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Applied Sciences
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Optics in Information and Communication Technologies
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Optics in Information and Communication Technologies

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Optics and Lasers".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 June 2022) | Viewed by 17698

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Habib Hamam

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Faculty of Engineering, Moncton University, Moncton, NB E1A3E9, Canada
Interests: optical telecommunications; wireless Communications; diffraction; fiber components; RFID; information processing; data protection; deep learning
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue is devoted to the new trends in optics applied to Information and Communication Technologies (ICT). This issue aims to host original, unpublished, and breakthrough concepts in optics that make use of new tools and mechanisms, such as artificial intelligence, to solve complex problems for applications in ICT.

Optical systems use communication and information processing. To name a few large fields, we enumerate telecommunications (fiber optics, etc.), information processing (optical and quantum computing, etc.), sources of light (VCSEL, etc.). The Special Issue will cover but is not limited to:

Artificial intelligence for optical ICT

  • Predictive maintenance;
  • Traffic prediction;
  • Network planning and optimization;
  • Traffic prediction and classification;
  • Quantum cryptography;
  • Optical front-haul and back-haul supporting 5G/6G;
  • Machine-learning-based DSP for optical transmission;
  • Etc.

Novel fibers and related devices

  • Light propagation in optical fibers;
  • Optical fiber design and fabrication;
  • Fiber-based devices;
  • Multicore fibers;
  • Fiber amplifiers;
  • Diffractive elements;
  • Etc.

Optics for RF and free space systems

  • Microwave photonics;
  • THz photonics signal generation/detection;
  • Optics-based THz wireless systems;
  • Optical wireless communication;
  • LiFi and VLC;
  • Satellite photonic communication links;
  • Etc.

Architecture and management of optical communication systems

  • Control, orchestration, and management of optical communication systems;
  • Optical network architectures, design and modeling;
  • Planning and scaling of hybrid optical/optoelectronic networks;
  • Network reliability, survivability, security and disaster recovery;
  • Etc.

Modeling and algorithms

  • Algorithms for DSP in optical ICT;
  • Modeling, design, and implementation of digital signal processing;
  • Reduced complexity DSP algorithms;
  • Optical MIMO DSP;
  • Etc.

Prof. Dr. Habib Hamam
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Applied Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • artificial intelligence for optical ICT
  • novel fibers and related devices
  • optics for RF and free space systems
  • architecture and management of optical communication systems
  • modeling and algorithms

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

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15 pages, 1995 KiB  
Article
Classification of EEG Signals for Prediction of Epileptic Seizures
by Muhammad Haseeb Aslam, Syed Muhammad Usman, Shehzad Khalid, Aamir Anwar, Roobaea Alroobaea, Saddam Hussain, Jasem Almotiri, Syed Sajid Ullah and Amanullah Yasin
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(14), 7251; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12147251 - 19 Jul 2022
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 5137
Abstract
Epilepsy is a common brain disorder that causes patients to face multiple seizures in a single day. Around 65 million people are affected by epilepsy worldwide. Patients with focal epilepsy can be treated with surgery, whereas generalized epileptic seizures can be managed with [...] Read more.
Epilepsy is a common brain disorder that causes patients to face multiple seizures in a single day. Around 65 million people are affected by epilepsy worldwide. Patients with focal epilepsy can be treated with surgery, whereas generalized epileptic seizures can be managed with medications. It has been noted that in more than 30% of cases, these medications fail to control epileptic seizures, resulting in accidents and limiting the patient’s life. Predicting epileptic seizures in such patients prior to the commencement of an oncoming seizure is critical so that the seizure can be treated with preventive medicines before it occurs. Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals of patients recorded to observe brain electrical activity during a seizure can be quite helpful in predicting seizures. Researchers have proposed methods that use machine and/or deep learning techniques to predict epileptic seizures using scalp EEG signals; however, prediction of seizures with increased accuracy is still a challenge. Therefore, we propose a three-step approach. It includes preprocessing of scalp EEG signals with PREP pipeline, which is a more sophisticated alternative to basic notch filtering. This method uses a regression-based technique to further enhance the SNR, with a combination of handcrafted, i.e., statistical features such as temporal mean, variance, and skewness, and automated features using CNN, followed by classification of interictal state and preictal state segments using LSTM to predict seizures. We train and validate our proposed technique on the CHB-MIT scalp EEG dataset and achieve accuracy of 94%, sensitivity of 93.8%, and 91.2% specificity. The proposed technique achieves better sensitivity and specificity than existing methods. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optics in Information and Communication Technologies)
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15 pages, 1852 KiB  
Article
Modeling Several Optical Components Using Scalar Diffraction Theory
by Habib Hamam
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(7), 3580; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12073580 - 31 Mar 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1815
Abstract
Compound systems are generally treated by geometrical optics, for instance, through the Gauss’ formalism. The objective is to simplify the process of image formation. However, this formalism does not include the wave characteristics of light and boundary effects. The treatment of diffraction is [...] Read more.
Compound systems are generally treated by geometrical optics, for instance, through the Gauss’ formalism. The objective is to simplify the process of image formation. However, this formalism does not include the wave characteristics of light and boundary effects. The treatment of diffraction is not straightforward. Thus, the extension of this formalism towards the scalar theory of diffraction is very desired. This work offers this extension and emphasizes its importance. Compound systems, including the human eye, are then modeled by Fresnel theory. For illustration, a lens-based model of the Fresnel transform is used to treat the human eye system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optics in Information and Communication Technologies)
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9 pages, 15985 KiB  
Article
Electrical Equalization Analysis of PAM-4 Transmission in Short-Reach Optical Systems
by Dana Arie and Gilad Katz
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(4), 2255; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12042255 - 21 Feb 2022
Viewed by 1951
Abstract
Inclusive and intensive performance analysis of electrical equalizers in a short-reach optical system using four-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM-4) is presented in this paper. Two equalizers are used—a feedforward equalizer and decision feedback equalizer using the least mean square algorithm. The sensitivity to [...] Read more.
Inclusive and intensive performance analysis of electrical equalizers in a short-reach optical system using four-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM-4) is presented in this paper. Two equalizers are used—a feedforward equalizer and decision feedback equalizer using the least mean square algorithm. The sensitivity to cut-off frequency for the transmitter and receiver filters, fiber length and number of equalizers taps in the means of the bit error rate vs. optical input power are shown. The analysis reveals the considerable impact of the filters’ bandwidth, particularly in the receiver, on the equalizer performance. These results and their reasons are analyzed and broadly discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optics in Information and Communication Technologies)
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11 pages, 21963 KiB  
Article
Rotation Invariant Parallel Signal Processing Using a Diffractive Phase Element for Image Compression
by Habib Hamam
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(1), 439; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12010439 - 03 Jan 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1110
Abstract
We propose a new rotation invariant correlator using dimensionality reduction. A diffractive phase element is used to focus image data into a line which serves as input for a conventional correlator. The diffractive element sums information over each radius of the scene image [...] Read more.
We propose a new rotation invariant correlator using dimensionality reduction. A diffractive phase element is used to focus image data into a line which serves as input for a conventional correlator. The diffractive element sums information over each radius of the scene image and projects the result onto one point of a line located at a certain distance behind the image. The method is flexible, to a large extent, and might include parallel pattern recognition and classification as well as further geometrical invariance. Although the new technique is inspired from circular harmonic decomposition, it does not suffer from energy loss. A theoretical analysis, as well as examples, are given. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optics in Information and Communication Technologies)
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13 pages, 28781 KiB  
Article
Lensless Optical Encryption of Multilevel Digital Data Containers Using Spatially Incoherent Illumination
by Pavel Cheremkhin, Nikolay Evtikhiev, Vitaly Krasnov, Ilya Ryabcev, Anna Shifrina and Rostislav Starikov
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(1), 406; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12010406 - 31 Dec 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1317
Abstract
The necessity of the correction of errors emerging during the optical encryption process led to the extensive use of data containers such as QR codes. However, due to specifics of optical encryption, QR codes are not very well suited for the task, which [...] Read more.
The necessity of the correction of errors emerging during the optical encryption process led to the extensive use of data containers such as QR codes. However, due to specifics of optical encryption, QR codes are not very well suited for the task, which results in low error correction capabilities in optical experiments mainly due to easily breakable QR code’s service elements and byte data structure. In this paper, we present optical implementation of information optical encryption system utilizing new multilevel customizable digital data containers with high data density. The results of optical experiments demonstrate efficient error correction capabilities of the new data container. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optics in Information and Communication Technologies)
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18 pages, 2879 KiB  
Article
A Novel Convolutional Neural Network Classification Approach of Motor-Imagery EEG Recording Based on Deep Learning
by Amira Echtioui, Ayoub Mlaouah, Wassim Zouch, Mohamed Ghorbel, Chokri Mhiri and Habib Hamam
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(21), 9948; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11219948 - 25 Oct 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2683
Abstract
Recently, Electroencephalography (EEG) motor imagery (MI) signals have received increasing attention because it became possible to use these signals to encode a person’s intention to perform an action. Researchers have used MI signals to help people with partial or total paralysis, control devices [...] Read more.
Recently, Electroencephalography (EEG) motor imagery (MI) signals have received increasing attention because it became possible to use these signals to encode a person’s intention to perform an action. Researchers have used MI signals to help people with partial or total paralysis, control devices such as exoskeletons, wheelchairs, prostheses, and even independent driving. Therefore, classifying the motor imagery tasks of these signals is important for a Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) system. Classifying the MI tasks from EEG signals is difficult to offer a good decoder due to the dynamic nature of the signal, its low signal-to-noise ratio, complexity, and dependence on the sensor positions. In this paper, we investigate five multilayer methods for classifying MI tasks: proposed methods based on Artificial Neural Network, Convolutional Neural Network 1 (CNN1), CNN2, CNN1 with CNN2 merged, and the modified CNN1 with CNN2 merged. These proposed methods use different spatial and temporal characteristics extracted from raw EEG data. We demonstrate that our proposed CNN1-based method outperforms state-of-the-art machine/deep learning techniques for EEG classification by an accuracy value of 68.77% and use spatial and frequency characteristics on the BCI Competition IV-2a dataset, which includes nine subjects performing four MI tasks (left/right hand, feet, and tongue). The experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of this proposed method for the classification of MI-EEG signals and can be applied successfully to BCI systems where the amount of data is large due to daily recording. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optics in Information and Communication Technologies)
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Review

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14 pages, 1873 KiB  
Review
Methods of Atmospheric Coherence Length Measurement
by Ming Li, Pengxin Zhang and Jiawei Han
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(6), 2980; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12062980 - 15 Mar 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2455
Abstract
Free-space optical (FSO) communication possesses the advantages of high security, large information capacity, high-speed transmission, small terminal size, low power consumption, easy and flexible deployment, etc. It is a promising communication technique, and could be an alternative to optical fiber communication and traditional [...] Read more.
Free-space optical (FSO) communication possesses the advantages of high security, large information capacity, high-speed transmission, small terminal size, low power consumption, easy and flexible deployment, etc. It is a promising communication technique, and could be an alternative to optical fiber communication and traditional radio frequency (RF) communication. One of principal challenges that FSO faces is the susceptibility of the atmospheric channel, which is turbulent in nature. After the optical signals propagate over the atmospheric channel, their wavefronts suffer from deleterious perturbation, thus resulting in degradation in the performance of the FSO. This knowledge with respect to FSO links helps to optimize the system design and reduce the adverse effects of atmospheric turbulence. The atmospheric coherence length of FSO links reflects the atmospheric turbulence effects, and it is one of the key parameters of FSO systems. Measuring the atmospheric coherence length, as a result, is of great interest as well as importance to the FSO community. In this paper, several methods associated with atmospheric coherence length measurement are reviewed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optics in Information and Communication Technologies)
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