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Applied Sciences
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Advances in Mechanics of Biomaterials
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Advances in Mechanics of Biomaterials

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Biomedical Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 April 2024) | Viewed by 3908

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Linxia Gu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL 32901, USA
Interests: biomechanics of stent-artery interaction; traumatic brain injury; optic nerve head injury; mechanical characterization
Dr. Shailesh Ganpule

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
Interests: traumatic brain injury
Dr. Lulu Wang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Biomedical Device Innovation Center, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China
Interests: cancer; microwave imaging; antenna radiation patterns; mammography; microwave antennas

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The mechanics of biomaterials are known the influence the prevention, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of various diseases and injuries. Mechanical cues regulate the cellular differentiation and adhesion, as well as the tissue remodeling and growth. This Special Issue focuses on the application of engineering principles relating to material science and biology to achieve a better understanding of biomaterials at different scales. Computational techniques and/or experimental characterizations of biological and replacement biomaterials at multiple scales are sought to quantify their structure-function relationships. Manuscripts which discuss the development of new prevention solutions, treatment methodologies, as well as new biomaterials such as functionally graded materials are also desired.

Dr. Linxia Gu
Dr. Shailesh Ganpule
Dr. Lulu Wang
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Applied Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • multiscale biomechanics
  • tissue engineering
  • cell
  • structure–function relationship

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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20 pages, 8064 KiB  
Article
In Vitro and In Vivo Testing of Stereolithography (SLA)-Manufactured Haemocompatible Photopolymers for Blood Pump
by Roman Major, Maciej Gawlikowski, Marcin Surmiak, Karolina Janiczak, Justyna Więcek, Przemysław Kurtyka, Martin Schwentenwein, Ewa Jasek-Gajda, Magdalena Kopernik and Juergen M. Lackner
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(1), 383; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14010383 - 31 Dec 2023
Viewed by 764
Abstract
A major medical problem of state-of-the-art heart ventricular assist devices (LVADs) is device-induced thrombus formation due to inadequate blood-flow dynamics generated by the blood pump rotor. The latter is a highly complex device, with difficulties during conventional manufacturing through milling or casting. Therefore, [...] Read more.
A major medical problem of state-of-the-art heart ventricular assist devices (LVADs) is device-induced thrombus formation due to inadequate blood-flow dynamics generated by the blood pump rotor. The latter is a highly complex device, with difficulties during conventional manufacturing through milling or casting. Therefore, the additive manufacturing technology relying on stereo-lithography (SLA) capable of producing parts of significantly increased freedom for a blood-flow-compatible, thrombus-risk-free design was chosen as novel and flexible technology for that type of application. However, as yet state-of-the-art SLA is not suitable to produce fully safe blood-contacting devices. Therefore, the present experiment covered chemical, mechanical, rheological, tribological, and complex biocompatibility characterization in accordance with i.a. ISO 10993 standards, including hemolysis and an acute thrombogenicity blood test on fresh animal blood (both as innovative laboratory tests to avoid animal usage in preclinical studies) with a special focus on testing demonstrators of miniaturized blood pump rotors. The conducted tests indicated acceptable biocompatibility of the material and a slight improvement in biocompatibility with surface modification. Additionally, a high biocompatibility of the tested materials was confirmed. Based on studies and simulations, stereolithography (SLA) as an additive manufacturing technology with significantly increased freedom for a blood-flow-compatible, thrombus-risk-free design was chosen as a novel and flexible technology basis in the 4DbloodROT project to enable future manufacturing of rotors with exceptional biomimetic complexity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Mechanics of Biomaterials)
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18 pages, 8931 KiB  
Article
Deep Learning-Based Prediction of Stress and Strain Maps in Arterial Walls for Improved Cardiovascular Risk Assessment
by Yasin Shokrollahi, Pengfei Dong, Changchun Zhou, Xianqi Li and Linxia Gu
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(1), 379; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14010379 - 31 Dec 2023
Viewed by 759
Abstract
Conducting computational stress-strain analysis using finite element methods (FEM) is a common approach when dealing with the complex geometries of atherosclerosis, which is a leading cause of global mortality and complex cardiovascular disease. The considerable expense linked to FEM analysis encourages the substitution [...] Read more.
Conducting computational stress-strain analysis using finite element methods (FEM) is a common approach when dealing with the complex geometries of atherosclerosis, which is a leading cause of global mortality and complex cardiovascular disease. The considerable expense linked to FEM analysis encourages the substitution of FEM with a considerably faster data-driven machine learning (ML) approach. This study investigated the potential of end-to-end deep learning tools as a more effective substitute for FEM in predicting stress-strain fields within 2D cross sections of arterial walls. We first proposed a U-Net-based fully convolutional neural network (CNN) to predict the von Mises stress and strain distribution based on the spatial arrangement of calcification within arterial wall cross-sections. Further, we developed a conditional generative adversarial network (cGAN) to enhance, particularly from the perceptual perspective, the prediction accuracy of stress and strain field maps for arterial walls with various calcification quantities and spatial configurations. On top of U-Net and cGAN, we also proposed their ensemble approaches to improve the prediction accuracy of field maps further. Our dataset, consisting of input and output images, was generated by implementing boundary conditions and extracting stress-strain field maps. The trained U-Net models can accurately predict von Mises stress and strain fields, with structural similarity index scores (SSIM) of 0.854 and 0.830 and mean squared errors of 0.017 and 0.018 for stress and strain, respectively, on a reserved test set. Meanwhile, the cGAN models in a combination of ensemble and transfer learning techniques demonstrate high accuracy in predicting von Mises stress and strain fields, as evidenced by SSIM scores of 0.890 for stress and 0.803 for strain. Additionally, mean squared errors of 0.008 for stress and 0.017 for strain further support the model’s performance on a designated test set. Overall, this study developed a surrogate model for finite element analysis, which can accurately and efficiently predict stress-strain fields of arterial walls regardless of complex geometries and boundary conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Mechanics of Biomaterials)
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0 pages, 1849 KiB  
Article
Three-Dimensional Force Characterizations in Maxillary Molar Distalization: A Finite Element Study
by Jianing Wang, Anastasia Tsolaki, John C. Voudouris, Thyagaseely Sheela Premaraj, Sundaralingam Premaraj, Linxia Gu and Pengfei Dong
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(12), 7195; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13127195 - 16 Jun 2023
Viewed by 1217
Abstract
Class II malocclusion is a very common condition in orthodontic patients. The reaction force and moment on the teeth induced by a maxillary segmental distalizer (MSD) are essential for understanding tooth movement, tipping, and rotation. This work quantified the three-dimensional (3D) reaction force [...] Read more.
Class II malocclusion is a very common condition in orthodontic patients. The reaction force and moment on the teeth induced by a maxillary segmental distalizer (MSD) are essential for understanding tooth movement, tipping, and rotation. This work quantified the three-dimensional (3D) reaction force and moment on canine and molar teeth induced by three different MSDs: the JVBarre (JVB), Carriere Motion 3D (CM3D), and CM3D Clear. A patient-specific mandibular model was reconstructed based on cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images. Each of the three MSDs was implanted using finite element analysis (FEA). The reaction force and moment were obtained. The results show that the JVB induced less extrusion force (15% less), tipping (90% less), and rotational moment (70% less) on the canine, compared with the other two CM3Ds. However, the JVB induced a relatively larger extrusion force, tipping, and rotational moment on the molar due to the hook location changing from the end to the middle of the bar. These observations were consistent with the 3D stress distribution of the MSDs. The mechanical understanding from this work may shed light on the optimal design of MSDs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Mechanics of Biomaterials)
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Review

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12 pages, 4426 KiB  
Review
A Review of the Impacts of Implant Stiffness on Fracture Healing
by Yu Mori, Masayuki Kamimura, Kentaro Ito, Masashi Koguchi, Hidetatsu Tanaka, Hiroaki Kurishima, Tomoki Koyama, Naoko Mori, Naoya Masahashi and Toshimi Aizawa
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(6), 2259; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14062259 - 07 Mar 2024
Viewed by 571
Abstract
The bone healing process is influenced by various physiological factors. Fracture fixation traditionally relied on rigid metallic implants. However, excessively rigid constructs can lead to complications, necessitating revision surgery. This review focuses on approaches to improve bone healing by introducing adequate interfragmentary movement [...] Read more.
The bone healing process is influenced by various physiological factors. Fracture fixation traditionally relied on rigid metallic implants. However, excessively rigid constructs can lead to complications, necessitating revision surgery. This review focuses on approaches to improve bone healing by introducing adequate interfragmentary movement (IFM) at the fracture site. IFM promotes secondary fracture healing and callus formation. Studies suggest that rigid fixation may impair fracture healing by inhibiting callus formation and causing stress shielding. Titanium alloy locking plates have been shown to be biomechanically superior to stainless steel. Flexible fixation and techniques to regulate implant stiffness are crucial for managing fractures with bridge plating. Materials with a lower Young’s modulus balance biomechanical properties. A novel TiNbSn alloy with a low Young’s modulus has been developed to address stress shielding issues. It is effective in promoting osteosynthesis, bone healing, and superior mechanical properties compared with materials with higher Young’s moduli. The enhanced formation of bone and callus associated with TiNbSn alloy suggests its promise for use in fracture treatment plates. Understanding the biomechanics of fracture healing, optimizing fixation stiffness, and exploring innovative materials like TiNbSn alloys, are crucial for advancing approaches to accelerate and enhance bone healing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Mechanics of Biomaterials)
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