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Forage Production and Preservation Techniques for Ruminant Animals

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A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Food Science and Technology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 September 2020) | Viewed by 10394

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Prof. Dr. Ki Choon Choi

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Grassland and Forage Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Chungcheongnam-do, Cheonan-si 31000, Korea
Interests: forage cultivation and conservation, processing; storage; utilization and nutritive value; microbial interaction in forage preservation; microbial metabolism of lactic acid bacteria (LAB); use of LAB as a starter culture, probiotics and cell factories; applications of grassland utilization; animal nutritional management; grassland environment; pasture establishment; management and cultivation; grass seed development
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Dear Colleagues,

Preservation of forage via ensiling has become a global practice because it provides a consistent, reliable, and predictable feed supply with sufficient nutrients for the ruminant’s production system. Unavoidable losses of highly digestible nutrients in plants cause respiration, microbial proteolytic activity, undesirable microbial fermentation, deamination and decarboxylation of amino acids by microbes, which may be affected the efficiency of conservation, increased energy, and nutrient losses as a result of antinutritional compound accumulations in silage samples. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have been considered as a major group of starter cultures with high competitiveness that has been used in the animal feed development sectors. Further, LAB has actively contributed to enhancing the nutritional contents of silages and preserved them for long-time storage by enhancing the acidification of silages via increasing essential organic acid production.

This Special Issue aims to explore the role of lactic acid bacteria in the production of high-quality silage from grass and legume plants with potential probiotic and antimicrobial activity.

Prof. Dr. Ki Choon Choi
Guest Editor

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Keywords

Fermentation
Nutrition
Nutritional digestibility
Forage preservation
Cattle pathogens
Antimicrobial activity
Chemical profile in silages

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

12 pages, 262 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Quantitative Determination of Phenolic Acids and Flavonoids in Fresh Whole Crop Rice, Silage, and Hay at Different Harvest Periods

by Palaniselvam Kuppusamy, Dahye Kim, Hyung Soo Park, Jeong Sung Jung and Ki Choon Choi

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(22), 7981; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10227981 - 10 Nov 2020

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1667

Abstract

Whole crop rice (WCR) is used as an important feed for livestock ruminants. In this study, “Yeongwoo” variety WCR (cultivated on the Korean peninsula) was harvested at three different maturity stages (booting, heading, and milk) and their phenolic acid and flavonoid profiles in the lactic acid bacteria (LAB)-inoculated and noninoculated silage, hay, and fresh freeze-dried WCR extract were quantified. The alterations in the phenolic and flavonoid contents of the selected WCR during maturation in different samples were analyzed by the High-Performance Liquid Chromatography- Diode Array Detector (HPLC–DAD) technique. The six phenolics (caffeic acid, ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid, chlorogenic acid, dihydroxy benzoic acid, and prophyl gallate) and six flavonoids (rutin hydroxide, luteolin, kaempferol, vitexin, myricetin, and quercetin) were noted to have slight differences between the LAB-inoculated and noninoculated silage samples; however, the phenolics and flavonoids were higher in hay WCR at the milk stage compared to the silage and fresh freeze-dried samples. The results indicate that WCR harvest times have different phenolic compounds in the WCR silage, hay, and fresh samples. The phenolic and flavonoid compounds were higher (p < 0.05) with the increase in maturity (Stage 1–3). The stage of WCR maturity was positively related (p < 0.05) to the amount of phenolic acid and flavonoid contents (µg/g) in hay, silage, and fresh freeze-dried extract. We observed the WCR had high amounts of phenolic acid and flavonoid concentrations at milk stage (Stage 3) hay (quercetin, kaemferol, luteolin, ferulic acid, caffeic acid, and coumaric acid were 1.28, 1.29, 0.54, 1.54, 1.92, and 1.81 µg/g, respectively) compared with the booting and heading stages (Stages 1 and 2), with acceptable accuracy on a pilot scale. Based on these results, it could be concluded that LAB (Lactobacillus plantarum)-inoculated whole crop rice silage (WCRS) did not affect the phenolics and flavonoids of secondary plant metabolites in fermented silage. However, phenolics and flavonoids were of higher rations in WCR at the milk stage. Furthermore, this phenolic acid and flavonoid effect needs to be confirmed using large-scale in vivo analysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Forage Production and Preservation Techniques for Ruminant Animals)

13 pages, 1806 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Microbial Inoculants on the Fermentation and Preservation of Triticale Silages at High and Low Moisture Levels

by Ilavenil Soundharrajan, Karnan Muthusamy, Ouk-Kyu Han, Hyun Jeong Lee, Sumitha Purushothaman, Dahye Kim and Ki Choon Choi

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(21), 7855; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10217855 - 5 Nov 2020

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1727

Abstract

In the current study, Lactobacillus rhamnosus (KCC-51) and Lactobacillus paracasei (KCC-52) were isolated and investigated for their biological potential including antibacterial activity, probiotic potential, nutritional changes, fermentation ability, and microbial population in experimental silages at high moisture (HM) and low moisture (LM) conditions. These strains showed significant antibacterial activity and probiotic activities. There are no significant changes in the dry matter content (DM) and nutritional profiles of control, KCC-51, and KCC-52 treated silages. High lactic acid (LA) and low butyric acid (BA) levels were noted in the HM (LA: 4.82 ± 0.34 and 5.5 ± 0.03, BA: 0.01 ± 0.01 and 0.008 ± 0.001, %DM) and LM (LA: 2.27 ± 0.32 and 2.61 ± 0.2, BA: 0.017 ± 0.001 vs. 0.006 ± 0.05, %DM) silages treated with KCC-51 and KCC-52 respectively, compared to non-inoculated silages. KCC-51 and KCC-52 treatment increased acceptable range of acetic acid (AA) in HM (0.33 ± 0.02 and 0.24 ± 0.007, %DM) and LM (0.22 ± 0.007 and 0.35 ± 0.02, %DM) silages compared to non-inoculated silages (0.22 ± 0.03 and 0.17 ± 0.05, %DM). Rich LAB and low yeast counts were noted in the silages treated with KCC-51 and KCC-52, it indicated that the addition of these inoculants strongly dominated the enterobacterial growth and preserved the silage quality with essential metabolites. It suggests that L. rhamnosus and the L. paracasei could be used as potent inoculants for the silage production with enriched nutrients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Forage Production and Preservation Techniques for Ruminant Animals)

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13 pages, 784 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Lactic Acid Bacteria on the Nutritive Value and In Vitro Ruminal Digestibility of Maize and Rice Straw Silage

by Tabita Dameria Marbun, Kihwan Lee, Jaeyong Song, Chan Ho Kwon, Duhak Yoon, Sang Moo Lee, Jungsun Kang, Chanho Lee, Sangbuem Cho and Eun Joong Kim

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(21), 7801; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10217801 - 3 Nov 2020

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2291

Abstract

A study was conducted to determine the effects of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) on nutritive value and in vitro rumen digestibility of maize and rice straw silages. Two identical experiments were carried out for each of the two silages. A total of five treatments were used for each experiment: (1) negative control (NC); (2) positive control (PC); (3) Lactobacillus plantarum (LPL); (4) L. paracasei (LPA); and (5) L. acidophilus (LA). Each treatment was then divided into four ensiling periods: 3, 7, 20, and 40 days with three replications. The LPL treatment had significantly higher dry matter (DM), lower ammonia-N, and a lower number of fungi on maize silage after 40 days (p < 0.05). On the other hand, the LA treatment increased DM and CP content, reduced NDF and ADF contents compared to NC, and also produced more lactic acid compared to the other LAB-treated rice straw silages. Results of the in vitro rumen fermentation of maize silages showed no significant differences in DMD after LAB inoculation. However, higher DMD and ruminal ammonia-N were shown by rice straw ensiled with L. acidophilus. In conclusion, silage additives, which could improve the ensiling process of maize and rice straw, appeared to be different and substrate specific. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Forage Production and Preservation Techniques for Ruminant Animals)

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12 pages, 281 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Comparison of Rice Straw and Whole-Crop Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Silage Supplements on Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Hanwoo (Bos taurus coreanae) Steers

by Seung Hak Yang, Won Ho Kim, Suk-Nam Kang, Ki Choon Choi and Dahye Kim

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(21), 7725; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10217725 - 31 Oct 2020

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1542

Abstract

This study aimed to analyze the effects of whole-crop barley silage (WCBS) and a high-concentrate diet combination to replace a rice straw/concentrate on growth performance, and meat quality of Hanwoo steers (HS). Twenty-four animals were allocated to two groups with a rice straw/concentrate control treatment (CON) and a WCBS/concentrate treatment group. The concentrate was offered to all animals based on live weight after a feeding trial of grass-based diets. Feed intake of WCBS was lower than the CON (p < 0.01) and intake of concentrate was lower in the WCBS group than the CON in all experimental phases (p < 0.01). WCBS increased backfat thickness (BFT) and slaughter weight (p > 0.05). The marbling score was slightly higher in the WCBS group (p > 0.05). WCBS-fed beef had higher crude fat, lower crude protein, and moisture contents. WCBS feeding increased the levels of alpha-linolenic acid (p < 0.01) and decreased arachidonic acid in meat (p < 0.02). Hanwoo steers fed WCBS/concentrate improved feed intake, carcass traits, meat price, palatability, and FA content compared to those fed rice straw/concentrate, suggesting that WCBS is a potential source for improving the growth performance and meat quality in Hanwoo steers with significant economic efficiency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Forage Production and Preservation Techniques for Ruminant Animals)

9 pages, 591 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Effects of Replacing Corn with Hydroponically Sprouted Barley on the Growth Performance and Blood Metabolite Status of Holstein Dairy Heifers

by Tae-Il Kim, Dong-Hyun Lim, Hyun-Jeong Lee, Seong-Min Park, Yoon-Jeong Kim, Hee-Chul Choi, Jong-Ho Park, Sam-Churl Kim, Kwang-Seok Ki and Vijayakumar Mayakrishnan

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(21), 7442; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10217442 - 23 Oct 2020

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2631

Abstract

This study aimed to determine the effects of replacing corn with hydroponically sprouted barley (HSB) in Holstein heifer feed on growth performance and blood metabolites. For this purpose, the barley was prepared with hydroponic sprouting under optimized conditions, and its chemical composition was analyzed on a dry matter (DM) basis. A total of 30 Holstein heifers that were 7 months old with an average body weight of 212.60 ± 55.00 kg were used in a completely randomized design comprising 10 repetitions and three groups over a period of 11 months. Dietary treatments included control (CON), basal diet (corn meal-based diets), and trail diets, in which 10% and 30% HSB gradually replaced corn meal. The growth performance and biochemical indices were analyzed every month. Results showed that the HSB diet increased chemical compositions compared with the control diets on a DM basis. In addition, diets with up to 30% HSB did not show any negative effects on the growth performance (body weight, height at withers, and height at rump) or selected blood metabolites of heifers compared with the CON diet. In conclusion, the use of HSB instead of corn meal did not lead to any adverse effects on growth performance or biochemical indices; therefore, HSB can be used as an alternative dietary source for raising Holstein heifers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Forage Production and Preservation Techniques for Ruminant Animals)

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