Research

19 pages, 5031 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Pressure Distribution on a Single-Family Building Caused by Standard and Heavy Winds Based on a Numerical Approach

by Tomasz Lamparski and Maciej Dutkiewicz

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(5), 1976; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14051976 - 28 Feb 2024

Viewed by 347

Abstract

The aim of this research is to analyze the pressure distribution caused by wind pressure on the structure of a single-family house. The research object is a model reflecting a real structure, which was damaged in 2018 because of heavy winds. The main [...] Read more.

The aim of this research is to analyze the pressure distribution caused by wind pressure on the structure of a single-family house. The research object is a model reflecting a real structure, which was damaged in 2018 because of heavy winds. The main idea is to create numerical models using various complex structural analysis software and compare the results. The obtained results will be compared with each other to analyze the impact of various factors, hereinafter referred to as boundary conditions, on the pressure values in characteristic places of the facility. The values closest to the normal distribution will be compared to the actual damage to the house structure. The essence of the research will be the identification of phenomena occurring during the action of heavy winds in global conditions (European and American), considering modifications and different ways of creating seemingly similar numerical models and the way they work. Everything will be compared with each other to find the most optimal design method in the given programs and to obtain wind pressure results that are closest to the real ones. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Wind Engineering: Innovative Methods and Technologies)

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18 pages, 6743 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mean Reattachment Length of Roof Separation Bubbles Using Proper Orthogonal Decomposition

by Hee Jung Ham, Sungsu Lee, Seung Hun Choi and Ho-Jeong Kim

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(1), 88; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14010088 - 21 Dec 2023

Viewed by 605

Abstract

Investigating flow separation regions on the surfaces of three-dimensional bluff bodies in turbulent flows is important because these regions can induce significant aerodynamic loads. Separation bubbles can generate extreme pressures, making the roof components of low-rise buildings vulnerable. In this study, proper orthogonal [...] Read more.

Investigating flow separation regions on the surfaces of three-dimensional bluff bodies in turbulent flows is important because these regions can induce significant aerodynamic loads. Separation bubbles can generate extreme pressures, making the roof components of low-rise buildings vulnerable. In this study, proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) was applied to wind-induced roof pressures to elucidate the physical significance of the dominant modes. Based on the interpretation of the first mode from the POD, the mean reattachment length of the roof separation bubbles on a low-rise building model in turbulent flow was determined. The mean reattachment length derived from the POD was then compared with the length obtained from an aerodynamic database. For the centerline of the roof, the mean reattachment length based on the POD aligned well with that from the aerodynamic database, showing a difference of less than 5%. This study highlights the efficacy of POD as a powerful tool for estimating the reattachment length of separation bubbles on bluff bodies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Wind Engineering: Innovative Methods and Technologies)

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11 pages, 5466 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Study on the Depositional Law of Road Cutting in the Tengger Desert

by Wen-Hua Yin, Huan Yue and Xu Wang

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(21), 11967; https://doi.org/10.3390/app132111967 - 02 Nov 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 434

Abstract

In this study, the characteristics of wind-blown sand in the hinterland of the Tengger Desert and the regularity of sand deposition in road cutting are studied by combining a field test and numerical simulation. Firstly, the meteorological observation system is used to obtain [...] Read more.

In this study, the characteristics of wind-blown sand in the hinterland of the Tengger Desert and the regularity of sand deposition in road cutting are studied by combining a field test and numerical simulation. Firstly, the meteorological observation system is used to obtain the long-term monitoring of the Tengger Desert hinterland, and the perennial wind speed, wind direction, and strong wind period are obtained. Then, a three-dimensional ultrasonic anemometer and stepwise sand accumulation instrument are used to measure the transient wind-blown sand velocity and density at the top of the cutting slope, which provide the basis and verification for the numerical simulation. Finally, Fluent software (2020R2) is used to establish two numerical models with and without grading. Based on Euler’s two-fluid theory and fluctuating-wind user-defined functions, the movement of wind-blown sand in the cutting section of the desert hinterland is simulated, and the regularity of sand accumulation in the cutting section is obtained. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) The strong wind period in the hinterland of the Tengger Desert in 2021 mainly occurs from April to August, and the mainstream wind direction is concentrated in the WSW and SW directions. (2) The sand in the hinterland of the Tengger Desert is mainly medium–fine, and the particle size range is mainly concentrated at 0.075–0.250 mm, accounting for 98.2% of the total sand; the curve of the wind-blown sand density with height is oblique and L-shaped. (3) The method of grading excavation is beneficial to reduce the sand accumulation rate on the road’s surface. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Wind Engineering: Innovative Methods and Technologies)

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13 pages, 23101 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Partially Correlated Wind Loading on the Response of Two-Way Asymmetric Systems: The Impact of Torsional Sensitivity and Nonlinear Effects

by Adrián López-Ibarra, Adrián Pozos-Estrada and Rigoberto Nava-González

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(11), 6421; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13116421 - 24 May 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 778

Abstract

Load eccentricities in structural systems are associated with an increase in the torsional response. Typically, these eccentricities are defined based on the distance between the center of mass and the center of stiffness at a predefined story. If the structural system is subjected [...] Read more.

Load eccentricities in structural systems are associated with an increase in the torsional response. Typically, these eccentricities are defined based on the distance between the center of mass and the center of stiffness at a predefined story. If the structural system is subjected to dynamic loading, such as wind loading, instantaneous load eccentricities due to the displacement of the center of mass may occur. An evaluation of this nonlinear effect for two-way asymmetric systems under wind loading is presented in this study. To model the structural systems and the instantaneous load eccentricities, coupled nonlinear differential equations are assembled and solved by using the state space model. The structural systems proposed are subjected to time histories of turbulent wind forces, which are simulated based on a newly developed methodology that includes the correlation of wind forces. The impact of the instantaneous load eccentricities and correlation of wind forces and torsional moment on the wind-induced response of the structural systems analyzed is discussed in detail. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Wind Engineering: Innovative Methods and Technologies)

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12 pages, 4050 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Vertical Rib Arrangements on the Wind Pressure and Aerodynamic Force of a High-Rise Building

by Guohui Shen, Yonghan Jiang, Shice Yu and Haiwei Xu

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(19), 9984; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12199984 - 04 Oct 2022

Viewed by 1279

Abstract

Façade appurtenances such as vertical ribs are increasingly used on high-rise buildings to enhance the architectural appearance. These attached ribs may modify the wind pressure acting on a building by changing the local flow pattern around the building. This study investigated the effect [...] Read more.

Façade appurtenances such as vertical ribs are increasingly used on high-rise buildings to enhance the architectural appearance. These attached ribs may modify the wind pressure acting on a building by changing the local flow pattern around the building. This study investigated the effect of the extensional depth of the vertical rib on the wind pressures of a high-rise building with a square cross-section. The wind pressure distribution on different surfaces, layer force coefficient, base shear coefficient, and base bending moment coefficient were analyzed under various rib extensional depths. Moreover, the measured layer force coefficients along the heights were compared with those provided by the current codes. This study’s results show that when the building is under normal approaching flow, the negative pressure area on the front surface increases with the rib extensional depth (b). This may be induced by the local recirculation at the outermost vertical ribs, which enhances the flow separation around the building. The negative wind pressures on the leeward surface show a slight increase with the increase in the rib extensional depth. Compared to the test results, the resultant layer force coefficients provided by EN 1991-1-4:2015 and GB 50009-2012 are conservative while those from the wind effect code of Hong Kong 2019 result in an underestimated evaluation. Increasing the extensional depth of the attached vertical rib may significantly reduce the positive layer wind pressure on the windward surface by 28% but increase the negative layer wind pressure on the leeward surface by 17%. The installation of vertical ribs with a small external depth (e.g., b is less than 2% of the building width) may exert limited effects on the overall base shear and bending moment, but the maximum base shear and bending moment will be reduced by 8.8% and 7.4%, respectively, when b increases to 4% of the building width. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Wind Engineering: Innovative Methods and Technologies)

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13 pages, 7161 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Corner Modification on the Wind-Induced Responses of High-Rise Buildings

by Yanyu Ke, Guohui Shen, Hangcong Yu and Jiming Xie

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(19), 9739; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12199739 - 27 Sep 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1472

Abstract

Aerodynamic optimization of building geometry has received significant attention in the design community. In this paper, a process with the high-frequency force balance (HFFB) technique to determine the most effective mitigation measure and the synchronized pressure integration (SPI) technique to verify the effect [...] Read more.

Aerodynamic optimization of building geometry has received significant attention in the design community. In this paper, a process with the high-frequency force balance (HFFB) technique to determine the most effective mitigation measure and the synchronized pressure integration (SPI) technique to verify the effect is developed for the aerodynamic optimization of high-rise buildings. Then, the process is applied to a 318 m-tall high-rise building. Tests show that the wind force on the building will not be symmetrical about the wind azimuth due to the interfering effect. The standard deviation of the base bending moment in the cross-wind direction is much larger than that in the along-wind direction. It indicates that the cross-wind loads will be dominated, providing a remarkable building height. The aerodynamic treatment of corner modifications has a considerable benefit in reducing the cross-wind loads and responses. Among the four corner modifications, the model with a 10% roundness radius to width ratio has the best mitigation effect in the along wind and cross-wind direction. Furthermore, the mean and extreme base overturning moments obtained by the SPI and the HFFB tests almost coincided with wind azimuth with acceptable discrepancy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Wind Engineering: Innovative Methods and Technologies)

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22 pages, 1832 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Unfrozen Skewed Turbulence for Wind Loading on Structures

by Etienne Cheynet, Nicolò Daniotti, Jasna Bogunović Jakobsen, Jónas Snæbjörnsson and Jungao Wang

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(19), 9537; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12199537 - 22 Sep 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1585

Abstract

The paper introduces an algorithm to generate a three-variate four-dimensional wind turbulence field suited for yawed wind dynamic load simulation. At large yaw angles, a relaxation of Taylor’s hypothesis of frozen turbulence becomes relevant as well as the flow phase lag in the [...] Read more.

The paper introduces an algorithm to generate a three-variate four-dimensional wind turbulence field suited for yawed wind dynamic load simulation. At large yaw angles, a relaxation of Taylor’s hypothesis of frozen turbulence becomes relevant as well as the flow phase lag in the along-wind direction, which modulates the real and imaginary parts of the coherence. To capture such a general wind action on a structure, a modified spectral representation method is used where the coherence of turbulence is described as a complex-valued function. The one-point and two-point co-spectra are implemented in the simulation setup using a square-root-free Cholesky decomposition of the spectral matrix. The numerical procedure is illustrated based on turbulence characteristics derived from data collected during storm Aina (2017) on the Norwegian coast by three-dimensional sonic anemometers. During this event, a remarkable 3-hour stationary time series with a mean wind speed of 24 m s

^{- 1}

at a height of 49 m above ground was recorded. Since no computational grid is needed, the velocity fluctuations with representative spatio-temporal characteristics can be directly simulated on structural elements of slender structures. Such an algorithm may be essential for the design of super-long span bridges in coastal areas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Wind Engineering: Innovative Methods and Technologies)

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Review

Jump to: Research, Other

27 pages, 1783 KiB

Open AccessReview

Machine Learning Techniques in Structural Wind Engineering: A State-of-the-Art Review

by Karim Mostafa, Ioannis Zisis and Mohamed A. Moustafa

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(10), 5232; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12105232 - 22 May 2022

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3802

Abstract

Machine learning (ML) techniques, which are a subset of artificial intelligence (AI), have played a crucial role across a wide spectrum of disciplines, including engineering, over the last decades. The promise of using ML is due to its ability to learn from given [...] Read more.

Machine learning (ML) techniques, which are a subset of artificial intelligence (AI), have played a crucial role across a wide spectrum of disciplines, including engineering, over the last decades. The promise of using ML is due to its ability to learn from given data, identify patterns, and accordingly make decisions or predictions without being specifically programmed to do so. This paper provides a comprehensive state-of-the-art review of the implementation of ML techniques in the structural wind engineering domain and presents the most promising methods and applications in this field, such as regression trees, random forest, neural networks, etc. The existing literature was reviewed and categorized into three main traits: (1) prediction of wind-induced pressure/velocities on different structures using data from experimental studies, (2) integration of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models with ML models for wind load prediction, and (3) assessment of the aeroelastic response of structures, such as buildings and bridges, using ML. Overall, the review identified that some of the examined studies show satisfactory and promising results in predicting wind load and aeroelastic responses while others showed less conservative results compared to the experimental data. The review demonstrates that the artificial neural network (ANN) is the most powerful tool that is widely used in wind engineering applications, but the paper still identifies other powerful ML models as well for prospective operations and future research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Wind Engineering: Innovative Methods and Technologies)

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Other

Jump to: Research, Review

16 pages, 6816 KiB

Open AccessTechnical Note

Typhoon Loss Assessment in Rural Housing in Ningbo Based on Township-Level Resolution

by Qiang Li, Hongtao Jia, Jun Zhang, Jianghong Mao, Weijie Fan, Mingfeng Huang and Bo Zheng

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(7), 3463; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12073463 - 29 Mar 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1577

Abstract

The purpose of this paper was to provide a new approach to achieve quantitative and accurate typhoon loss assessment of disaster-bearing bodies at township-level resolution. Based on the policy insurance data of Ningbo city, this paper took rural housing as the target disaster-bearing [...] Read more.

The purpose of this paper was to provide a new approach to achieve quantitative and accurate typhoon loss assessment of disaster-bearing bodies at township-level resolution. Based on the policy insurance data of Ningbo city, this paper took rural housing as the target disaster-bearing body and analyzed the aggregated data of disaster losses such as payout amount and insured loss rate of rural housing in Ningbo area under the influence of 25 typhoons during 2014–2019. The intensity data of disaster-causing factors such as the maximum average wind speed in Ningbo area under the influence of 25 typhoons were simulated and generated with the wind field engineering model, and a township-level high-resolution rural housing typhoon loss assessment model was established using a RBF artificial neural network. It was found that the insured loss rate of rural housing under wind damage was higher in the townships of southern Ningbo than in the townships of northern Ningbo, and the townships with larger insured loss rates were concentrated in mountainous or coastal areas that are prone to secondary disasters under the attack of the typhoon’s peripheral spiral wind and rain belt. The RBF neural network can effectively establish a typhoon loss assessment model from the causal factors to the losses of the disaster-bearing bodies, and the RBF neural network has a faster convergence speed and a smaller overall prediction error than the commonly used BP neural network. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Wind Engineering: Innovative Methods and Technologies)

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