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Advances in Vibroacoustics and Aeroacustics of Marine, Aerospace and Automotive Systems

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A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Acoustics and Vibrations".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (25 June 2022) | Viewed by 24475

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Prof. Dr. Roberto Citarella

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Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
Interests: fracture mechanics; fatigue; bioengineering; vibroacoustics; boundary element method; finite element method; statistical energy analysis; dynamics
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Dr. Luigi Federico

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Head of Environmental Impact of Air Transport System Dept., Italian Aerospace Research Center (CIRA), Via Maiorise, 81043 Capua, CE, Italy
Interests: vibroacoustics; aeroacoustics; aerospace systems; air traffic management (ATM)
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Dr. Venanzio Giannella

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Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
Interests: fracture; fatigue; finite element method; vibrations; probabilistic models; simulation
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The purpose of this Special Issue is to highlight the latest enhancements in the abatement of noise and vibrations of marine, aerospace and automotive systems. The reduction of acoustic emissions and the improvement of cabin interior comfort are on the path of all major industries of the transport system, having a direct impact on customer satisfaction and, consequently, on the commercial success of new products. The main topics covered in this Special Issue deal with computational, instrumentation and data analysis of noise and vibrations of ships, fixed-wing aircrafts, rotating wing aircrafts, space launchers and automotive vehicles. This Special Issue covers, but is not limited to, aerodynamically generated noise, engine noise, sound absorption, cabin acoustic treatments, duct acoustics, active noise control, porous materials and vibroacoustic properties of structures and materials. This Special Issue provides an opportunity for scientists and engineers to publish their studies of current interest, both in the computational and experimental fields of research, and also articles to introduce new approaches and methodologies.

Dr. Roberto Citarella
Dr. Luigi Federico
Dr. Venanzio Giannella
Guest Editors

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Keywords

Vibroacoustics
Aeroacoustics
Acoustics, noise, vibration, aeronautics, automotive, marine
BEM, FEM, SEA
Ray Tracing
Passive Noise Control
Active Noise Control

Published Papers (11 papers)

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Editorial

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4 pages, 186 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Advances in Vibroacoustics and Aeroacustics of Marine, Aerospace and Automotive Systems

by Roberto Citarella, Luigi Federico and Venanzio Giannella

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(12), 6080; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12126080 - 15 Jun 2022

Viewed by 912

Abstract

The purpose of this Special Issue was to highlight the latest enhancements in vibroacoustics and aeroacustics of marine, aerospace, and automotive systems [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Vibroacoustics and Aeroacustics of Marine, Aerospace and Automotive Systems)

Research

Jump to: Editorial

21 pages, 1713 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of the Dynamic Stiffness Method for the Out-of-Plane Natural Vibration of an Orthotropic Plate

by Manish Chauhan, Pawan Mishra, Sarvagya Dwivedi, Minvydas Ragulskis, Rafał Burdzik and Vinayak Ranjan

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(11), 5733; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12115733 - 05 Jun 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1596

Abstract

In this present paper, the dynamic stiffness method (DSM) was formulated to investigate the out-of-plane natural vibration of a thin orthotropic plate using the classical plate theory (CPT). Hamilton’s principle was implemented to derive the governing differential equation of motion for free vibration of the orthotropic plate for Levy-type boundary conditions. The Wittrick–Williams (W–W) algorithm was used as a solution technique to compute the natural frequencies of a thin orthotropic plate for different boundary conditions, aspect ratios, thickness ratios, and modulus ratios. The obtained results are compared with the results by the finite element method using commercial software (ANSYS and those available) in the published literature. The presented results by the dynamic stiffness method can be used as a benchmark solution to compare the natural frequencies of orthotropic plates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Vibroacoustics and Aeroacustics of Marine, Aerospace and Automotive Systems)

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22 pages, 5632 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Full-Frequency Vibroacoustic Modeling of a Ballistic Re-Entry Aeroshell and Validation through Diffuse Field Acoustic Testing

by Maxence Claeys, Hélène Valle Canas and Benoit Alcoverro

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(11), 5397; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12115397 - 26 May 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1378

Abstract

During ballistic flight, a re-entry vehicle is subjected to high-level structural vibrations due to pressure fluctuations on its bounding surface. The aim of this work is to simulate this structural vibration response. The first step, which is not covered in this study, is the modeling of pressure fluctuations using aerodynamic simulation results. The second step is the simulation of the vibroacoustic response. In this study, the full-frequency vibroacoustic modeling of a metal shell representing a re-entry vehicle aeroshell is developed. The low-frequency response is computed using a FEM–BEM model while Statistical Energy Analysis is used for high-frequency behavior. The validation of these models is based on a ground experiment with controlled diffuse-field acoustic loading. A dedicated reverberation chamber was developed with loudspeaker excitation. The simulation results are compared with the experimental results. In the low-frequency range, simulation helps to understand the measured response spectra by highlighting the acoustic resonances and scattering phenomena. In the high-frequency range, an experimental identification of the damping loss factors and SEA modeling of each subsystem using an FE–SEA approach provides a predictive simulation of the vibration-response spectrum. In this application, FEM–BEM and SEA models are complementary in simulating full-frequency vibroacoustic responses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Vibroacoustics and Aeroacustics of Marine, Aerospace and Automotive Systems)

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14 pages, 6276 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Experimental/Numerical Acoustic Assessment of Aircraft Seat Headrests Based on Electrospun Mats

by Venanzio Giannella, Claudio Colangeli, Jacques Cuenca, Roberto Citarella and Mattia Barbarino

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(14), 6400; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11146400 - 11 Jul 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2172

Abstract

The work proposes a methodology for the assessment of the performances of Passive Noise Control (PNC) for passenger aircraft headrests with the aim of enhancing acoustic comfort. Two PNC improvements of headrests were designed to reduce the Sound Pressure Level (SPL) at the passengers’ ears in an aircraft cabin during flight; the first was based on the optimization of the headrest shape, whereas the second consisted of partially or fully covering the headrest surface with a new highly sound-absorbing nanofibrous textile. An experimental validation campaign was conducted in a semi-anechoic chamber. A dummy headrest was assembled in different configurations of shape and materials to assess the acoustic performances associated to each set up. In parallel, simulations based on the Boundary Element Method (BEM) were performed for each configuration and an acceptable correlation between experimental and numerical results was obtained. Based on these findings, general guidelines were proposed for the acoustical design of advanced headrests. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Vibroacoustics and Aeroacustics of Marine, Aerospace and Automotive Systems)

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12 pages, 10535 KiB

Open AccessArticle

FEM Modelling Approaches of Bolt Connections for the Dynamic Analyses of an Automotive Engine

by Venanzio Giannella, Raffaele Sepe, Roberto Citarella and Enrico Armentani

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(10), 4343; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11104343 - 11 May 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2699

Abstract

Three different finite element method (FEM) modelling approaches of bolt connections of a four-stroke, four-cylinder petrol engine are presented, and the related results compared in terms of preprocessing time and accuracy. A full 3D modelling of the bolt connections was preliminarily validated through a comparison with experimental test data available for the whole engine. Two further modelling approaches, a 1D approach and a contact-based (0D) approach, were benchmarked considering their influence on the accuracy for the dynamic analysis of an engine. Each of the three approaches presented pros and cons, even if the 1D modelling could be envisaged as the recommended one in most of cases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Vibroacoustics and Aeroacustics of Marine, Aerospace and Automotive Systems)

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24 pages, 3231 KiB

Open AccessArticle

3D Acoustic Mapping in Automotive Wind Tunnel: Algorithm and Problem Analysis on Simulated Data

by Gianmarco Battista, Paolo Chiariotti, Milena Martarelli, Paolo Castellini, Claudio Colangeli and Karl Janssens

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(7), 3241; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11073241 - 04 Apr 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1727

Abstract

Localization and quantification of noise sources are important to fulfill customer and regulation requirements in a such competitive sector like automotive manufacturing. Wind tunnel testing and acoustic mapping techniques based on microphone arrays can provide accurate information on these aspects. However, it is not straightforward to get source positions and strengths in these testing conditions. In fact, the car is a 3D object that radiates noise from different parts simultaneously, involving different noise generation mechanisms such as tire noise and aerodynamic noise. Commonly, acoustic maps are produced on a 3D surface that envelopes the objects. However, this practice produces misleading and/or incomplete results, as acoustic sources can be generated outside the surface. When the hypothesis of sources on the model surface is removed, additional issues arise. In this paper, we propose exploiting an inverse method tailored to a volumetric approach. The aim of this paper is to investigate the issues to face when the method is applied to automotive wind tunnel testing. Two different kinds of problem must be considered: On the one hand, the results of inverse methods are strongly influenced by the problem definition, while, on the other hand, experimental conditions must be taken into account to get accurate results. These aspects have been studied making use of simulated experiments. Such a controlled simulation environment, by contrast to a purely experimental case, enables accurate assessment of both the localization and quantification performance of the proposed method. Finally, a set of scores is defined to evaluate the resulting maps with objective metrics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Vibroacoustics and Aeroacustics of Marine, Aerospace and Automotive Systems)

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21 pages, 5256 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Method for Rainfall Detection and Rainfall Intensity Level Retrieval from X-Band Marine Radar Images

by Zhizhong Lu, Lei Sun and Ying Zhou

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(4), 1565; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11041565 - 09 Feb 2021

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 1897

Abstract

Currently, it is a hot research topic to retrieve the wave parameters by using X-band marine radar. However, the rainfall noise usually exists in the collected marine radar images, which seriously interferes with the extraction of the wave parameters. To reduce the influence of rainfall noise, the zero-pixel percentage (ZPP) method is widely used to detect rainfall in radar images, but the detection accuracy is limited, and the selection of the threshold needs to be further studied. Based on the ZPP method, the ratio of zero intensity to echo (RZE) method for rainfall detection is proposed in this paper. The detection threshold is determined by statistical analysis of a large amount of radar data. Additionally, it is proposed for the first time to retrieve the rainfall intensity level from X-band marine radar images. In addition, the concept of the occlusion area is proposed. The proposed area and the wave area are used as the rainfall detection area of the radar image, respectively, for experimental research. The data obtained from the Pingtan experimental base in Fujian Province are used to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. The experimental results show that the detection accuracy of the proposed method is 11.7% higher than that of the ZPP method, and the accuracy of rainfall intensity level retrieval is 84%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Vibroacoustics and Aeroacustics of Marine, Aerospace and Automotive Systems)

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22 pages, 23043 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Vibroacoustic Assessment of an Innovative Composite Material for the Roof of a Coupe Car

by Nunziante Cascone, Luca Caivano, Giuseppe D’Errico and Roberto Citarella

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(3), 1128; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11031128 - 26 Jan 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2101

Abstract

The objective of this paper is the vibroacoustic evaluation of an innovative material for a sports car roof, aiming at replacing fiberglass composite materials. Such evaluation was carried out using numerical and experimental analysis techniques, with cross-comparison between the corresponding results. The innovative material under analysis is a composite material, with a thermoplastic polypropylene matrix and reinforcement made of cellulose fibers. In order to validate the virtual dynamic modeling of the new material, the inertance on different points of some sheets made of the material under analysis was evaluated by an in-house made experimental activity, performed in the CRF (Fiat Research Center) test room, and cross-compared with corresponding results from a numerical analysis performed with the MSC Nastran software. Then, a realistic model of the car roof of the Alfa Romeo 4C car, made with the new material, was implemented and analyzed from the vibroacoustic point of view. The mere switch to the new material, with no changes in the geometry/structure of the car roof, did not allow preserving the original values of static rigidity, dynamic rigidity, and configuration of modal shapes. For this reason, a geometric/structural optimization of the component was performed. Once the new geometry/structure was defined, a vibroacoustic analysis was carried out, checking for a possible coupling between the fluid cavity modes and the structure car body modes. Finally, the vibroacoustic transfer functions to the driver’s ear node were assessed, considering two different excitation points on the structure. The excellent damping capacity of the proposed material led to an improvement in the vibroacoustic transfer functions and to a reduction in the weight of the pavilion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Vibroacoustics and Aeroacustics of Marine, Aerospace and Automotive Systems)

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20 pages, 5391 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Aeroaocustic Numerical Analysis of the Vehicle Model

by Władysław Marek Hamiga and Wojciech Bronisław Ciesielka

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(24), 9066; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10249066 - 18 Dec 2020

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2682

Abstract

Understanding local phenomena connected with airflow around road vehicles allows to reduce the negative impact of transportation on the environment. This paper presents using numerical tools for Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and Computational AeroAcoustic (CAA) calculation. As a model for simulation, simplified car geometry is used, which is known in the research community as an Ahmed body. The study is divided into two main parts: a validation process and a CAA analysis using the Ffowcs Williams–Hawkings (FW-H) analogy. Research is performed using

k - ω

Shear Stress Transport (SST) and the Large Eddy Simulation (LES) turbulence model. To compare results with other authors’ studies, three different comparison criteria are introduced: a drag coefficient for different velocities, characteristic flow structure, and velocity profiles. The CAA analysis is presented using colormaps and Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT). The methods used in this work allow visualizing the acoustic field around reference geometry and determining the frequency range for which the A-weighted sound pressure level is the highest. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Vibroacoustics and Aeroacustics of Marine, Aerospace and Automotive Systems)

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10 pages, 3728 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Acoustic Improvements of Aircraft Headrests Based on Electrospun Mats Evaluated Through Boundary Element Method

by Venanzio Giannella, Francesco Branda, Jessica Passaro, Giuseppe Petrone, Mattia Barbarino and Roberto Citarella

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(16), 5712; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10165712 - 18 Aug 2020

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1932

Abstract

This work illustrates the development of passive noise control (PNC) improvements of aircraft headrests to enhance the acoustic comfort for passengers. Two PNC improvements were studied with the aim of reducing the noise perceived by passengers during flight. Two headrest configurations, with and without the lateral caps, and two different materials, a traditional foam and an innovative Silica/Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) woven non-woven mat, were considered, and compared in terms of sound pressure level (SPL) perceived by passengers. Boundary element method (BEM) models were built up to evaluate the acoustic performances of different headrest configurations, varying in terms of shape and textile. A spherical distribution of monopole sources surrounding the headrests was considered as acoustic load, in such a way as to recreate a diffuse acoustic field simulating the cabin noise perceived by passengers during cruise conditions. The impact of the two PNC improvements was analyzed to envisage some general guidelines useful to design advanced headrests from the acoustic viewpoint. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Vibroacoustics and Aeroacustics of Marine, Aerospace and Automotive Systems)

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16 pages, 3460 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Investigation of Unsteady Flow and Aerodynamic Noise Characteristics of an Automotive Axial Cooling Fan

by Jang-oh Mo and Jae-hyuk Choi

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(16), 5432; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10165432 - 06 Aug 2020

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 4066

Abstract

Low-speed axial cooling fans are frequently used to manage engine temperature by ensuring that adequate quantities of air pass through heat exchangers, even at low vehicle speeds or in the idle condition. This study aims to provide a better understanding of the unsteady flow behavior around an automotive axial cooling fan with seven blades and its impact on the aerodynamic noise generation. Large Eddy Simulation (LES) near the near-field region and the Ffowcs-Williams and Hawkinbygs (FW-H) method were performed to analyze the flow characteristics around the fan and predict the aerodynamic noise emitted from the fan under a constant rotational speed of 2100 rpm. The simulation results for the velocity distributions and aerodynamic noise were compared with the experimental data measured by single hot-wire probe and in a dead-sound room. The results showed a comparatively good agreement upstream and downstream from the fan and at two different receivers of 0.5 m and 1.0 m. When the fan was rotating, a strong tonal noise numerically existed near the leading edge of the blades at the tip and amounted to 110 dB sound pressure level (SPL) caused by the increasing angles of attack with the increasing radial velocity near the ring, which caused the entire air foil to emit a low-frequency noise. Furthermore, the different SPL decay characteristics of approximately 5 dB in the near-field region and 6 dB in the far-field region were observed each time the distance from the fan doubles. The findings of this research can provide important insights into the design of axial fans with low noise and high performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Vibroacoustics and Aeroacustics of Marine, Aerospace and Automotive Systems)

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