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Imaging and Characterization of Applied Materials)
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17 pages, 45908 KiB  
Article
Comparison of Machine Learning Methods in Stochastic Skin Optical Model Inversion
by Leevi Annala, Sami Äyrämö and Ilkka Pölönen
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(20), 7097; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10207097 - 13 Oct 2020
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2414
Abstract
In this study, we compare six different machine learning methods in the inversion of a stochastic model for light propagation in layered media, and use the inverse models to estimate four parameters of the skin from the simulated data: melanin concentration, hemoglobin volume [...] Read more.
In this study, we compare six different machine learning methods in the inversion of a stochastic model for light propagation in layered media, and use the inverse models to estimate four parameters of the skin from the simulated data: melanin concentration, hemoglobin volume fraction, and thicknesses of epidermis and dermis. The aim of this study is to determine the best methods for stochastic model inversion in order to improve current methods in skin related cancer diagnostics and in the future develop a non-invasive way to measure the physical parameters of the skin based partially on the results of the study. Of the compared methods, which are convolutional neural network, multi-layer perceptron, lasso, stochastic gradient descent, and linear support vector machine regressors, we find the convolutional neural network to be the most accurate in the inversion task. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Imaging and Characterization of Applied Materials)
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9 pages, 9704 KiB  
Article
Observation of Distribution of π-Orbital-Oriented Domains in PAN- and Pitch-Based Carbon Fibers Using Scanning Transmission X-ray Microscopy
by Takayuki Harano, Yasuo Takeichi, Masafumi Usui, Yutaka Arai, Reiko Murao, Noriyuki Negi and Masao Kimura
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(14), 4836; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10144836 - 14 Jul 2020
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2363
Abstract
The mechanical properties of carbon fibers (CFs) can be controlled by their internal structures such as the distribution of π-orbital-oriented domains, as well as the diameter and cross-sectional shape of the fiber. In this study, we investigated the carbon chemical structure maps of [...] Read more.
The mechanical properties of carbon fibers (CFs) can be controlled by their internal structures such as the distribution of π-orbital-oriented domains, as well as the diameter and cross-sectional shape of the fiber. In this study, we investigated the carbon chemical structure maps of commercial polyacrylonitrile (PAN)- and pitch-based CFs using scanning transmission X-ray microscopy to evaluate the differences in the distribution of π-orbital-oriented domains. The graphene sheets in the PAN-based CFs have a fiber texture that is aligned along the fiber direction and randomly oriented within the cross section. The domain sizes within the cross section are less than the resolution limit (i.e., 50 nm). By contrast, the graphene sheets in the pitch-based CFs are aligned parallel to each other and form aggregates with a size ranging from approximately 100 nm to 1 μm within the cross sections. They form 200–300-nm stripes along the CF axis in the longitudinal sections. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Imaging and Characterization of Applied Materials)
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19 pages, 6372 KiB  
Article
Application of Raman Spectroscopy for Characterizing Synthetic Non-Metallic Inclusions Consisting of Calcium Sulphide and Oxides
by Francis Gyakwaa, Matti Aula, Tuomas Alatarvas, Tero Vuolio, Qifeng Shu, Marko Huttula and Timo Fabritius
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(6), 2113; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10062113 - 20 Mar 2020
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4427
Abstract
The presence of non-metallic inclusions (NMI) such as sulphides and oxides may be detrimental to the control of the steel casting process and product quality. The need for their identification and characterization is, therefore, urgent. This study uses time-gated Raman spectroscopy for the [...] Read more.
The presence of non-metallic inclusions (NMI) such as sulphides and oxides may be detrimental to the control of the steel casting process and product quality. The need for their identification and characterization is, therefore, urgent. This study uses time-gated Raman spectroscopy for the characterization of synthetic duplex oxide-sulphide phases that contain CaS and the oxide phases of Al2O3, CA, C12A7, C3A, and MgO·Al2O3 (MA). Binary phase samples of CaS–MA, C3A–CaS, C12A7–CaS, Al2O3–CaS, and MA–CaS were prepared with varying phase contents. The relative intensities of the Raman peaks were used to estimate the samples’ phase content. For a quantitative estimation, linear regression calibration models were used to evaluate the change in phase content in the samples. The most suitable Raman peak ratios had mean absolute error (MAE) values ranging from 3 to 7 wt. % for the external validation error, and coefficients of determination (R2) values between 0.94 and 0.98. This study demonstrated the use of Raman spectroscopy for the characterization of the calcium sulphide, magnesium aluminate spinel, Al2O3, and calcium aluminate phases of CA, C3A, and C12A7 in a duplex oxide-sulphide system, and it offers potential for inclusion characterization in steel. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Imaging and Characterization of Applied Materials)
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